We investigate the correlations between IceCube high-energy neutrinos and Fermi-LAT gamma -ray sources using an unbinned likelihood analysis. In previous analyses of the same IceCube public dataset, only the spatial information of neutrino events was utilized, while the energy term in the probability density functions (PDFs) was neglected, limiting the achievable sensitivity. In this work, we incorporate both spatial and energy terms into the likelihood, with the energy PDFs constructed from the effective areas and smearing matrices. We focus on the Third Catalog of Hard Fermi-LAT Sources (3FHL) and the Fourth LAT AGN Catalog (4LAC-DR2). To account for the significant difference in IceCube's sensitivity between the two hemispheres, we perform stacking analyses for the all-sky, Northern hemisphere, and Southern hemisphere source subsets separately, under both equal weighting and flux weighting schemes. No statistically significant neutrino excess is found in any configuration. We therefore derive 95% confidence level upper limits on the total neutrino flux contributed by these source populations. For a spectral index of Gamma=-2.5 , the all-sky stacking analysis indicates that the 3FHL and 4LAC-DR2 populations contribute at most 3.12% and 2.83% (equal weighting), and 4.45% and 3.49% (flux weighting) of the IceCube diffuse neutrino flux, respectively. Compared to the spatial-only analysis, the inclusion of the energy term improves the constraints on hard-spectrum emission by over one order of magnitude. Our results further demonstrate that the 3FHL and 4LAC-DR2 sources are subdominant contributors to the diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux observed by IceCube.
Abstract Background and Aim Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS), often caused by surfactant deficiency, is a major concern in preterm infants. This study aimed to explore the relationship between SP-A and SP-D levels and NRDS severity. Methods A total of 100 preterm neonates diagnosed with NRDS were enrolled and categorized into mild, moderate, and severe groups. Data on surfactant therapy, including the timing and number of doses, were collected, and the response to therapy was assessed by monitoring ventilatory support and stability of oxygenation (FiO 2 < 0.30 for 12 h). Results SP-A and SP-D levels were significantly lower in the severe group compared to the mild and moderate groups ( P < 0.01). Lower levels of these proteins were associated with higher inflammatory markers (CRP and IL-6), more surfactant doses, longer mechanical ventilation, and extended NICU stays ( P < 0.01). Logistic regression revealed that lower SP-A (OR = 0.86) and SP-D (OR = 0.83) were significant predictors of NRDS severity. ROC curve analysis showed AUC values of 0.85 for SP-A and 0.81 for SP-D, highlighting their potential as biomarkers. Conclusion SP-A and SP-D play a crucial role in NRDS pathogenesis and could serve as biomarkers to assess disease severity and guide treatment.
Abstract Background Ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2) determined from gas-exchange criteria during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) provide reference points for exercise-intensity prescription, but their routine use is limited in applied settings. Detrended fluctuation analysis alpha 1 (DFA-α1) has emerged as a potential non-invasive marker of physiological transitions during exercise. Objective To quantify and compare DFA-α1 values against CPET-derived ventilatory thresholds and between exercise modes during constant-load swimming, cycling, and running in trained triathletes. Methods Seventeen triathletes (13 men, 4 women) completed maximal incremental CPETs in swimming, cycling, and running, after which constant-load trials were undertaken at VT1 and VT2, as determined from CPET using standard ventilatory criteria. R–R intervals were recorded with a Polar V800 and Polar H10 and processed in Kubios HRV Scientific v4.2.0. DFA-α1 was calculated using a 120-s moving window with 5-s updates. Between-modality comparisons were performed using repeated-measures ANOVA. Results At VT1, O 2 , heart rate, and PetCO 2 differed by modality, whereas DFA-α1 did not differ significantly between swimming, cycling, and running (0.74 ± 0.30, 0.75 ± 0.21, and 0.65 ± 0.20, respectively; P = 0.456). At VT2, O 2 and heart rate again differed by modality, whereas DFA-α1 showed no significant differences between modalities but wide between participant variability (0.42 ± 0.13, 0.37 ± 0.11, and 0.47 ± 0.13, respectively; P = 0.061). Conclusion At the group level, mean DFA-α1 values were numerically close to previously proposed values for VT1 (∼0.75) and VT2 (∼0.50). However, the marked inter-individual dispersion across modalities limits the use of fixed DFA-α1 values for individual identification of VT1 and VT2. These findings indicate descriptive group-level correspondence rather than individual-level validity or agreement.
Abstract Background Dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation (DA-CPR) is a key strategy to reduce no-flow time in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), yet its impact on long-term survival remains various across emergency medical systems. Purpose We aimed to evaluate the association between DA-CPR and resuscitation outcomes in a nationwide cohort of OHCA patients presenting with an initial shockable rhythm. Methods We conducted a retrospective observational study including all adult OHCA cases with ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VF/VT) in which resuscitation was carried out by emergency medical services in Hungary during 2019, 2022, and 2023. Patients were stratified according to whether DA-CPR was ongoing upon ambulance arrival, or initiated by the ambulance crew. Primary outcomes were return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and hospital admission with sustained circulation. Utstein-style consensus reporting guidelines were followed. Results A total of 3,674 VF/VT OHCA cases were included, of whom 1,744 (47.5%) received DA-CPR. Patients in the DA-CPR group had significantly higher rates of ROSC (92.0% vs. 12.4%), hospital admission with sustained circulation (90.8% vs. 11.7%), 30-day survival (54.6% vs. 7.1%), and one-year survival (45.8% vs. 6.2%) compared with those without DA-CPR (all P < 0.001). DA-CPR occurrence increased over time, while declined in 2022 followed by partial recovery in 2023. Conclusion In this nationwide cohort of OHCA patients with shockable rhythms, dispatcher-assisted CPR was strongly associated with improved early resuscitation success and long-term survival. These findings support DA-CPR as a critical system-level intervention and highlight the importance of centralised protocols and continuous performance monitoring.
We present a non-collisional mechanism for the formation of symmetric ring galaxies based on the dynamical relaxation of gas on top of quantized vortex configurations in Bose-Einstein Condensate Dark Matter (BECDM) solutions. For this we solve the fully coupled Gross-Pitaevskii-Poisson-Euler (GPPE) system in 3D, allowing for complete gravitational back-reaction between the baryonic gas and the dark matter component. Initializing the luminous matter as an ideal gas with random initial conditions on top of a vortex line with a topological winding number m=1 , we systematically explore three dark matter self-interaction regimes, attractive, collisionless, and repulsive, for a characteristic ultra-light boson mass of mb=10-22eV . Our simulations reveal that the baryonic gas relaxes into stable, highly symmetric rings whose physical diameters from 11 to 16 kpc and total enclosed masses of order 1010M circle dot match the scales of intensely studied benchmarks like Arp 147. We use the detailed data from Arp 147 purely as a physical baseline to provide a structural proof of concept for our model. However, this self-consistent mechanism can be an interesting explanation for isolated ring galaxies-like Hoag-type objects, which lack the nearby companions or tidal debris required by standard collision models.
