Pavlo Virych,1,2 Nataliya Kutsevol,1 Petro Virych,1,2 Maria Yeshchenko,1,3 Pavlo Khort,4 Oles Fedotov,4 Maksym Kremenskoy,4,5 Oleg Yeshchenko41Faculty of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine; 2State Institution "O.S. Kolomiychenko Institute of Otolaryngology of National Academy of Medical Science of Ukraine”, Kyiv, Ukraine; 3Educational and Scientific Center "Institute of Biology and Medicine”, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine; 4Faculty of Physics, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine; 5Novations LLC, Kyiv, UkraineCorrespondence: Pavlo Virych, Faculty of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Hetmana Pavla Skoropadskoho Street, 12, Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine, Email pavlo.virych@knu.ua Oleg Yeshchenko, Faculty of Physics, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Hlushkova Avenue, 4, Kyiv, 03127, Ukraine, Email oleg.yeshchenko@knu.uaPurpose: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) for carcinomas is an alternative treatment method for this pathology. PDT has a number of advantages, such as targeted therapy, weak side effects and high anticancer efficiency. Polymer branched nanocarriers in a combination with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) can potentially reduce the side effects of hydrophobic photosensitizers (PS) and improve their pharmacokinetic properties. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of anionic star-like copolymers of the dextran-graft-(polyacrylamide-co-polyacrylic acid) with a dextran core of 20 kDa and 500 kDa on the combined AuNPs and Temoporfin PDT of squamous cell carcinoma.Patients and Methods: AuNPs were synthesized in situ in a matrix of dextran-graft-(polyacrylamide-co-polyacrylic acid) hybrid polymers with a dextran core of 20 kDa (D20-PAAan) or 500 kDa (D500-PAAan) with grafted Polyacrylamide (PAA) chains. The size and morphology of nanosystems were characterized by DLS and scanning electron microscopy. Cytotoxicity and phototoxicity studies were performed on the Hep-2, KB and MAEC cell lines in vitro. The cytotoxicity of the individual components of the nanosystems, cell inactivation under PDT conditions following irradiation with 660 nm light (15 J/cm2), intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and overall cytomorphological changes were assessed.Results: The optimal concentrations of gold (as AuNPs) 4.3 μg/mL, polymer 5.0 μg/mL and Temoporfin 0.625 μg/mL were determined, at which the maximum plasmon enhancement is achieved with the competing effect of Förster resonance energy transfer. The cytotoxicity of D20-PAA (100 μg/mL) was 80%, 65%, and 45% against KB, Hep-2 and MAEC cells respectively. The cytotoxicity of D500-PAA at the same concentration did not exceed 40%. ROS levels were increased 1.8-fold in Hep-2 cells following incubation with the ternary nanosystems and subsequent irradiation, regardless of the carrier polymer. ΔΨm was increased 1.4-fold in Hep-2 cells treated with D20-PAAan/AuNPs/Tem and 2.1-fold in cells treated with D500-PAAan/AuNPs/Tem followed by 660 nm light irradiation. In KB and MAEC cells, these changes were less pronounced.Conclusion: D20-PAAan based systems showed a stronger influence on cells by briefly changing the intracellular ROS levels and ΔΨm. Nanosystems based on D20-PAAan should be more promising for PDT applications.Keywords: photosensitizers, branched polymers, plasmonic metal nanoparticles, drug delivery, reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane potential
Abisha Meji Marshal Williams,1 Milon Selvam Dennison,2 Sarad Pawar Naik Bukke,3 Bosco Christin Maria Arputham Ashwin41Department of ETC Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda; 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda; 3Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Victoria University, Victoria Towers, 1-13 Jinja Road, Kampala, Uganda; 4PG Department of Chemistry, Pioneer Kumaraswamy College, Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu, IndiaCorrespondence: Abisha Meji Marshal Williams, Email abisha.meji@kiu.ac.ug Bosco Christin Maria Arputham Ashwin, Email b.mashwin@yahoo.comAbstract: Sustainable agricultural production requires approaches that improve resource-use efficiency while limiting environmental burdens. This critical review examines green-synthesized Nanoparticles (NPs) in precision agriculture, covering sustainable synthesis, smart crop management, nano-enabled delivery systems, nano-biosensors, plant-nanoparticle interactions, environmental risks, circular agriculture, and digital technologies. The NPs derived from Plant, microbial, biomolecule, and waste shows potential for targeted nutrient delivery, crop protection, stress management, and improved monitoring. However, reported performance varies with NP size, surface properties, concentration, formulation, crop type, soil, and environmental conditions. The review therefore critically considers both benefits and risks, including