This study aims to deepen our understanding of the impact of digital technology on niqabi (women who wear the niqab), as the distinction between private and public spaces becomes increasingly blurred. Digital technology has created a new public space where niqabi can engage in networking, interaction, and economic development through previously inaccessible business activities. Maintaining private spaces has become a shared belief among them, leading them to navigate the challenges of distinguishing between private and public spheres. Grounded in the Salafi manhaj (methodology or pathway) they follow, niqabi recognize public spaces as areas outside their homes where they must limit their presence and regulate their behaviour when compelled to be there. They also identify which public spaces they can tolerate engaging with. In contrast, private space refers to the confines of their homes, where they are encouraged to spend their time and develop their capabilities. Digital technology has emerged as a conduit for niqabi who wish to remain in private spaces while accessing modern public spheres. Utilizing a qualitative approach with narrative inquiry, this research explores the subjective experiences of niqabi women in Surakarta, Indonesia, who run online businesses from their homes. Through the theoretical framework of pious agency proposed by Saba Mahmood, the study reveals that practices of piety do not hinder agency; instead, they serve as a foundation for the emergence of new forms of agency that are consciously enacted through digital media. This research contributes to an enhanced understanding of the relationship between gender, religiosity, technology, and public space in contemporary Muslim society.
