Reliable calibration that converts transduced signals into physical displacement is essential for quantitative studies and applications of nanoelectromechanical resonators, including nonlinear dynamics, precision sensing, and optomechanical and electromechanical coupling. Existing harmonic calibration based on nonlinear optical transduction is generally restricted to systems with optically thin suspended layers and highly reflective substrates. Their weak higher-order harmonic signals are also susceptible to noise, drift, and inconsistencies between separately acquired frequency sweeps. Here, we generalize this approach to hexagonal boron nitride/graphene (h-BN/Gra) heterostructure resonators without local metallic reflectors. Multilayer thin-film interference calculations show that a branch-local phase correction enables the effective two-beam inversion to recover vibration amplitude and local static gap within acceptable error bounds. Experimentally, we use multi-demodulator lock-in detection to acquire the ω, 2ω, and 3ω optical responses simultaneously at each frequency point. Ratios among these harmonics then yield frequency-resolved vibration amplitude and local static gap. Repeated frequency sweeps at a constant gate bias simultaneously track the resonance characteristics and local static gap, revealing a time-dependent relaxation of approximately 24 nm in the local device configuration. This work provides a practical in situ route for simultaneously resolving resonance characteristics and configurational evolution across a broader range of nanomechanical resonator architectures.
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering is highly promising for trace molecular detection but requires substrates with both ultrahigh sensitivity and macroscopic uniformity. Current bimetallic nanostructures struggle to achieve large-area structural reproducibility and high-density “hot spots” due to the lack of precise spatial control over nanoparticle arrangement and the random distribution of nanogaps, which severely limits their quantitative reliability in realistic applications. Here, we developed a simple and scalable method to fabricate a highly ordered Au/Ag composite nanoshell array via combining the gas–liquid interface self-assembly and ion sputtering. This prepared substrate is featured by abundant nanoscale openings, crevices, and interfacial junctions. The Au/Ag composite nanoshell array achieves an ultra-low limit of 10−11 M for the standard probe Rhodamine 6G. The highly ordered array also ensures advanced large-area signal reproducibility with a relative standard deviation of 6.1%. This work successfully balances the large-area uniformity and high sensitivity in SERS detection. It also provides a robust and reliable plasmonic platform for practical food safety analysis and environmental monitoring.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage technologies are key methods for mitigating the greenhouse effect. The development of high-performance adsorbents using abundant natural minerals represents a promising approach to achieving cost-effective CO2 capture. In this work, we report a simple and scalable strategy for preparing two-dimensional (2D) porous nanosheets from the natural layered clay mineral vermiculite as the raw material, via liquid-phase exfoliation and acid etching. The clay-based 2D porous nanosheets exhibited a high specific surface area, a hierarchical porous structure, and mechanical and chemical stability. In the presence of the 2D porous nanosheets, the CO2 capture and adsorption capacity were significantly enhanced. The gas adsorption properties of the porous nanosheets were investigated over a wide temperature range (25–75 °C), achieving a gas uptake capacity of 38.22 mmol/g (at 75 °C and 35 bar). Furthermore, an intrinsic relationship between the pore structure of the porous nanosheets and their gas adsorption performance was revealed. The maximum uptake capacity remained at approximately 36.40 mmol/g during five adsorption–desorption cycles conducted at 75 °C. This work provides a promising approach for further development of clay-derived adsorbents for CO2 capture and may also offer useful implications for understanding CO2 geological sequestration.
Nanomaterials have emerged as key platforms for environmental remediation owing to their tunable surface chemistry, high specific surface area, and multifunctional physicochemical properties. This review provides a critical comparison between conventional nanomaterials (CNMs) and phyto-mediated nanomaterials (PMNs), with particular emphasis on material design, surface chemistry, pollutant removal mechanisms, environmental performance, and sustainability. CNMs, including metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon-based nanomaterials, and hybrid nanocomposites, offer excellent adsorption, photocatalytic, redox, and antimicrobial performance but remain constrained by concerns regarding toxicity, environmental persistence, and energy-intensive synthesis. PMNs provide a greener alternative by integrating plant-derived surface chemistry with nanomaterial functionality, potentially reducing reliance on hazardous synthesis reagents while modifying interfacial interactions relevant to environmental remediation. The review critically discusses the mechanistic roles of adsorption, surface complexation, photocatalytic degradation, electron-transfer processes, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in pollutant removal. Recent advances in water purification, soil and groundwater remediation, carbon sequestration, and climate-related environmental applications are comprehensively summarized. Finally, current challenges associated with reproducibility, scalability, environmental safety, life-cycle assessment, and regulatory considerations are critically analyzed, together with future perspectives toward the rational design of sustainable nanomaterials for next-generation environmental remediation technologies.
