ABSTRACT The central dogma is an organizing framework for how information flows in biological systems. First presented in 1957 by Francis Crick in his talk “On Protein Synthesis” as a fundamental hypothesis of how information is transferred from DNA to proteins but not out of proteins, it is now introduced in cell biology textbooks as three sequential cellular processes: DNA replication, RNA transcription, and protein synthesis. Here, I discuss our understanding of the central dogma, its uniqueness (Crick was able to create a framework based on little evidence), and how (the futile) attempts to challenge it shape our view of biological systems. Key Points/ Highlights The central dogma was a fundamental hypothesis, based on limited experimental evidence, that shaped molecular biology and became an organizing framework for information flow in biological systems. Several discoveries, including reverse transcription, splicing, RNA and DNA editing, and prions, challenged the central dogma, but were incorporated into biological systems as variations, and also changed our view of information transfer.
ABSTRACT After a career as a research physicist in the lighting industry (Allgemeine Elektricitäts‐Gesellschaft [AEG]), Arnold Berliner founded in 1913 the journal Die Naturwissenschaften. Thanks to his extensive network of connections with the scientific community, he was able to secure a steady stream of top‐tier original papers for his journal, making it a leading science publication venue in Germany. In 1935, he was dismissed from the journal because the Ministry of Education no longer accepted that a man identified as a Jew directed such an important journal. His plans to emigrate did not materialize, and he remained in Berlin. There, as part of the restrictions imposed by the Nazis on those labeled “Jewish,” he lost access to all scientific and cultural events. In this situation, and facing the imminent danger of losing his home furnished with works of art and a valuable library, he committed suicide in March 1942.
ABSTRACT This article uses examples of the practical impact of changes in chemical analysis brought about by electronic instrumentation. It reviews a selection of techniques, and their applications, to demonstrate how, collectively, they played a crucial role in transforming the laboratory landscape. Included are the backgrounds to various technologies that were introduced from the early 1950s when quantitation of trace amounts was measured in low parts per million and that within less than 50 years enabled quantitation in low parts per trillion, as well as rapid identification. A survey of what became an enormous endeavor draws on applications in different sectors. First, and usefully, some of the most important methods and devices as described here are associated with the UK's National Institute of Medical Research, at its former laboratories north of London. Second, a case study focuses on the instruments used to analyze trace amounts of a specific class of chemicals in the environment. These are poly‐ and perfluoroalkyl substances, better known as forever chemicals, today compounds of tremendous interest, and subject to growing legislation, because of their global dispersal and potential toxicity. Finally, the article briefly looks back at what, if not a relatively recent revolution in one branch of science, was certainly a transformation. Summary The brief histories of several techniques, covering identification and separation, are used to discuss the impact of new modes of undertaking routine analysis.
ABSTRACT We examine Max Planck's pivotal role in the emergence of quantum physics and the paradoxical nature of his legacy. Planck's derivation of the black‐body radiation law in 1900 and his introduction of the quantum of action, h, initiated a profound transformation in physics, marking the beginning of the quantum era. Yet Planck did not intend to overturn classical physics; he sought to reconcile the radiation law with classical thermodynamics and electrodynamics. In this sense, he emerges as a “reluctant revolutionary” whose discoveries transcended his own conservative instincts. We trace Planck's path from his early work on thermodynamics to his engagement with the black‐body radiation problem, driven by the reliable spectral measurements at the Imperial Institute of Physics and Technology/Physikalisch‐Technische Reichsanstalt (PTR). We reconstruct the theoretical and experimental context leading to his radiation law, highlighting the decisive role of Boltzmann's statistical ideas, which Planck adopted only reluctantly. We also examine the reception and reinterpretation of his work by Einstein and others, showing how the quantum hypothesis gradually evolved into a framework fundamentally incompatible with classical physics. Beyond physics, we explore Planck's broader role as a leading figure in the science policy establishment across the Kaiserreich, the Weimar Republic, the Third Reich, and even in postwar Germany. We analyze the tension between his conservative worldview, his commitment to institutional continuity, and his moral responses to political upheaval and National Socialism. We pay particular attention to Planck's efforts to preserve German scientific institutions, his complex accommodation of Nazi rule, and his later symbolic role in the transformation of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society into the Max Planck Society after World War Two. By integrating scientific, intellectual, and political perspectives, we aim to present Planck not only as the founder of quantum theory but also as a representative figure grappling with the profound dilemmas faced by German science and society in the twentieth century.
