Acquired chemoresistance remains a major clinical problem in canine diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and osteosarcoma. Existing canine studies identify established resistance-associated features, including drug efflux, altered apoptosis, DNA repair, epigenetic change, and microRNA (miRNA) dysregulation, and support selected stress-response components as biologically relevant. However, the available canine evidence does not establish a chemotherapy-induced temporal sequence linking early stress signalling to later miRNA regulation. Likewise, the YAP–DDX17–Microprocessor relationship is supported by mechanistic evidence from mammalian/human systems but has not been demonstrated as a chemotherapy-induced coupling mechanism in canine tumours. This Opinion Paper therefore presents a testable temporal coupling hypothesis rather than a validated canine mechanism. The hypothesis asks whether early treatment-induced stress responses reproducibly precede and are associated with later miRNA regulation, and whether any such relationship reflects mechanistic dependence. YAP–DDX17–Microprocessor is considered one experimentally tractable but unvalidated candidate bridge, not a required component of the broader hypothesis. The article distinguishes established canine evidence from cross-species evidence and theoretical inference, and outlines the longitudinal and perturbational studies needed to test the hypothesis while accounting for pharmacokinetics, miRNA biogenesis, and tumour-microenvironment effects before clinical translation.
Antibiotic-growth-promoters (AGPs) used in poultry feed pose public health risks due to potential dissemination of antimicrobial-resistance genes through the food-chain. This study evaluated essential oils (EOs) from lemongrass (LG) and spearmint (SM) herbs, as alternatives to AGPs through integrated in-vitro and in-vivo assessments. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified geranial (40.15%) and neral (28.17%) as principal constituents of LGEO, while d-limonene (28.96%) and carvone (47.19%) predominated in SMEO. Entrapment of EO in chitosan-sodium-tripolyphosphate matrix was observed through Fourier-Transform-Infrared-Spectroscopy, with chitosan-EO ratio 1:0.8 yielding optimal encapsulation-efficiency (EE) and loading-capacity (LC). Chitosan-coated LGEO (C-LGEO) achieved the highest EE% (73.22) and LC (18.30), whereas chitosan-coated SMEO (C-SMEO) showed EE% of 69.19% and LC of 17.36%. C-SMEO exhibiting lower MIC values (0.71–3.73 µL/mL) and wider inhibition-zones (9.23–14.13 mm) than free SMEO (0.85–4.33 µL/mL; 8.4–12.83 mm) against Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, S. aureus, and C. perfringens, likewise C-LGEO showed lower MIC values (1.63–8.83 µL/mL) and wider inhibition zones (6.96–10.3 mm) than free-LGEO (2.33–11.53 µL/mL; 6–7.73 mm) against the same bacteria. DPPH radical-scavenging activity at 50 µl/ml was 43.3%, 45.6%, 63.3%, and 67.5% for LGEO, SMEO, C-LGEO, and C-SMEO, respectively. A pilot in-vivo trial using 56 day-old-chicks Ross-308 male broilers across six dietary treatments (control, enramycin, and four EO groups demonstrated that C-LGEO and C-SMEO produced growth-performance comparable to antibiotic group, with feed conversion ratios of 1.62 and 1.67 and body weight gains of 2110 g and 2105 g, respectively, supporting encapsulated EOs as promising natural AGP alternatives.