With the growing demand for continuous health assessment and early disease screening, biofluids have attracted increasing attention because they provide molecular information that cannot be obtained from conventional physical signals alone. However, practical biofluid analysis remains constrained by limited sample volumes, unstable wet interfaces, complex fluid transport, and dependence on external power sources. Triboelectric nanogenerators and triboelectric nanosensors offer a promising solution by combining mechanical energy harvesting with direct signal transduction. This review provides a critical overview of the theoretical basis of triboelectric biofluid sensing, including working modes, figures of merit, charge-transfer mechanisms, and the differences between solid–solid and solid–liquid electrification. Material selection, interfacial functionalization, fluid collection, wearable configurations, and multimodal integration are further discussed. Recent applications involving sweat, tears, saliva, urine, interstitial fluid, blood, and wound exudate are summarized to clarify how triboelectric devices function as either power sources or active sensing interfaces. Particular attention is given to their potential in early screening, risk assessment, and auxiliary diagnosis. Current limitations associated with biofouling, charge dissipation, individual variability, biosafety, durability, calibration, and clinical validation are also evaluated. Finally, future directions are proposed to improve analytical reliability and accelerate the translation of self-powered biofluid sensors from laboratory prototypes to clinically meaningful healthcare platforms.
FLASH radiotherapy, which delivers radiation at ultrahigh dose rates (UHDRs) exceeding 40 Gy/s, has attracted considerable attention because of its potential to spare normal tissues while maintaining tumour control. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are promising radiosensitizers that enhance radiation-induced biological effects through increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent DNA damage. However, the influence of GNPs on DNA damage under FLASH irradiation remains poorly understood. In this study, Geant4-DNA Monte Carlo simulations were performed to investigate the effects of GNP size and dose rate on DNA damage during UHDR electron-beam irradiation. DNA damage was quantified through both direct and indirect mechanisms based on energy deposition in DNA backbone segments and interactions between radiation-induced radical species and DNA, and was evaluated relative to equivalent water nanoparticle (WNP) controls. The results demonstrated a dose rate-dependent reduction in both relative single-strand breaks (RSSBs) and relative double-strand breaks (RDSBs) arising from direct and indirect DNA damage mechanisms. For the 10 keV monoenergetic model condition, the 10 nm GNP produced the greatest radiosensitization among the particle sizes investigated, with the matched GNP/WNP analysis showing a maximum 5-fold enhancement in direct SSB yields. In contrast, substantially weaker GNP-specific enhancement and no comparable size-dependent effect were observed at 1 MeV. These findings demonstrate that GNP-mediated radiosensitization depends on both nanoparticle size and electron energy under the irradiation conditions investigated. The greater enhancement observed for the 10 nm GNP at 10 keV should therefore not be interpreted as identifying a universally optimal GNP size for FLASH radiotherapy.
Water-based perovskite solar cells (W-PSCs) provide a promising route toward reducing the use of hazardous organic solvents during perovskite fabrication. However, their development remains limited by sluggish precursor conversion, incomplete phase transformation, and poor control over film morphology. This review summarizes recent progress in W-PSCs, with particular emphasis on aqueous lead precursors and the subsequent conversion from precursor films to perovskite absorbers. The selection criteria for aqueous lead sources are first discussed in terms of water solubility, anion-Pb2+ interactions, precursor-solution stability, and ion-exchange behavior. Thermodynamic and kinetic considerations, including nucleation, crystal growth, reaction–diffusion coupling, and ion transport, are then discussed to provide a framework for understanding the conversion of aqueous precursor films into perovskites. Strategies for improving film formation are further classified into precursor-film and substrate engineering, conversion-process regulation, and ionic/compositional engineering. Particular attention is given to the role of precursor-film microstructure in regulating organic ammonium salt transport and conversion completeness. The photovoltaic performance of regular and inverted W-PSCs is subsequently compared, and the possible origins of their performance differences are discussed from the perspectives of precursor-film formation, perovskite conversion, film morphology, and interfacial properties. Finally, future opportunities in substrate-interface regulation, scalable aqueous processing, precursor and additive design, and life-cycle assessment are outlined. This review provides a reaction-diffusion-based perspective for understanding and improving water-based perovskite photovoltaics.