ABSTRACT Proposing the concept of a conservative revolutionary generally and using the examples of Gregor Mendel, Max Delbrück, and Eric Davidson, I fundamentally call into question Thomas Kuhn's ideas of scientific revolutions. I also highlight some problematic consequences of the increasing appreciation of Kuhn's work among scientists and show that scientific development is a highly complex phenomenon that defies easy descriptions and conclusions. In Delbrück's words, “the progress of science is tremendously disorderly,” “the motivations that lead to this progress are tremendously varied,” and science does not develop in the way “it is represented in most textbooks.” It should be added that the development is also not proceeding as Kuhn prescribes.
The article seeks to identify some of the characteristics of the revolution-based account of science as presented in Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions, contrasting them with their counterparts in more recent evolutionary/developmental accounts. I examine a number of considerations that guide people in maximizing or minimizing the degree of innovation they ascribe to themselves as well as others. In the first part of the article, I underline the role of language and linguistic categories, illustrating description-sensitivity via a number of scientific and philosophical episodes. In the second, I review two philosophical debates that are relevant to the revo-evo conundrum: the American pragmatist critique of 17th century epistemology and the 20th century controversy between relativist and realist theories of meaning. Finally, I show how the biological evo-devo discourse figures in two recent books that advocate an evolutionary approach to the history of science. Although the general thrust of the article points in the evolutionary direction, description sensitivity recommends caution. Whether there are scientific revolutions is not only a matter of fact but also of perspective and language.Highlights The advantages of evolutionary epistemology. The dependence of our assessment of change on linguistic categories.
ABSTRACT We discuss the notions of scientific revolutions and revolutionaries in the context of the Relativity Revolution and of the First, Second, and Third Quantum Revolutions. We conclude that at the core of the question of what qualifies as a revolution and revolutionary is an assessment of the gradients of knowledge accumulation over time, both at the collective and individual level. Furthermore, what seems to distinguish a true revolutionary from the rest is a convergence of rare qualities such as the courage to break away from existing frameworks, the technical skill to do so rigorously, and—perhaps most critically—the intuition and inspiration needed to unify disparate pieces of the puzzle into a self‐consistent picture.
ABSTRACT Thomas Kuhn's book on the Structure of Scientific Revolutions profoundly influenced our thinking about how science changes over time with his proposal of paradigm shifts, but doubts have been raised about how general Kuhn's proposal is for all scientific disciplines. In biology, the problems are so complex that often parallel paradigms coexist based on different, non‐commeasurable methodologies without one replacing the other for long periods of time. An example is given about two models of human evolution that arose in the mid‐19th century: One favored by Darwin that human populations intergrade with no sharp boundaries due to interbreeding (gene flow), versus Haeckel's view that humans are separated into distinct lineages that define separate branches on an evolutionary tree of human populations. These two models have persisted into the 21st century with no resolution. This debate also touches on another aspect of the philosophy of science—the importance of falsification of a hypothesis. Karl Popper argued in the 1950's that falsification of a hypothesis is strong inference in science, and is a type of inference that distinguishes science from other realms of knowledge. Hypothesis testing is the methodology that favors Darwin's gene flow model, but hypothesis testing and other statistical considerations are ignored or trivialized by advocates of the evolutionary tree model of human evolution. Advocates of the tree model value the parsimonious and simple nature of an evolutionary tree, and the typological subdivision of humanity into distinct types or branches in that tree. Both groups are satisfied with their methodologies and feel that their paradigm is the superior one, allowing the two paradigms to coexist without resolution for over a 150 years. Key Points The problems within biology are so complex that parallel paradigms can co‐exist for long periods of time without invoking a Kuhnian crisis or paradigm shift due to non‐commeasurable criteria of validity. An example is the persistence since the 19th century of two views of human evolution as (1) an evolutionary tree of splits and isolation resulting in distinct branches of humans, versus (2) a model of gene flow that allowed all humans to evolve as a single lineage, with genetic differences between populations due mostly to isolation‐by‐distance. Hypothesis testing has strongly falsified the evolutionary tree model in favor of the gene flow model, but the advocates of the tree model place greater value on a more parsimonious explanation of human evolution and a typological view of human diversity.
