As an important principle of international environmental law, the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities (the CBDR principle) is being applied to various international environment protection regimes including environmental governance on the high seas as an important guiding principle in the law of the sea. This may be beneficial for engaging the international community to protect the high seas in solidarity. However, the application of the CBDR principle encounters difficulties, which include obstacles regarding cross-sector application, different understandings of the CBDR principle and difficulties in implementation of international instruments. This article argues that the differentiation should not depend exclusively on the traditional dichotomy of developing and developed countries but must be determined on a fluid and case-by-case basis. This suggests that the details of the differentiated responsibilities should also be context-specific rather than uniform for all States. Moreover, the implementation of the CBDR principle to address environmental problems on the high seas should be based on substantive fairness. Finally, this article makes several observations. First, the demands of developing countries in the field of maritime emission reduction should be considered. Second, obligation of capacity building and the transfer of marine technology prescribed in the BBNJ Agreement should be encouraged and implemented. Third, strengthening international cooperation in plastic pollution control on the high seas is expected. Fourth, the international community should provide developing countries with the financial support and technical assistance in persistent organic pollutants control. All of these may contribute to the protection of the high seas environment and the future realization of the sustainable development of the oceans.
The NATO intends to increase its global influence in both physical space and cyberspace.Since its establishment in 1949,the NATO has increased its membership for eight times,and it has reflected its expansion in the field of cyberspace.The existing studies on the NATO shaping power structure in the AsiaPacific region focus on NATO’s hegemonic expansion,alliance mechanism and bureaucratic capabilities of international organizations.There are very few perspectives on the technological capabilities of the NATO to shape the power structure in the region in the context of the cyber empowerment in the digital age.The evolution of NATO’s strategy in cyberspace in the digital age can be divided into three stages:the germination of cybersecurity cognition,the development of offensive and defensive capabilities of cybersecurity,and the proliferation of cyber geo-centricity.With the purpose of shaping its Asia-Pacific influence,the NATO increases the number of cyber allies,constructs a system of cyber law,and enhances cyber practices of interoperability.By analyzing the specific actions of the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defense Center of Excellence（CCDCOE） and its reflection,characteristics and influence in the cyberspace of NATO’s Asia-Pacific expansion,this research can provide an academic explanation for having cyber technology to empower the NATO to shape the Asia-Pacific strategy.
当前,世界百年未有之大变局加速演进,全球政治、经济、安全格局正在经历深刻调整,和平赤字、发展赤字、安全赤字、治理赤字加重,人类社会面临前所未有的挑战.面对战略机遇和风险挑战并存、不确定难预料因素增多的外部环境,中国坚持推进高水平对外开放,以建设新型开放大国赢得主动,并要求将海南自由贸易港打造成为引领我国新时代对外开放的鲜明旗帜和重要开放门户.为实现这一战略目标,海南需要客观分析内外形势和机遇挑战,并抓住机遇主动担当作为,着力打造新时期我国高水平对外开放新高地、国内国际双循环的重要交汇点、中国与东盟全面战略合作的重要枢纽、以人文交流为重点的公共外交平台以及中国—东盟蓝色经济伙伴关系核心区.
俄罗斯、乌克兰、白俄罗斯三个国家矿产资源丰富,石油、天然气、钾盐等优势矿产影响全球市场.三个国家间矿业彼此依赖,博弈共存.俄乌冲突冲击矿产资源产业链和供应链,加剧全球能源危机和粮食危机,推动矿业金融治理格局演变,深刻影响国际矿业市场演化进程.俄乌冲突初期,区域矿产资源供应链中断,部分矿业开发停滞,矿业市场预期调整,矿产品价格剧烈波动.伴随着俄乌冲突的长期化与扩大化,西方与俄罗斯的制裁及反制裁持续推进国际矿业市场贸易格局和结构变化,进而引起生产格局和结构转变.美西方与俄罗斯矿业合作裂痕扩大.欧盟寻求能源进口渠道多元化,加速与俄罗斯能源"脱钩",与美国能源贸易额急速扩大,石油和煤炭消费增加,清洁能源消费总量快速下降,"双碳"目标出现逆流.俄罗斯能源出口转向亚洲.中国能源资源进口成本增加.全球煤炭生产和消费创下历史新高,全球"双碳"目标实现成本提升.应坚持人类命运共同体理念,深化能源资源矿产多边谈判,推进全球矿业开放和公平治理,保障矿产资源供应链产业链稳定.
2023 年 8 月 1 日起,中国对镓、锗及其化合物实施出口管制.作为贸易大国,中国承担大国责任,不断完善出口管制制度,为全球安全做出积极贡献.镓和锗虽发现较早,全球产量却规模不大,而国际产业分工和市场发展推动了金属镓锗贸易发生持续演变,全球镓锗相关资源禀赋与贸易关系对安全带来直接影响.对镓锗实施出口管制有助于维护中国的国家安全和利益,除了直接降低美国利用镓锗产品制造武器的威胁外,还有助于维持镓锗供应链的稳定,增强中国在相关产品全球供应链的主导地位,为中国企业在相关产业争取竞争机会,保障产业安全.为实现对镓锗管制的目的、增强相关供应链的韧性,同时履行国际承诺,中国应积极采取多元协同推进和保障措施.
