Medical insurance payment reform shifts fee-for-service to group-based payment centered on diagnosis-related groups (DRG) and diagnosis-intervention packet (DIP) payment. This transition impacts clinical doctor-patient relationships and may trigger disputes. This study identifies conflicts throughout treatment: pre-treatment problems include the admission of critically ill patients, differentiated admission by insurance type, and the transfer of inpatient costs to outpatient care. Intra-treatment conflicts cover efficacy-cost tradeoffs, off-hospital drug/consumable purchases, reduced medical services, and limited adoption of new technologies. At the discharge stage, potential behaviors that may harm patients' interests include split admissions and extended stays to bypass grouping rules. Strategies are proposed from policy, hospital administration and communication perspectives to optimize medical resource allocation and foster harmonious doctor-patient relationships.
Pain is a bodily experience shared by all living beings. For patients with phantom limb pain, their bodily experience is concentrated in their immediate perception of the moment of losing a body part. This experience gradually transforms into an immediate past in their future narratives of self and others. The transformation of pain from instantaneous sharp pain to long-term chronic pain is the original content of the patients' bodily imagery, and this content gradually becomes a stable body schema through the mediating role of the patients' habitual imagination in the future. The lag of the body schema behind the bodily imagery is the original cause of the phenomenon of phantom limb pain. Clinicians need to accurately grasp the characteristics of the patients' body schema stuck in the past, and through intervention measures such as psychological counseling and development of aesthetic abilities, achieve the therapeutic goal of "letting go" of the illusory limb for the patients, thereby enabling the patients to reconstruct their body schema in the process of forming future cognitive habits.
Zhuangzi inherited and developed Laozi's idea of "taking non-being as the foundation", regarding the overcoming of prejudiced arbitrary minds and dogmatic self-opinions to return to the authentic mind and Daoist mind as the fundamental path to dispel the blindness of life and redeem the world from decadence. This approach inherently carries therapeutic implications, hence it has long been described as a "therapy of life". Zhuangzi's therapeutic core focused on the purification and cleansing of the inner mind, allowing it to be redefined as "spiritual therapy". Such spiritual therapy not only incorporates the operational model and emotional soothing function of psychological counseling, but also features rational dialogue and enlightenment on existential meaning characteristic of philosophical counseling. Nevertheless, it places greater emphasis on the cultivation of volition and the elevation of spiritual realm, bearing distinctive ethical virtue and transcendental implications. For this reason, it can be integrated into both psychological and philosophical counseling systems while transcending them to form an independent theoretical framework. In Chapter "De Chong Fu" (The Sign of Full Virtue), Zhuangzi elucidated the connotation of this spiritual therapy through sharply contrasting dialogues between characters. This not only revealed the latent dimensions of indigenous Chinese psychology, but also provided a concrete paradigm for Daoist-style philosophical counseling.
When examining the global phenomenon of cross-border commercial surrogacy through Marxist theory, it can be found that it completely commodifies women's bodies and reproductive abilities, leading to the self-alienation and subjectivity dissolution of women who bear children. Commercial surrogacy has become a new form of gender oppression, continuing to exploit women's reproductive labor in the manner of patriarchy. Moreover, when viewed from the perspective of medical sociology, the global transnational commercial surrogacy industry chain should also be noted that women in developing countries are facing systematic appropriation and structural oppression of their bodily resources by developed countries under the logic of postcolonialism. The global commercial surrogacy industry chain is not only related to individual choice or medical technological progress, but also a complex social phenomenon embedded in the global expansion of capitalism, the continuation of patriarchy, and the reproduction of colonial power structures.
This paper examines the technological transformation of life forms in the context of the development of medical new-quality technologies, focusing on the typological distinctions and ethical boundaries among "life modification", "artificial life", and "artificial humans". Through conceptual analysis and a thought experiment based on the science fiction novel The Mother Code, it constructs a progressive, hierarchical ethical framework ranging from "intra-species reconstruction" and "the engineering of life-generation mechanisms" to "the definition of normative subjecthood". The study shows that the ethical issues associated with different technological forms exhibit a shift from concerns over risk control to questions of ontological legitimacy and normative preconditions. Among these, "artificial humans" constitute an ethical boundary that should be strictly restricted at the present stage.This paper aims to provide a stratified analytical approach for the ethical evaluation of new-quality medical technologies and emphasizes a normative stance centered on the dignity of life.