ABSTRACT Distinguishing scientific revolutions from normal science is a subjective, conflicting matter, largely because of the lack of a definite, unambiguous definition. However, it is always possible to a priori select a working definition for revolutions, and judge scientific programmes and events accordingly in an unbiased manner. On this premise, using Seeman's 13 criteria test, we evaluated density functional theory (DFT) to check if it can be held as a revolution or not. Our historical and conceptual analysis indicates that DFT is indeed a proper revolution, but only when considered strictly within the subdiscipline of quantum chemistry, and not within the whole chemical discipline. This emphasises the idea that demarcating scientific revolutions is a matter of the size of the analysed scientific domain, with revolutions behaving as self‐similar fractals. Key Points Scientific revolutions usually have imprecise and ambiguous definitions, but working definitions can be selected to demarcate, in principle, revolutions from normal science. Using Seeman's 13 criteria test, density functional theory (DFT) can be taken as a genuine scientific revolution, but only within the subdiscipline of quantum chemistry. This emphasises the idea of distinguishing revolutions not according to their nature, but according to the observational magnifying glass, analogous to self‐similar fractals.
Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) was a blockbuster publication that problematized notions about the origins and nature of scientific revolutions. What became Kuhn's famous rubrics of "normal science" and "paradigms" were similar to concepts of "tacit knowledge" and scientific "frameworks" or "dogmas" in Michael Polanyi's 1958 book Personal Knowledge. What is most significant are not similarities, but the very different commitments to the notion of scientific "Truth." Unlike Kuhn, Polanyi argued that abandonment of Truth-seeking has dire political, as well as scientific, implications if revolutions are decisive ruptures with past knowledge and values.
ABSTRACT Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global health concern, with a portion of patients progressing to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The molecular mechanism driving this progression is elusive. Here, we have identified key pathogenic genes associated with this progression using transcriptomic data from three microarray datasets GSE164760, GSE25097, and GSE4845. Collectively, there are 798 liver tissue samples across Chinese, German, and multi‐institutional cohorts. The datasets span the NAFLD spectrum including healthy, early NAFLD, NASH, cirrhosis, and NASH‐associated HCC. A differential gene expression (DEG) analysis of these data suggests a list of genes consistently dysregulated across disease stages, reflecting potential biomarkers or contributors to the disease progression. Our gene ontology (GO) based enrichment analysis reveals that dysregulated DEGs are primarily associated with metabolic, inflammatory, immune, and epigenetic pathways. We have constructed a protein–protein interaction network of DEGs for each dataset and predicted the respective hub proteins that are likely to exert significant influence over disease‐relevant pathways linked to neurogenic signaling and chromatin modification, underscoring stage‐specific molecular events in NAFLD progression. Further, we have performed transcription factor (TF) enrichment analysis that suggests TP53, FOSB, STAT3, CREB1, and ATF2 would be potentially driving changes observed in DEGs. Our results suggest that the dual axes of metabolic activation and immune suppression would be convergent themes in NASH–HCC pathogenesis. In addition, we have constructed a gene regulatory network for key TFs. Genes such as FASN, SAA1, and HLA‐DRA, and regulators like SREBF2 and TP53, may serve as candidate markers for disease stratification or intervention . Highlights This is the first study to perform a comprehensive analysis of gene expression changes and its regulation during the various stages of NAFLD spectrum including healthy, early NAFLD, NASH, NASH‐cirrhosis, and NASH‐HCC. Early and persistent activation of metabolic and inflammatory processes with concurrent suppression of immune activation is observed supporting a role in oncogenesis.
ABSTRACT Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now the leading cause of death globally, accounting for around 70% of annual mortality, with a particularly severe impact in low‐income countries. The genus Origanum L. (Lamiaceae), comprising 43 species distributed worldwide, includes several species traditionally used in ethnomedicine. This study aimed to: (I) identify the chemical composition of essential oils (EOs) from the aerial parts of Origanum vulgare, Origanum majorana, and Origanum heracleoticum by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS); (II) evaluate their antioxidant activity via 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2,20‐azinobis (3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and FRAP assays; (III) assess their inhibitory effects on enzymes involved in metabolic and central nervous system (CNS) functions; and (IV) determine the inhibition mechanisms of the most active EOs and their main constituents using Michaelis–Menten kinetics. O. vulgare EO, rich in carvacrol and p‐cymene, exhibited the highest antioxidant activity and acted as an uncompetitive inhibitor of α‐glucosidase. O. majorana EO, dominated by γ‐terpinene and terpinen‐4‐ol, showed the strongest tyrosinase (TYR) inhibition (monophenolase and diphenolase reactions), acting as a mixed‐type inhibitor. The EO of O. heracleoticum, characterized by carvacrol, thymol, and γ‐terpinene, displayed significant inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (mixed inhibition) and butyrylcholinesterase (competitive inhibition). To date, no studies have reported the effects of O. majorana EO on TYR, α‐amylase, or α‐glucosidase, nor have comparative studies explored the inhibition of lipase by all three species’ EOs. These findings suggest that Origanum EOs hold promise as multifunctional agents for managing metabolic and CNS disorders, supporting their potential use in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. Highlights This is the first study to evaluate kinetic inhibition of metabolic and CNS enzymes by Origanum EOs. EOs showed uncompetitive, competitive, and mixed‐type inhibition depending on the enzyme.
