The article describes the main features of the labor market in Pavlovo, Nizhny Novgorod oblast, analyzes employment strategies of the population from different property groups. Due to its geographical location, socio-demographic structure, Pavlovo was chosen as an example of a typical small town in the European part of Russia. The article presents the results of sociological survey conducted in 2011 and 2021. The 2011 survey was carried out by the Institute of Socio-Economic Studies of Population of the FCTAS RAS (Moscow) and Lobachevsky State University of Nizhniy Novgorod (Nizhny Novgorod) with participation of the universities of Glasgow (Scotland) and Uppsala (Sweden). The 2021 survey — by the Center for the Study of Social Systems, the Department of Sociology of Project Activity and Pro-Competitive Regulation of the Lobachevsky State University of Nizhniy Novgorod., the universities of Glasgow (Scotland), Uppsala (Sweden) with the support of the Scientific Information Center, Nizhny Novgorod. As a result of the cluster analysis, four social groups were identified that differ from each other in socio-economic characteristics and strategies of behavior in the labor market. The relationship between the level of education and the position on the labor market is clearly visible. In the group of affluent households, there are more people who have higher education. Higher education and qualification level allow one to occupy higher-paying positions, diversify career strategies even in a single-industry city. While in low-income families, the share of those who are employed in the industrial sector, in particular, at the city-forming enterprise, is higher. Affluent households show the greatest economic activity, while combining additional ways of earning with the main specialty. It is important to note that the lower the family income level, the less often they use the opportunities for additional earnings. People of retirement age, while maintaining an average level of economic activity and sufficient labor potential (education, skill level), are quite severely limited in employment opportunities. Factors reducing the material well-being of family are the presence of minor children, the position of a single parent, the status of a pensioner. Those living alone are also often low-income, especially women.
The article examines the dynamics of changes in the volume of monetary income as a means for life of Russians, including implementation of their consumption priorities. It shows distribution of the population's expenditures on consumption of food and non-food products, alcoholic beverages and payment for services. The analysis is based on government statistics on 20 percent income groups, it covers a four-year period, including two years on the eve of the coronavirus pandemic and two years of its development. In the structure of the use of monetary income of the entire (without breakdown into groups) population (2018-2021) are analyzed indicators characterizing changes not only in the purchase of goods and services, but also in the increase/decrease in savings, which act as a reserve for future consumer opportunities. There are identified differences in the change in the share of household spending on food and services in the overall structure of consumer spending by macro-regions of Russia — Federal districts. From the standpoint of macro-regional differentiation in the structure of the use of monetary income for a ten-year period, the emphasis is placed on the purchase of goods and payment for services in Russia as a whole, and especially on the active growth in the Far Eastern and North Caucasus macro-regions. The share of expenses for the purchase of a number of the most important food products in household consumer spending is considered by decile income groups. A comparative analysis of the least and most affluent groups of the population is carried out within the frames of the specified directions reflecting priorities in the consumer behavior of the Russian population.
One of the characteristics of labor potential is the ability to work among its carriers indiv i duals, groups and the population, by which are also studied other characteristics (demography, health, social and economic activity, professional competencies, etc.). On the basis of working capacity is determined the most general indicator of the labor potential of population, namely, labor resources. This indicator is structured according to a number of qualitative parameters. They make it possible to identify labor resources used in public production, as well as unused reserves. Their involvement in labor is becoming relevant in the context of the modern need to increase the self-sufficiency of the economy, and hence, to increase these resources. However, their growth is limited for demographic reasons. To assess the available reserves, labor resources are ranked according to the characteristics of economic activity. In descending order, the categories are distinguished according to their relation to the labor force: the real labor force (employed and unemployed), potential labor force (not employed, but willing to work) and not included in the labor force (not willing to work). Calculations for these categories showed that in 2021, the real labor force dominated in the labor force (85.6%). The potential contingent accounted for a miserable amount (slightly more than one percent), and for those who did not want to work — a little more than 10%. But among those not included in the labor force, more than two thirds of this category were those who had objective reasons for being unemployed, as well as those employed in unpaid but useful domestic work. Factors influencing the structure of labor resources are considered by regions of the Russian Federation. They showed dependence of this structure on the birth rate, aging of the population, internal migration, and, above all, on the parameters of employment and unemployment, which play a leading role among the factors for improving this structure.
The purpose of this study was to study new ways of financial fraud faced by Russian society during the pandemic. The object of the study is the Russian society, the subject is financial fraud schemes that became possible due to restrictive measures and the rapid development of online commerce during the pandemic. Modern society is facing various challenges, which are caused not only by progressive development technologies, innovations, changing technological patterns, rapid development and widespread introduction of information (digital) technologies, but also by factor whose appearance was difficult to predict — the Coronavirus pandemic. It has only been two years since the whole world has been living in the pandemic, but during this time the behavioral attitudes of society have undergone significant changes: from the "self-isolation regime" and the mandatory "wearing" of masks — to working "remotedly" and the mandatory presentation of QR codes. Recent changes largely predetermined the rapid development of information and communication technologies, which affected real communication and the possibility of changing online behavior: shopping, getting certificates and documents, working remotely—50 to 80% of employees in various fields had to work at home. Going online entailed not only increased demand for communication services, development of Internet commerce, Internet banking (at the beginning of the pandemic, a mortgage purchase of housing was carried out completely online for the first time), but also contributed to creation of new types of financial fraud through communication technologies. The article uses the materials of the Federal Statistical Service, VTSIOM, the Bank of Russia, RBC, analytical materials of financial structures, analysts and the results of studies, including those by the author, conducted in the south-east of Moscow oblast.The results of the conducted research can be significant for prevention of fraudulent actions, as well as during classes on financial literacy of the population. The relevant authorities, committees and commissions can use these materials to conduct explanatory activities for the population.
The continuous increase in human energy production per caput is accompanied by an increase in the world population. The work considers the demographic history of civilization as a function of the growing production and use of the energy by mankind. The evolution in the «energy-man» system took place relatively safely for the biosphere and a man up to the value of the per caput energy consumption of 11,000 kW*h/year*person that was achieved by civilization in 1950. Modern high per caput energy consumption of civilization is achieved at the cost of the loss of the environment-forming functioning by the biosphere and at the cost of the loss of the psychophysical health of a person. We can see the prospects for development of civilization through analysis of the energy-demographic history of mankind over the past 200 years. The features of fertility and mortality in the world are considered depending on the per caput energy consumption with a forecast for the future. Two limits to the growth of global energy production were formulated in terms of preventing harm to humans. Corresponding analytical dependencies are proposed. To prevent an ecological and demographic catastrophe and ensure transition of civilization to sustainable development, it is proposed to reduce the world energy production to 140*1012 kW*h/year with a decrease in per caput energy consumption to a relatively safe level of 18,000 kW*h/year*person, which existed in society in 1970. After this «step back» civilization will enter a state of relatively safe existence.
