This article examines the image of the city as captured in architectural drawings and sketches, treated as tools for interpreting urban space. The author outlines the role of drawing in the history of art and architecture, highlighting its significance as the fundamental language for recording design ideas and as a method for understanding spatial reality. Particular attention is devoted to an analysis of the drawings of three Polish architects: Konrad Kucza-Kuczyński, Krzysztof Ludwin, and Sławomir Gzell. Their sketches reveal various ways of perceiving and interpreting the city – from reflective contemplation of architectural structure, through a narrative and emotional depiction of urban space, to a synthetic analysis of urban composition. The analysis indicates that the architectural sketch serves cognitive, analytical, and interpretive functions, enabling the capture of both the material characteristics of urban space and its atmosphere and genius loci.
This study analyzes the relationships between soil moisture and selected climatic variables: air temperature t, relative humidity RH, and the antecedent precipitation index API. The analysis is based on in situ measurements from a research cross-section in the Sudół River catchment in Kraków, Poland, covering the period 2018–2025, supplemented with satellite-derived surface soil moisture data SMsurf from the Copernicus program. The study examines the temporal variability, seasonality, and long-term trends of soil moisture, as well as its correlation and regression relationships with climatic factors.
This study presents the characterization of hydrogels enriched with natural extracts of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) and Lentinula edodes (shiitake) with respect to their potential biomedical applications. The obtained materials were evaluated in terms of swelling capacity, stability in different incubation media (Ringer’s solution, PBS, distilled water), antioxidant activity, as well as morphological and chemical changes after incubation. The results demonstrated that all hydrogels preserved their structural integrity over a 7-day period, while their properties depended on the type and ratio of incorporated extracts. Samples enriched with Lentinula edodes showed higher antioxidant activity but underwent more pronounced morphological changes, whereas hydrogels containing Withania somnifera were more structurally stable. FT-IR analysis confirmed the preservation of the polymeric backbone after incubation. Overall, the results indicate that the investigated hydrogels can serve as carriers of natural bioactive compounds, and their tunable composition offers promising potential for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
The subject of the paper is the construction of an explicit periodic solution to the boundary problem for a nonhomogeneous threeparabolic equations of sixth order considered in the unbounded space-time layer with boundary conditions of Riquier type. To construct the solution we shall apply the convenient heat iterated Green potentials compatible with boundary condition and the threeparabolic potential compatible with source function.
The (inner) city is a living and working space. It is the stage on which diverse lifestyles unfold. For this reason, urban planning must reflect economic, political, and cultural issues. Over the last decade, the city centre has suffered from a decline in visitor numbers. In particular, the expansion of online retail has led to many vacancies in central locations. This trend has been exacerbated by the coronavirus pandemic. We can note: On the one hand, we love the city centre since it creates a common identity. Its history is stored in buildings and collective memories. On the other hand, we ignore it out of convenience. After all, this is a rather sporadic love that is only exhibited on occasion, when it fits into the time budget of our lifestyle programme and there is an event to celebrate. Living the city centre means thinking and shaping the city centre under current conditions. This is a pragmatic shift in perspective, as shown in this paper by the case of Frankfurt am Main. The city centre must finally open up to residents, who are more than just consumers. It must provide offers for everyday life: spaces for the appropriation of individuals and groups which serve to promote identification through participation. Participation has at least as strong an effect as the identity-forming power of historical icons. Therefore, in addition to the material foundations of the built city, greater emphasis must be placed on the non-material skills of those who live the city centre. It would be an illusion to think that there is a way back to the old town centre as we know it from history. This belongs to the past. Today’s shaping of the city centre must be conceptualised within the framework of current possibilities. For this reason, the aspect of participation must be rethought. Cities must create an economic and political openness for this. The space of the city centre must once again belong to everyone.
