Introduction: The growing molecular complexity of pharmaceuticals and biological systems poses challenges for conventional analytical methods, especially in obtaining real-time, ultrasensitive, spatially resolved, and decentralized measurements. This review examines the emerging role of nanorobotic analytical systems in pharmaceutical analysis, with an emphasis on their sensing, propulsion, actuation, navigation, and feedback capabilities. Methods: Structured literature and patent literature analyses were carried out to assess nanorobotic analytical platforms, nanoscale sensing approaches, analytical methods, pharmaceutical applications, and technological advances. A specific focus on distinguishing between passive nanomaterials and nanorobotic systems, as well as patent landscape analysis, has been made. Results: The reviewed literature demonstrates advances in the areas of enzyme-driven nanomotors, magnetically controlled nanorobots, DNA-based nanorobotic systems, nanoscale biosensors, and stimuli-responsive analytical platforms. The integration of microfluidics, lab-on-a-chip technologies, and artificial intelligence has expanded the potential for automated molecular detection, real-time monitoring, high-throughput screening, and pharmaceutical analysis. Discussion: Nanorobotic analytical systems offer potential benefits through the integration of molecular recognition, controlled motion, sensing, actuation, and programmable responses within miniaturized platforms. However, many reported systems are considered nanomaterial-enabled sensors or nanomotors rather than fully autonomous analytical nanorobots. The major challenges include scalable fabrication, reproducibility, standardization, biosafety, regulatory acceptance, and validation. Conclusion: Nanorobotic analytical systems represent an emerging analytical approach with potential applications in pharmaceutical quality assessment, molecular analysis, drug monitoring, and automated screening. Further advances in intelligent control, microfluidics, sensing, and artificial intelligence may facilitate their transition toward more autonomous and clinically relevant analytical platforms.
Nanoparticles are small particles, typically 1-100 nm in size, designed as adaptable drug carriers to improve bioavailability, facilitate targeted delivery, and enable controlled release across biological barriers. Ocular inflammation, encompassing vision-threatening conditions such as uveitis, scleritis, and other inflammatory eye diseases, poses significant therapeutic challenges due to both static and dynamic barriers (including the corneal epithelium, tear film, and the blood-retinal barrier). The article comprehensively examines recent developments in nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems designed for ocular therapy, such as polymeric nanoparticles and dendrimers, inorganic nanoparticles, lipid-based systems, and novel platforms like microneedle patches and drugeluting implants. As demonstrated by in vitro models (such as porcine cornea penetration), in vivo animal studies (like rat uveitis models), patents, and developing clinical trials for non-infectious uveitis. These nanotechnologies overcome present limitations through superior targeting to anterior and posterior segments, prolonged residence time, controlled release, reduced toxicity, and also add some of the benefits like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects that depend on the nanoparticle type. It helps to overcome the poor bioavailability, NSAID-related side effects, and frequent dosing problems of conventional corticosteroids. However, regulatory barriers, scalability, and safety remain very important challenges for clinical translation. This review highlights how nanoparticle- based systems improve ocular bioavailability, reduce dosing frequency in inflammatory eye diseases, and prolong drug residence time, while also identifying key translational challenges related to regulation, scalability, and safety. Several formulations achieved multi-fold increases for days to weeks.
Introduction: Transethosomes represent an innovative drug delivery system that integrates the ultra-deformable architecture of transferosomes with the permeation-enhancing attributes of ethosomes. Due to their unique structure, transethosomes display greater skin penetration characteristics than conventional liposomes. These carriers achieve superior penetration through ethanolinduced stratum corneum lipid fluidization and surfactant-mediated elasticity, outperforming liposomes with 3-fold higher deformability, 2-4-fold enhanced flux, and prolonged zero-order release, while remaining intact through skin pores 5-10 times smaller than the vesicle diameter. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Springer to identify relevant studies published in recent years. The search strategy employed combinations of keywords including transethosomes, ethosomes, transferosomes, elastic lipid vesicles, ethanolic vesicles, topical delivery, transdermal drug delivery, nanocarriers, skin permeation, drug delivery systems, and nanomedicine. Patent information was retrieved from Google Patents, WIPO PATENTSCOPE, Enpacenet, USPTO, CNIPA, and InPASS using similar search terms. Original research publications, review papers, patents, Ph.D. Dissertations, and regulatory publications written in English were included. Results: The study includes a comprehensive characterization of transethosomes, including vesicle morphology, vesicle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, differential scanning calorimetry for thermal behavior, and ex vivo skin permeation. The enhanced drug delivery associated with transethosomes is confirmed through confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) studies of drug distribution. In addition to the above-mentioned characterization, the review also addresses the advantages and disadvantages of transethosomes, different preparation techniques, and the underlying mechanisms of skin penetration. Discussion: This review covers the application of transethosomes across various routes, including transdermal, topical, ocular, and nasal. It emphasizes their potential for use in clinics upon appropriate modification and functionalization, and points to emerging patents related to transethosomal technologies, indicating growing interest in their clinical and commercial translation. Conclusion: However, clinical progress has been made in formulation development and patent generation; future clinical translation of these products will require scale-up optimizations, ligand functionalization, and standardized trials to confirm their superiority over existing marketed formulations.