phytotoxicity, effects on beneficial microorganisms, persistence, bioaccumulation, and long-term ecosystem impacts. Waste-derived NPs and circular nanomanufacturing offer opportunities for resource recovery and agricultural waste valorization, but their scalability and economic feasibility remain uncertain. The integration with Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoTs), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), remote sensing, and smart decision-support systems may improve site-specific management. The review also examines technology readiness, commercialization pathways, manufacturing consistency, cost, and regulatory requirements. The green NPs shows promise for sustainable precision agriculture, but wider adoption requires stronger field validation, standardized characterization, environmental risk assessment, reproducible manufacturing, economic evaluation, and responsible regulatory development.Keywords: circular agriculture, green nanoparticles, nano-biosensors, nano-enabled delivery systems, nano-fertilizers, nano-pesticides, plant-nanoparticle interactions, precision agriculture, smart crop management, waste-derived nanoparticles
Vrinda Gupta,1,* Md. Faiyazuddin,2,* Rajni Tanwar,3 Pooja Rani,4 Sonia Gupta,5 Lalit Sharma,6 Debasis Mitra,7 Dinesh Kumar,8 Neeraj Choudhary,8 Suresh Babu Kondaveeti,9 Gowri Sundaram,10 Thomas J Webster11– 131Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The ICFAI University, Baddi, HP, India; 2Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, TN, India; 3Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambeshwar University, Hisar, HR, India; 4School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CGC University, Mohali, Punjab, 140307 India; 5Swami Devi Dyal Group of Professional Institute, (Golpura), Barwala, Panchkula, HR, India; 6School of Computational Sciences, GNA University, Phagwara, Punjab, India; 7Department of Microbiology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, UK, 248002, India; 8GNA School of Pharmacy, GNA University, Phagwara, PB, India; 9Symbiosis Medical College for Women & Symbiosis University Hospital and Research Centre, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, MR, 412115, India; 10PG & Research Department of Physics, Cauvery College for Women (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, TN, India; 11School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China; 12School of Engineering, Saveetha University, Chennai, TN, India; 13Division of Pre-College and Undergraduate Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Thomas J Webster, Email thomas_webster@brown.edu Dinesh Kumar, Email dineshpotlia123@gmail.comAbstract: The increasing demand for eco-conscious technologies to improve human health has led to the evolution of green nanomaterials as sustainable alternatives to conventional ones. This review highlights recent advances in the eco-friendly synthesis of nanomaterials, particularly ZnO, TiO2, graphene, and carbon-based nanostructures, using biological entities, green solvents, and mechanochemical techniques. These methods not only reduce environmental impact but also endow nanomaterials with enhanced electronic and optoelectronic properties, such as tunable band gaps, improved charge transport, and photo-responsiveness that can have a positive impact on human health. The integration of phytochemicals and microbial agents into synthesis protocols has yielded nanomaterials with superior stability, biocompatibility, and functionality, facilitating their application in energy devices, flexible electronics, biosensors, and environmental remediation. Furthermore, green-synthesized nanomaterials demonstrate reduced toxicity and improved biodegradability, as reported in comparative studies using zebrafish embryo and mammalian fibroblast models underscoring their potential in sustainable electronics. This review also addresses challenges in scalability, reproducibility, and regulatory compliance, while proposing future research directions toward smart, adaptive, and bio-integrated nanotechnologies that are better for human health.Keywords: green nanomaterials, eco-friendly synthesis, ZnO nanoparticles, TiO2 nanoparticles, photosynthesis, charge transport, environmental remediation
Maciej Biskupski, Sergey Antonov, Zofia Małgorzata Górecka, Rafał Wójcik, Katarzyna Żuchowska, Marek Majewski, Kamil TorresDepartment of Plastic, Reconstructive Surgery and Microsurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, PolandCorrespondence: Maciej Biskupski, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive Surgery and Microsurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland, Tel +48 501 321 954, Email maciej.biskupski@umlub.edu.pl
Xun HeDepartment of Anesthesiology, Huizhou Third People’s Hospital, Huizhou, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Xun He, Department of Anesthesiology, Huizhou Third People’s Hospital, Huizhou, People’s Republic of China, Tel +8613994422646, Email 1936947743@qq.com