Wounds represent a persistent challenge in modern medicine, driving the search for novel nanomaterials capable of modulating oxidative stress and promoting tissue regeneration. While cerium oxide nanoparticles have been extensively studied for their enzyme-mimetic activity, hydrated cerium orthophosphates remain relatively unexplored despite their promising biocompatibility and redox properties. The aim of the study is the synthesis of cerium phosphate nanoparticles (CePO4 NPs) via controlled hydrolysis of a Ce(NO3)3–sodium tripolyphosphate complex under different temperature regimes (60 °C (CePO4-1) and 90 °C (CePO4-2)), their physicochemical characterization (using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, UV spectroscopy), and the evaluation of their biocompatibility and biological activity in relation to human cells involved in skin regeneration. Their biological activity was evaluated on human dermal fibroblasts (BJ TERT) and keratinocytes (HaCaT) using MTT assays and direct cell counting across a broad concentration range (10−2–10−4 M). Synthesis temperature critically governed the atomic structure without significantly altering NPs size. CePO4-1 (4.7 ± 1.2 nm) was X-ray amorphous with a high density of oxygen vacancies and a mixed Ce3+/Ce4+ valence state on the surface (the physical basis for its antioxidant enzyme-mimetic and pro-regenerative activity); CePO4-2 (5.2 ± 0.9 nm) formed highly crystalline hexagonal rhabdophane. Both nanoparticle types demonstrated biocompatibility. A dose-dependent stimulating effect of NPs on the metabolism and proliferation of fibroblasts (by 1.14–1.45 times) was established. In contrast, keratinocytes exhibited dose-dependent metabolic suppression at higher concentrations (10−2–10−3 M), while remaining unaffected at 10−4 M. The amorphous, defect-rich CePO4-1 exhibited pronounced biological activity, significantly stimulating fibroblast metabolic (up to 128%) and proliferative (up to 145%) activity. Thus, the temperature control during the CePO4 NPs synthesis enables the “physical programming” of biological activity, presenting a promising strategy for the development of biocompatible, enzyme-mimetic and redox-mediated wound-healing nanodrugs.
To investigate the effect of the TiN interfacial layer on the microstructure and optoelectronic properties of AZO/Ag/AZO multilayer films, four configurations, namely AAA, ATAA, AATA, and ATATA, were deposited on the glass substrates by magnetron sputtering. All the films exhibited a preferential ZnO (002) orientation. When TiN was located above the Ag layer, the ATAA film preserved a pronounced Ag (111) diffraction feature and exhibited the best overall optoelectronic performance, the average transmittance increased from 78.4% for AAA to 85.9%, the resistivity decreased from 7.2 × 10−5 to 6.3 × 10−5 Ω·cm, and the figure of merit increased from 0.64 to 0.71 Ω−1. In contrast, when Ag was grown directly on TiN, the Ag (111) diffraction peaks of the AATA and ATATA films were markedly weakened, the average transmittance decreased to 59.0% and 62.0%, respectively, and the resistivity increased sharply to 1.2 × 10−3 and 9.5 × 10−4 Ω·cm, respectively. These results demonstrate pronounced interfacial asymmetry and stacking-sequence dependence in the TiN regulation of AZO/Ag/AZO films, with the ATAA configuration exhibiting the best structure–optics–electronics synergy.
Layered cathodes (LiNixCoyMnzO2, NCM) have emerged as critical materials for batteries and energy storage fields by virtue of their high energy density. However, NCM materials undergo rapid performance degradation and severe capacity fading under harsh conditions of long-term cycling and high voltage. Currently, research regarding spent NCM materials mainly concentrates on failure analysis and modification processes at the macroscopic scale. Nevertheless, the failure mechanisms of NCM, the intrinsic processes during repair and modification, and the fundamental origins of performance improvement are generally embedded in structural evolution at the nanoscale or even atomic scale. This review first discusses the failure mechanisms of NCM. Particularly, the main content focuses on lattice distortion and layered structural instability at the lattice level, migration of nanoscale species together with performance degradation induced by side reactions at the interface level, and generation of nanocracks at the particle level. Moreover, this paper reviews the characterization methods applied at the nanometer scale, and two modification strategies are summarized, namely nanoscale coating and elemental doping. It is expected to provide theoretical references and technical insights for constructing efficient and controllable targeted modification strategies of layered NCM cathodes and developing high-performance ternary cathode materials.