Introduction: Retinoblastoma (Rb) is an aggressive intraocular tumour that usually affects children and is primarily driven by mutations in the RB1 gene. The treatment of Rb is extremely difficult because of high rates of tumour growth and various anatomical factors that impede effective drug delivery systems. Methods: A comprehensive review of recent publications and patents involving Rb drug delivery, molecular therapy, and immunotherapy was conducted to gain insight into improvements in drug delivery systems and advances in drug delivery for treating retinoblastoma. Results: Novel drug delivery systems such as liposomes, nanoparticles, hydrogels, and microneedles enhance localized delivery and reduce systemic toxicity. Recent patents highlight thermoresponsive hydrogels, enzyme-sensitive multi-drug systems, and biomimetic nanoparticles enabling sustained and targeted release. Gene and RNA-based therapies show promise but face delivery barriers. Immunotherapies, including checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T cells, enhance antitumor response, while natural bioactive compounds also contribute via antiproliferative and epigenetic mechanisms. Discussions: Despite advances that have been made, difficulties still exist in reaching effective targeting of ocular barriers. New and innovative patents have been created to help overcome current limitations of effective, sustained, targeted, and minimally invasive delivery. Conclusion: Patients using multi-modal personal therapies and integrating advanced delivery methods, molecular targeting, immunotherapy, and patent-backed innovations will change the way retinoblastoma is treated. Future research on early diagnostic markers and designing multiple therapy modalities will help to enhance survival and maintain vision.
Introduction: This review evaluates micro novel carriers (MNCs) like microspheres, microcapsules, microparticles, microemulsions, and lipid-based microparticles for enhancing Tuberculosis (TB) treatment by improving drug targeting, reducing toxicity, and combating drug resistance. TB, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a global health challenge due to lengthy treatment, drug resistance, and limited drug access. Conventional treatments may not reach effective levels at the infection site, necessitating the development of microcarriers for precise and potent drug delivery. Methodology: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using databases like Pub- Med/PMC, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science covering research from the past 5 years (2020 to 2025). The criteria for selection included studies focused on the formulation, characterization, in vitro and in vivo assessments, as well as the clinical significance of innovative MNCs in TB treatment. Additionally, reviews of clinical trials and patent information were incorporated for translational understanding. Results: The research indicated that innovative carriers enhance drug delivery by improving pharmacokinetics, targeting alveolar macrophages, and facilitating controlled release. Recent developments feature microspheres for isoniazid (INH), microcapsules for rifampicin (RIF), and lipid-core microparticles for various medications, resulting in improved bioavailability, less frequent dosing, and minimized side effects in preclinical evaluations. Discussion: An analysis of the existing evidence has shown that MNCs possess considerable potential to overcome the pharmacological and therapeutic challenges associated with current TB treatment regimens. Their distinct structural and compositional diversity allows for the encapsulation of both hydrophilic and lipophilic anti-TB medications, which improves stability, solubility, and prolonged release. Furthermore, ligand-functionalized and inhalable microcarriers exhibit enhanced uptake by macrophages, targeted delivery to the lungs, and minimized systemic toxicity. Additionally, patents and new clinical trial findings underscore their practical applicability, although obstacles persist in terms of large-scale manufacturing, regulatory approval, and cost-effectiveness. Conclusion: MNCs can overcome TB treatment challenges by improving drug stability, solubility, and sustained release. Ligand-functionalized and inhalable carriers enhance macrophage uptake, targeted lung delivery, and reduce systemic toxicity. Patents and clinical data support their applicability, though large-scale production and regulatory approval remain challenges. MNCs offer a promising platform for targeted TB therapy, overcoming conventional treatment drawbacks. Further research is needed to confirm their safety, scalability, and effectiveness in human populations.