ABSTRACT This study presents a systematic investigation of the magnetic and structural properties of cerium‐doped barium zirconate (BaZr1−xCexO3, x = 0.005–0.04) perovskites synthesized by a microwave‐assisted hydrothermal route. X‐ray diffraction confirmed a dominant cubic perovskite phase, while Williamson–Hall analysis revealed dopant‐induced microstrain. Field‐emission scanning electron microscopy revealed a well‐defined decaoctahedral morphology. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry demonstrated high thermal stability and revealed endothermic events associated with defect‐related structural rearrangements. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy was employed to elucidate the evolution of the magnetic response attributed to oxygen vacancies. Upon cerium incorporation, systematic shifts in resonance field and linewidth reveal the development of defect‐mediated magnetic coupling. Additional spectral features, such as F+‐center‐related signals and a non‐monotonic doping dependence, point to the influence of cerium clustering and Ce3+/Ce4+ valence fluctuations. These findings establish a direct correlation between defect chemistry, lattice strain, and magnetic behavior in BaZrO3‐based perovskites, providing a pathway to engineer tunable magnetic functionalities through controlled rare‐earth doping.
ABSTRACT A wireless capsule endoscope (WCE) is currently the first‐line examination to investigate digestive tract diseases. Although the procedure is reliable, a large number of images are produced by the built‐in camera, usually resulting in an unmanageable amount of data that requires a significant amount of time for manual examination by clinical experts. Hence, in this paper, two new models, Mobile3ViT_L and Mobile3ViT_S, for high‐ and low‐resource use scenarios are proposed for potential application in gastrointestinal image recognition. The proposed models draw lessons from the transformer and include ViTBlocks, which combine the advantages of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and the visual transformer model, and make full use of the local and global information of images. The proposed models were exhaustively compared with recent models available in the literature. Using the same training environment, the proposed models achieved the best results in terms of accuracy (98.58% [Mobile3ViT_L] and 98.57% [Mobile3ViT_S]), reduced training time (average time of 6.5 h [Mobile3ViT_L] and 4.17 h [Mobile3ViT_S]), and reduced number of parameters (approximately 46% [Mobile3ViT_L] and 69% [Mobile3ViT_S] compared with MobileNetV3_S). In addition, in‐depth simulations were performed to verify the feasibility of the proposed models for gastrointestinal image recognition. The results achieved were found to be promising in terms of recognition accuracy, with a significant reduction in the overall training time and the number of parameters.
ABSTRACT Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO‐NPs) are inexpensive, non‐toxic, and biocompatible with human cells, making them suitable for biomedical applications. In the present study, ZnO‐NPs were synthesized from Heliotropium europaeum extracts at different concentrations through a green synthesis approach and characterized by UV, FTIR, XRD, and SEM‐EDX analyses. Different shapes and sizes of ZnO‐NPs were obtained: nanoparticles from plant powder (ZnNPs‐HEP, 27.02 nm), nanoparticles from plant extract at 7.5 g/L (ZnO‐NPs‐HE3, 24.5 nm), and 10 g/L (ZnO‐NPs‐HE4, 25.06 nm). These were tested for antimicrobial, antibiofilm, anti‐quorum‐sensing (QS), antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities. The smallest nanoparticles were ZnO‐NPs‐HE3, which exhibited the strongest antimicrobial activity, with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 78.125 µg/mL (S. aureus), 312.5 µg/mL (B. subtilis), 156.25 µg/mL (E. coli and C. albicans), and 625 µg/mL (S. typhi). All ZnO‐NPs exhibited concentration‐dependent antibiofilm activity against S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli, S. typhi and C. albicans. Biofilm inhibition by ZnO‐NPs‐HE3 and ZnO‐NPs‐HE4 was comparable, suggesting that smaller size favors antibiofilm effects. ZnO‐NPs‐HEP exhibited the highest violacein inhibition against Chromobacterium violaceum CV12472, showing 100% inhibition at MIC, which decreased to 21.23% ± 1.84% at MIC/8. The QS inhibition zone against C. violaceum CV026 was 17.0 ± 1.1 mm (MIC) and decreased to 7.1 ± 0.3 mm (MIC/8). The ZnO‐NPs also showed strong inhibition of swimming and swarming motilities in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01, with ZnO‐NPs‐HE3 being most active. Antioxidant activities (DPPH•, ABTS•+, and CUPRAC) and anticholinesterase activities (acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase) ranged from low to moderate. Overall, the results demonstrate intrinsic antivirulence properties of ZnO‐NPs against pathogenic bacteria.