Composites consisting of NaX and Na-LTA zeolites and mesoporous silica in different ratios were successfully synthesized from coal fly ash and rice husk, and subsequently modified with Ni and Mn using the incipient wetness impregnation method. The initial composite and the modified materials were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), N2 physisorption, temperature-programmed reduction (TPR–TGA) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The formation of finely dispersed Ni, Fe spinel nanoparticles was registered in the Ni- and NiMn-containing catalysts. The presence of Mn has a favorable effect on the Ni dispersion. The support composition, including zeolite phases and the content of mesoporous silica phase, effects the formation of catalytically active metallic species for CO2 hydrogenation to methane. The formation of Fe0 and FeNi3 crystalline phases was detected for the reduced catalysts. Additionally, 3D printing technology was applied for the macrostructuring of the catalyst prior to the modification of the powdered supports with metal precursors, aiming to enhance their catalytic performance. The stabilization of Fe0 and FeNi3 phase dispersion in the 3D-printed samples is beneficial for long-term catalytic performance. The advantage of the 3D-printed catalyst was demonstrated, showing its higher CO2 consumption rate relative to the external geometric surface area compared to its powder analogue.
In this work, we systematically investigate the effects of metal doping on the structural, electrical, and optical properties of spin-coated nanocrystalline ZnO thin films prepared by a simple acetate-based solution process. The incorporation of different metal dopants significantly modified the crystallographic, electrical, and photoluminescence properties of ZnO. Doping with alkali metals enhanced the photoluminescence efficiency and enabled amplified spontaneous emission, whereas Mg was the only dopant that produced a pronounced blue shift in the photoluminescence spectra. Lithium-doped ZnO exhibited a strong concentration-dependent electrical behavior, producing highly conductive n-type ZnO at a 1% doping level and p-type conductivity at an 8% concentration. Strong n-type conductivity was also achieved using low concentrations of Li and Na and higher concentrations of Al. In contrast, Fe-, Ni-, Cu-, and Pb-doped ZnO exhibited a substantial reduction in electrical conductivity accompanied by strong photoluminescence quenching, indicating enhanced defect-related carrier compensation. These results demonstrate that metal doping provides an effective approach for tailoring the structural, optical, and electrical properties of ZnO and offers a versatile route toward engineering ZnO-based layers for optoelectronic devices, transparent conductive contacts, photodetectors, solar cells, and ultraviolet laser applications.
Efficient thermal energy conversion, storage, and management are critical for global energy sustainability and the stable operation of modern electronic devices and industrial systems [...]
Metallic and organometallic nanoparticles exhibit intriguing size- and morphology-dependent magnetic properties that differ markedly from their bulk counterparts. Here, we report a detailed synthesis and characterization of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co) nanostructures dispersed in carbon matrices derived from phthalocyanine (Pc), tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (TCPP), and tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP), with the detailed quantitative analysis focused primarily on iron phthalocyanine (FePc), iron tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (FeTCPP), and iron tetraphenylporphyrin (FeTPP). Using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and magnetometry, we systematically investigate how precursor composition, annealing conditions, and nanostructure formation impact the resulting magnetic behaviors. We introduce a validation-aware image-analysis workflow for morphological, local periodic-contrast, and two-dimensional connectivity descriptors while distinguishing these image-derived quantities from direct measurements of bulk crystallinity, porosity, and three-dimensional connectivity. Hysteresis measurements at low temperatures reveal that iron-based compounds, particularly iron phthalocyanine (FePc) and iron tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (FeTCPP), exhibit notable saturation-like magnetization and stronger coercivity, respectively, whereas other precursors (e.g., Cu tetraphenylporphyrin, CuTPP) show weaker magnetic responses. These contrasting behaviors underscore the importance of understanding how candidate phase composition (e.g., metallic Fe, graphite-like carbon, or iron-carbide-related contributions), local morphology, and carbon structure correlate with magnetic characteristics. Microscopy and EDS support Fe-rich regions dispersed within carbonaceous matrices, and a representative Fe/O/C STEM–EDS field provides local evidence for a core–shell-like morphology without establishing a uniform shell thickness, composition, or local core phase across the full population. Our findings highlight the feasibility of tuning carbon–metal nanocomposites through controlled synthesis and post-annealing, thereby motivating future application-specific evaluations in areas such as magnetic hyperthermia, drug delivery, sensing, and electromagnetic materials. The image-analysis workflow also offers a reproducible framework for future studies seeking to relate nanoparticle morphology and magnetic properties to controlled processing.
