This article summarizes the American Psychological Association's (2024) clinical practice guideline to provide recommendations for the nonpharmacological treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults. Three systematic reviews and meta-analyses, along with other literature and observations from practitioners and patients, served as the basis for the guideline. The guideline development panel consisted of health professionals from psychology, occupational medicine, nursing, social work, and physical therapy, as well as community members who self-identified as having chronic musculoskeletal pain. The panel examined the efficacy of noninvasive, nonpharmacological treatments and complementary and integrative medicine treatments. The panel also considered the comparative effectiveness among noninvasive, nonpharmacological treatments and noninvasive, nonpharmacological treatments in relation to complementary and integrative medicine treatments or select nonopioid, pharmacologic treatments. First-line and second-line recommendations for the treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain, presented in detail in the guideline, are summarized here. The target audience includes clinicians, researchers, patients, and policymakers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
The dominance of the Western medical model in mental health care has been increasingly questioned for its illness-focused orientation and limited effectiveness in promoting holistic well-being. This qualitative study explores how traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) offers a comprehensive, theoretically grounded, and clinically meaningful paradigm through the perspectives of 17 TCM practitioners in China. Using consensual qualitative research methodology, we conducted semistructured interviews to understand how TCM conceptualizes mental health, mental illness, prevention, and treatment. The results show that TCM practitioners conceptualize mental health through concepts such as shen (, spirit), jingshen (, essence-spirit), and qingzhi (, emotions-will), viewing wellness as dynamic balance rather than absence of pathology. Mental illness is interpreted as a state of imbalance arising from interactions among internal and external conditions. Treatment philosophy and principles emphasize prevention, pattern differentiation, holistic root treatment, and multimodal interventions. These findings highlight TCM's potential as a health-promoting paradigm that reorients psychotherapy toward a holistic, person-centered, and preventive population health-oriented framework, offering valuable insights for advancing mental health care beyond symptom reduction. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
What can we learn from gun owners by asking them about how their guns make them feel? We take a person-centered approach in analyzing a sample of over 4,000 gun owners drawn from a nationally representative survey frame to model the ways in which owners differ in the esteem they feel their guns provide. We find evidence for four distinct subpopulations of ownership, one which generally disagrees that guns help them to feel esteem (11.4% of the sample); two that generally agree that guns provide esteem, albeit to different degrees (39.8% and 30.2%, respectively); and one subpopulation that strongly agrees that guns help them to feel responsible, safe, respected, patriotic, valuable, confident, and in control (18.6%). These subpopulations differ meaningfully in perceptions of the likelihood of needing to use one's gun, in how they think about the nature of responsible firearm ownership, in their actual storage behavior, and they differ in terms of the threats that they believe their guns are able to protect against. These various psychological subpopulations of owners differ far more strongly in their attitudes and behaviors than in their underlying demographics (such as age, gender, ethnicity, education, or urbanicity), reinforcing the importance of understanding gun ownership from the inside out. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