ABSTRACT The development of high‐performance thermal insulation and lightweight materials in aerospace applications requires overcoming the limitations of conventional aerogels. While polyimide (PI) aerogel offers flexibility and thermal stability, it suffers from shrinkage and a hydrophilic nature. In contrast, silica is an excellent insulator and fire‐resistant, but brittle and fragile in nature. These limitations highlight the challenges of sustaining mechanical resilience and thermal gradients in extreme aerospace applications. To overcome these limitations, we report a novel polyimide–silica (PSi) hybrid aerogel system fabricated via a dual‐step gelation and freeze‐drying process. The innovation in this study lies in the use of trimethylethoxysilane (TMES) as a co‐precursor, introduced for the first time in PSi systems, to chemically modify two silicas, TETMS (TEOS + TMES) and MTTMS (MTMS + TMES), and enhance their compatibility and surface hydrophobicity within the PI matrix. The PSi achieved low thermal conductivity (0.016 W m−1 K−1), low density (0.035 g cm−3), and low shrinkage (up to 2.86%), with high hydrophobicity (contact angle up to 139.5°), and excellent mechanical resilience, along with high thermal stability and fire resistance. These multifunctional characteristics demonstrate the potential of PSi aerogels for high‐performance applications in aerospace, where durability, flexibility and thermal properties are required.
ABSTRACT The mining industry faces ongoing challenges related to operational efficiency, ecological footprint and personnel safety as operations expand into remote areas with extreme conditions. This article proposes and analyses three swarm robotic strategies for mine automation: Baseline (immediate return), Ant (tandem partitioning) and Honeybee (memory‐retrieval), implemented on the Pololu Zumo 2040 robot platform. The models, inspired by leafcutter ant and honeybee foraging behaviour, deploy decentralized control to bypass the constraints of traditional centralized mining systems. Experiments in a scaled straight‐line haul‐route environment compare total travel distance, energy consumption and ore delivery time across the three strategies. The Ant model offers continuous exploration and parallel transport, reducing completion time compared to the Baseline model. The Honeybee model minimizes mid‐route travel by memorizing ore locations before retrieval. In a 16‐m route test with 8 ore blocks, the Honeybee model achieves up to an 80% reduction in travel distance, about a 50% decrease in energy consumption and a 60% decrease in ore delivery time compared to the Baseline model. Transitioning to hardware testing exposes additional challenges such as sensor calibration, mechanical misalignment, battery constraints and variable environmental conditions. Key Points Three bio‐inspired swarm robotic strategies (Baseline, Ant, and Honeybee) are implemented and compared for mine haul‐route automation. Decentralized control inspired by leafcutter ants and honeybees is realized on Pololu Zumo 2040 robots in a physical laboratory test‐bed. The Ant strategy applied tandem task partitioning to enable parallel exploration and ore transport. The Honeybee strategy seperated exploration and retrieval by memorizing ore locations before optimized collection. Performance is evaluated using total travel distance, estimated energy consumption, and ore delivery time in a scaled straight‐line haul‐route environment. In a 16 m route with eight ore blocks, the Honeybee strategy acheives up to 80% reduction in travel distance, 50% lower energy consumption, and 60% faster ore delivery compared with the Baseline strategy. Hardware experiments reveal practical constraints including sensor calibration, mechanical alignment, battery limitations, and environmental variability.