Nanolayered metallic composites exhibit ultra-high strength but suffer from inadequate ductility. Constructing interfacial layers becomes an effective strategy to enhance their strength and ductility. However, extensive experimental studies have focused on the strengthening and toughening mechanism of some special interfacial layers under loading normal to the interface, a systematic understanding of how interfacial layer characteristics influence the mechanical response remains unclear, especially under loading parallel to the interfaces. Here, molecular dynamics simulations using the LAMMPS code with embedded atom method potentials are performed to investigate the tensile deformation of Cu/Ni nanolayered composites with various interfacial layers made by six different FCC metals, i.e., Ag, Al, Au, Pb, Pd, and Pt, under loading parallel to the interfaces. Our simulation results reveal that the strength of composites is governed by the metallic element of interfacial layers. The composites with Pd and Pt interfacial layers exhibit the highest and lowest strength, respectively, showing a maximum strength difference of 1.09 GPa. The strength variation is attributed to the synergistic interplay of multiple characteristics of interfacial layers, rather than from a single dominant factor. Furthermore, a quantitative mapping relationship between the strength of composites and the characteristic parameters of the interfacial layers was established on the basis of the Voigt model and the dislocation nucleation behavior. Accordingly, the strength can be expressed as a function of three decisive determinants: the strain energy density required for dislocation nucleation in the pure metal corresponding to the interfacial layers, the elastic modulus of that pure metal, and a parameter related to the stress concentration level at the interfaces. A higher value of the former two factors, combined with a lower value of the latter, corresponds to a higher strength.
Graphene and graphene oxide (GO) are promising nanofillers for improving thermal transport in cementitious materials, but their performance is strongly affected by interactions with calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H). Understanding how these fillers retain or lose their heat-transport capability after incorporation into the cement hydrate matrix is therefore important for rational nanocomposite design. Reverse non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to compare isolated graphene/GO sheets with the corresponding sheets embedded in C-S-H. The extrapolated thermal conductivity of pristine graphene decreased from 1854.6 to 1264.2 W/(m·K) after embedding, giving a retention ratio of 0.68. Increasing the oxidation degree reduced the intrinsic conductivity of GO through defect-induced phonon scattering, while the additional reduction caused by C-S-H progressively weakened. At an oxidation degree of 20%, GO retained more than 90% of its isolated-sheet conductivity. Atomic heat-flux analysis showed that C-S-H markedly broadened the transport-direction distribution of graphene but produced only limited additional disturbance in GO. Interfacial binding energy increased with oxidation degree, and radial distribution function analysis identified short-range Ca-O coordination and hydrogen bonding at the GO/C-S-H interface. Phonon density of states analysis further revealed pronounced substrate-induced phonon softening in graphene, whereas the vibrational spectrum of GO remained comparatively stable. These results clarify the trade-off between intrinsic conductivity and matrix-induced thermal stability in graphene-based cementitious nanocomposites.
