Smart polymers (also stimulus-responsive polymers) are an advanced class regarding materials which can undergo reversible chemical or physical transitions within broad spectrum of internal and external triggers, such as pH, temperature, light, magnetic or electric field, biologically derived cue. New innovations especially point at the integration of bio-responsive, photo-responsive and field-responsive polymers, which have distinctive operational benefits. Bio-responsive systems are highly physiologically specific and the light-activated polymers allow highly specific spatiotemporal control, and magnetic or electric field-responsive platforms enable non-invasive and remotely controlled drug delivery. The latest trends in research focus more on the development of multi-responsive systems, a combination of two or more stimuli, to improve the ability to be more adaptable and provide a further fine-tuning of the drug-release profiles. The merging hybrids have more selectivity, therapeutic precision, and responsiveness compared to the previous single-trigger methods. But they also bring about new problems with structural complexity, long-term biocompatibility, and scalable manufacturability, which distinguishes them as compared to their predecessors and will affect their clinical readiness. Comparatively, pH- and thermo-responsive polymers are relatively mature and closer to clinical translation, whereas photo-responsive and field-responsive systems are more versatile, but still have impediments linked to tissue penetration, stimulus delivery, and safety validation. The latest generation is multi-responsive and bio-integrated platforms that has the best potential.
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an organic compound commonly used in modern industries, particularly in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. It is classified as an endocrine-interfering compound due to its chemical structure, which is similar to that of estrogen. In this study, BPA is forced to release from plastic baby bottles to milk by heating; then it is extracted from milk and determined spectrophotometrically using an azo coupling reaction with the diazotized p-nitroaniline (PNA)reagent to yield the azo dye which shows maximum absorbance at 478 nm. The method demonstration range is from 0.1 to 5.5 µg/ml, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.02861 µg/ml, limit of quantitation (LOQ) 0.09538 The calculated molar absorptivity confirmed 3.2× 104 l. mol -1.cm -1. The proposed method has high sensitivity, reliability, and it is applied for determination of BPA in milk after accelerating release of BPA under the effect of heat. The results show that the plastic used in the bottles released BPA into the milk at similar levels, but the Chinese AVEHINI plastic bottle released the highest levels. The validity of the method was confirmed using standard addition and t-test.
Five imported potato cultivars of the E class (Arizona, Fajah, Paradiso, Riviera, and Vogue) were studied for the nature of inheritance of certain growth and yield traits under the effects of a treatment period with gamma rays. It included four treatments: Not treated, treatment for 30 minutes, treatment for 45 minutes, and treatment for 60 minutes. The study was conducted out within the Nineveh Governorate in Iraq. Twenty treatments were used in a factorial experiment with three replicates and a fully randomized block design in the agricultural research field, College of Agriculture and Forestry, Tourist Forest Area, Mosul City, through the spring growing season of 2024–2025. With the exception of the percentage carbohydrates found in tubers, the mean squares values of five cultivar compositions were significant for each characteristic under investigation, according to the analysis of variance results. In the meantime, the attributes of the number of marketable tubers per plant, average marketable tuber weight, marketable yield per plant, and marketable tuber yield showed significant mean squares of the irradiation coefficients. the proportion of starch and dry matter in tubers. For all characteristics within the study, the genetic and environmental variance values were significantly above zero. The characteristics of plant height, the amount of chlorophyll in leaves, number of marketable tubers per plant, marketable yield per plant, marketable tuber yield, and percentage of both potassium and phosphorus in tubers had higher genetic variance values than environmental variance values, while the other traits had lower genetic variance values.
Bacteremia is a life-threatening and a critical infection. In this study, 250 blood samples were collected from patients and directly cultured in brain-heart infusion broth and incubated aerobically, which was considered the primary culture. After observing any changes in the medium in the following day, a secondary culture was performed on basal blood agar and MacConkey agar. The colonies and cells morphologies were examined. Molecular diagnosis was then carried out based on the 16S rRNA gene, Following by nucleotide sequencing. 19 Gram-negative and 16 Gram-positive bacterial strains were identified. The isolated bacteria were as follows: Klebsiella pneumoniae (6), Shigella sonnei (5), Serratia surfactantfacie2) ), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2), Burkholderia paludis (1), Escherichia coli (2), Enterobacter spp. (1), Staphylococcus aureus (2), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (2), Staphylococcus epidermidis (11), and Micrococcus yunnanensis (1). Bacterial subspecies of Klebsiella pneumoniae was identified through the use of the Voges-Proskauer test and malonate consumption test. It was found that the dominant subspecies was K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae, with 5 strains out of 6 showing negative results for both tests. Only one strain belonged to K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae, which was positive for both tests.The correlation between bacteremia and kidney function was investigated, as well as the effect of gender. The levels of urea and creatinine were measured in patients diagnosed with bacteremia and compared to healthy controls. Statistical analysis revealed neither significant differences in kidney function between patients and healthy individuals, nor significant differences between male and female patients or between healthy controls.
هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى الكشف عن وجود بكتيريا موجبة لصبغة كرام غير النمطية وتقييم حساسيتها تجاه مستخلصات نباتية مختارة، من خلال تحليل 200 عينة سريرية متنوعة جُمعت من مرضى في عدد من مستشفيات مدينة الموصل/العراق. شملت العينات كلاً من الدم، القيح، المسحات المهبلية، والبول. جرى عزل وتشخيص البكتيريا باستخدام تقنيات ميكروبيولوجية معيارية. أظهرت النتائج تنوعاً كبيراً في أنواع البكتيريا المعزولة، وشملت بكتيريا موجبة وسالبة لصبغة غرام، بتوزيعات مختلفة حسب مصدر العينة. من بين العزلات، كانت 37 عزلة موجبة لغرام، وتضمنت أنواعاً شائعة من أجناس Staphylococcus، وStreptococcus، وEnterococcus، وLactobacillus. أما العزلات السالبة لغرام، فتضمنت Escherichia coli، وProteus spp، وKlebsiella spp، وPseudomonas spp ، إلى جانب عزلات فطرية محدودة تمثلت بشكل رئيسي بجنس Candida. وأظهرت بعض العينات عدم وجود نمو ميكروبي. من بين هذه العزلات، تم تحديد أربع عزلات نادرة تعود لجنس Facklamia، وبالتحديد نوع Facklamia hominis، حيث ظهرت أربع مرات فقط في عينتين بول ومسحتين مهبليتين، وتم تأكيدها باستخدام التحليل الجزيئي، من خلال التقييم الظاهري، وتفاعل PCR نوعي، وتسلسل جين 16SrRNA، مما يمثل أول توثيق لعزلات سريرية من F. hominis في العراق. وقد تم إيداع هذه التسلسلات في قاعدة بيانات GenBank (أرقام الدخول PV719694.1, PV719697.1, PV719696.1,PV719695.1 كشفت النتائج الجينومية المقارنة عن تشابه كبير مع العزلات العالمية، مع وجود طفرات محلية قد تعكس عمليات تكيّف بيئي. أظهر اختبار الحساسية لمستخلصات النباتات تبايناً في درجات المقاومة، مما يشير إلى وجود تنوع جيني ومرونة تطورية لدى F. hominis. وتُعد هذه النتائج ذات أهمية سريرية في ضوء تصاعد ظهور هذا النوع البكتيري، مما يبرز الحاجة إلى تقنيات تشخيص جزيئية للكشف عن العوامل الممرضة النادرة والناشئة.