ABSTRACT Rapid access to mitochondrial marker genes is essential for species identification and phylogenetics, but conventional barcoding or genome skimming remains time‐consuming and resource‐intensive. Public RNA‐seq archives, an underused source of mitochondrial transcripts, can be leveraged through an ultralight, fully web‐accessible pipeline that retrieves and assembles the complete cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1) gene. Seven public Acheta domesticus RNA‐seq datasets (SRR7692599–SRR7692605) were retrieved from the NCBI Sequence Read Archive. A targeted BLAST‐based filtering approach was applied to extract COX1‐related reads, which were then assembled using the CAP3 tool on Galaxy Europe. Assembly quality was assessed by ClustalW alignment and confirmed by BLAST validation against the NCBI nucleotide database. Between 180 and 214 COX1‐related reads (mean 200.9 ± 11.8) were recovered per dataset. CAP3 produced complete or extended COX1 contigs (1545–1784 bp; up to 116.5% of the 1531 bp coding length due to flanking UTR‐like sequence). All seven assemblies showed 100% nucleotide coverage to the reference after orientation correction. No evidence of off‐target mitochondrial genes or nuclear mitochondrial pseudogene (NUMT)‐like matches was observed among the top BLASTN hits for the assembled contigs. The complete workflow was completed in approximately 1 h per dataset (from BLAST‐based read extraction to final BLAST validation) while producing near full‐length COX1 contigs. Robustness was further supported by successful COX1 recovery from additional cricket species transcriptomes and a whole‐genome sequencing dataset using the same parameters. This streamlined pipeline enables recovery of mitochondrial genes from public transcriptomic resources and can be adapted for other highly expressed genes. It provides a cost‐effective alternative to traditional molecular methods. Key Points A rapid and reproducible transcriptome‐based workflow is developed for mitochondrial COX1 gene assembly from RNA‐Seq data. BLAST‐based targeted read extraction combined with CAP3 de novo assembly enables efficient recovery of full‐length gene sequences. Assembly validation using ClustalW and BLASTn confirms 100% nucleotide coverage and high sequence accuracy. The pipeline is species‐independent, web‐accessible, and adaptable to other mitochondrial protein‐coding genes and diverse sequencing datasets.
ABSTRACT We present in English Carl Friedrich v. Weizsäcker's historic 1948 derivation of the 5/3 law for energy transfer in turbulence via dimensional analysis in real space. As the relevant standard for comparison, we also present Onsager's derivation of the 5/3 law via dimensional analysis in k‐space. v. Weizsäcker began by assuming a cubic volume filled with isotropic quasi‐stationary turbulence, where he then introduced a systematic partitioning of that volume into ever smaller nested cubes. Weizsäcker's dimensional analysis in real space parallels Onsager's 1949 derivation in k‐space and also foreshadows the fractal beta model. We compare several steps in Onsager's and Weizsäcker's approaches and then discuss the extension of Weizsäcker's dimensional analysis to the beta model. The more recent experimental violations of the assumptions of homogeneity and isotropy are then discussed, and a practical measure is offered to test for ‘weak isotropy’ in data.
ABSTRACT In the Orch OR model, information is stored in a quantum form by the arrangement of electrons or the type of polarization and rotation of electrons, or the movement of photons and their exchange between hexagonal structures or other molecular structures inside microtubules and other components of neurons in the brain. But how to store information requires planning and management. This management can only be done by a quantum intelligence that finds a suitable place to store new information by knowing the location and storage location of other quantum information. Therefore, quantum intelligence should be considered as a key factor in the model. To prove this claim, one of the causes of Alzheimer's disease can be mentioned. Destruction of a part of the structure of microtubules and the separation of some of its constituent elements, which play an essential role in storing information, causes memory loss. But one of the treatment ways is to use electromagnetic waves, whose lines actually act like a road for quantum intelligence and allow it to reach the damaged place. Then, by placing the molecules in the right place and creating the right polarization in them and restoring the supporting and protective elements of the structure, they enable quantum information storage and memory recovery. In the same way, quantum intelligence can revive the dead brain by repairing the damaged areas. Key points Quantum intelligence is proposed as a coordinating mechanism in the Orch OR model. Microtubule structure is essential for quantum information storage and memory. Damage to microtubules may explain memory loss in Alzheimer's disease. Electromagnetic waves are suggested as a guide for structural repair and memory recovery.