Mangrove ecosystems represent critical coastal blue carbon sinks, whose ecological stability is essential for sustaining carbon sequestration capacity and coastal ecological security. Hyblaea puera, a dominant defoliating pest in mangrove habitats, exhibits abrupt population outbreaks and extreme destructive potential, severely threatening the integrity of blue carbon ecosystems. While conventional broad-spectrum chemical insecticides deliver adequate control efficacy, they often exert detrimental effects on non-target organisms and adjacent coastal marine environments, conflicting with core mangrove conservation objectives. Azadirachtin, a botanical insecticide with high lepidopteran target highly selective, is a promising eco-friendly alternative; nevertheless, the dual stresses of periodic tidal flushing and intense ultraviolet radiation in intertidal mangrove habitats drive rapid photodegradation and leaching loss of azadirachtin, leading to poor field persistence and slow lethal action of the free formulation. These limitations render neat azadirachtin insufficient to meet the urgent demand for rapid emergency control of H. puera during population outbreaks. To address these technical bottlenecks, we developed an azadirachtin-loaded dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticle delivery system to simultaneously improve the environmental stability and fast-acting insecticidal efficacy of azadirachtin against H. puera. Specifically, dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (DMSNs) were synthesized via a one-pot method, then loaded with azadirachtin (ADT) and further surface-modified with polyether-modified heptamethyltrisiloxane (PM) to fabricate the ADT@DMSN/PM nano-delivery system. The physicochemical properties, intertidal habitat adaptability, insecticidal activity, and environmental safety of the fabricated system were systematically evaluated. Characterization results showed that the as-synthesized DMSNs had a uniform particle size of 200–300 nm, a specific surface area of 260.99 m2/g, and an ADT loading efficiency of 66.6%. ADT@DMSNs exhibited prominent alkaline-responsive sustained-release behavior, with a cumulative ADT release of 57.0% at pH 8.2 (mangrove seawater conditions) over 500 h. Laboratory bioassays revealed that the 24 h median lethal concentrations (LC50) of ADT@DMSNs against third-, fourth-, and fifth-instar H. puera larvae were 84.36, 188.08, and 458.65 μg/mL, respectively, representing 2.38-, 2.63-, and 2.86-fold enhancements in insecticidal activity compared with free ADT. After modification with the PM adjuvant, the nanoformulation exhibited a significantly reduced contact angle on Avicennia marina leaves, over 3-fold higher foliar penetration efficiency, and markedly improved tidal wash-off resistance. Field cage bioassays demonstrate that the ADT@DMSN/PM nanoformulation yields a corrected mortality of approximately 95% against H. puera larvae at 1200 mg/L at 24 h. This nano-delivery system is precisely tailored to the unique environmental constraints of mangrove intertidal habitats, offering a novel eco-friendly technical approach to achieve rapid emergency control of H. puera outbreaks.
Non-layered two-dimensional (2D) chromium-based chalcogenides have garnered significant attention due to their distinctive magnetic, electronic, and optical properties. In this work, we report the controllable synthesis of high-quality rhombohedral Cr2S3 nanosheets on mica substrates via an atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (CVD) strategy. The as-grown rhombohedral Cr2S3 nanosheets exhibit pronounced optical second-harmonic generation (SHG) signals, which show thickness-dependent enhancement and a strong dependence on both the linear excitation and detection polarization configurations. Most notably, temperature-dependent SHG measurements reveal a distinct inflection point near the Néel temperature (TN ≈ 120 K), where the SHG intensity exhibits a sharp enhancement upon cooling below TN. This behavior arises from the additional magnetic dipole contributions activated by magnetic ordering, establishing SHG as a sensitive probe of magnetic phase transitions in non-layered 2D magnetic materials. Furthermore, circularly polarized SHG signals exhibit nearly 100% circular polarization at low temperatures. This work systematically elucidates the nonlinear optical response characteristics of rhombohedral Cr2S3 and their correlation with magnetic ordering transitions, laying an experimental foundation for the application of 2D non-van der Waals magnetic materials in nonlinear optoelectronics and spin-optoelectronic devices.
Impedance flow cytometry (IFC) is a label-free technique for high-throughput electrical characterization of individual cells and other micron-scale particles based on transient impedance changes during passage through microfluidic sensing electrodes. Although lock-in demodulation and low-pass filtering are commonly used for signal conditioning, post-demodulated IFC signals can still contain residual noise, baseline drift, periodic interference, and event-like artifacts that reduce event detectability and distort quantitative features. Here, we present an event-preserving neural network-based denoising framework for post-demodulation IFC signal enhancement. The novelty of this work lies in an IFC-specific event-preserving denoising strategy that combines event-focused sampling and an event-weighted loss to suppress noise while preserving sparse bipolar particle events. A lightweight multilayer perceptron (MLP) was trained and evaluated using paired synthetic noisy and clean IFC signals generated with representative noise and artifact components, and further tested on experimental IFC measurements under challenging noise conditions. Neural network denoising improved event detection, reduced amplitude-estimation error under added white noise, and suppressed experimental baseline and background fluctuations while preserving bipolar event morphology. These results suggest that lightweight neural network denoising can serve as a practical optional enhancement step for noisy post-demodulated IFC signals, potentially supporting more reliable electrical detection and analysis of micro- and submicron-scale particles in impedance-based biosensing applications.
