Colibacillosis is a systemic disease of poultry caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). The prevalence rate of colibacillosis in Pakistani poultry production ranges 12.5-89.2% with 20-40% mortality. Many studies have reported the high prevalence of serotype O78, O1, O2, and O18 while a significant number of isolates remain non-typeable. The current study was conducted to isolate and characterize non-typeable or less commonly reported APEC isolates from Pakistani poultry. A total of ten APEC isolates were isolated from heart, liver, and lungs of morbid birds showing typical symptoms of colibacillosis. The isolates were characterized by the Congo red binding assay, phylotyping, serotyping, virulence factor profiling, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. The genomic DNA of five isolates were sequenced and characterized for virulence associated genes (VAGs), antibiotic resistance associated genes (ARAs), multi-locus sequence typing and phylogenetic analysis. The predominant virulence factors included ompA, IbeB, mat, irp2, iucD, iroN, and iutA. All isolates were multidrug resistant with highest resistance against ampicillin/(3-lactams, quinolones/fluoroquinolones, and cephems. The virulence associated genes (VAGs) of the studied APEC isolates were compared to VAGs of previously reported APEC isolates. Three isolates of high-risk ST410 representing B2/B3-H24R subclones were identified. In conclusion, these APEC isolates from diseased broiler birds exhibited high pathogenic potential and one health risks due to zoonotic MDR E. coli strains. All strains showed multidrug resistance to (3-lactams, quinolones, and cephems, while pangenome clustering highlights genomic plasticity and niche specialization driving convergent pathogenicity across diverse isolates and clades in Pakistani poultry.

Salmonella Gallinarum (SG), the causative agent of fowl typhoid, significantly affects poultry health and production. This study aimed to optimize the lethal dose LD50 of a virulent Salmonella Gallinarum strain (SG-18) in broiler birds through a combined evaluation of mortality, histopathology and feed conversion ratio (FCR). A total of 130 broiler birds were divided into five groups with two replicates each: Group A (1 & times; 10' CFU), Group B (4 & times; 10' CFU), Group C (8 & times; 10' CFU), Group D (1 & times; 108 CFU), and Group E (unchallenged control). The challenge experiment revealed a clear dose-dependent trend in pathogenicity: 50% mortality in Group A, 90% in Group B, and 100% in Groups C and D. The high-dose groups (C & D) also showed severe liver and spleen lesions, reduced weight gain, and impaired FCR, confirming systemic infection and metabolic disruption. Whole-genome sequencing of SG-18 identified 5,270 coding sequences, including 138 virulence genes and 72 antimicrobial resistance determinants. Key virulence factors include type III/VI secretion systems and plasmid-borne spv operons. SG-18 belonged to ST78 (clonal complex 4), and this characterization contributes to the genomic profiling of circulating SG strains. These integrated findings confirm the LD50 at approximately 1 & times; 10' CFU and support further vaccine efficacy studies against fowl typhoid using such a challenge strain.

A growing body of literature examined the effects of including plant extracts in poultry diets. Most of these studies have focused on changes in growth performance (weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, etc.) resulting from dietary inclusion of plant extracts. The effects of plant nutraceutical extract on broiler chickens have been reported with different results. Thus, this meta-analysis aimed to gauge the effect of plant nutraceutical extract on broiler chickens’ growth, intestinal components and blood characteristics. Two publicly available databases were searched to find studies evaluating dietary plant nutraceutical extracts on broiler chickens. The study selection was based on predefined criteria and two publicly available databases, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar, were utilised for execution. The analysis comprised 24 studies involving 60 treatment groups eligible for analysis in RevMan software. The results showed that plant nutraceutical extract inclusion significantly reduced feed conversion ratio (p < .05), leading to improved production performance. The pathogenic gut microbiota was also influenced by a significant reduction in Salmonella and Escherichia coli counts (p < .05) in the broilers. Plant nutraceutical-based diets also significantly increased the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria (p < .01) in broiler chickens. In addition, blood characteristics had significantly higher haemoglobin and globulin or total cholesterol, whereas triglycerides had a significantly lower impact than the control group. Consequently, plant extracts have the potential to serve as natural alternatives to antibiotics to reduce the risk of antimicrobial resistance and support sustainable poultry production. However, application of latest technologies is required to attain its full potential.

Banana peel is an excellent source of fibre and antioxidants. In the current study, extraction parameters for banana peels were optimized using various extraction methods (sonication and maceration), solvents (acetone, ethanol, and methanol) and solvent concentrations (25, 50, 75, 100 %). Furthermore, the antioxidant, antimicrobial and in-vivo diabetic potential of banana peel extracts (BPE) was investigated. Based on optimization results, the highest TPC (31.45 mg GAE/g), TFC (22.15 mg QE/g), DPPH (82.52 %), and FRAP (29.51 %) activity was shown by 50 % sonicated ethanolic banana peel extracts (SEBPE). Similarly, 50 % SEBPE showed the highest microbial inhibition zone. However, it was in a dose-dependent manner. The optimum dose was 750 µl/ml for bacterial strains and 500 µl/ml for S. cerevisiae. Furthermore, the administration of SEBPE significantly (p < 0.05) improved the glycemic indicators in diabetic rabbits compared to control subjects. The highest efficacy was seen in the G5 group, receiving (750 ml of SEBPE/kg body weight) with 205–109 mg/dL and 6.85–4.51 % serum glucose and HbA1c%, respectively, for 30 days. Biochemical markers such as serum protein, albumin, creatinine and lipid profile showed non-significant (p > 0.05) variations. However, a significant reduction in total cholesterol (159–90 mg/dL) was attributed to higher fibre. Hence, it can be concluded that sonication improves the antioxidant potential of SEBPE due to the increased release of polyphenols, which are responsible for their enhanced antimicrobial and anti-diabetic properties. However, further investigations are required to explore the effectiveness of SEBPE against diabetes co-morbidities such as renal dysfunction.

Background: The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of the supplementation of protease sources on growth and carcass response, gut health, nutrient digestibility, and cecal microbiota profiles in broilers fed poultry-by-product-meal (PBM)-containing diets. Methods: In total, 800 one-day-old mixed-sex broilers (Arbor Acres) were weighed and allocated to one of the four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design, with eight replicates and 25 birds each per replicate. The treatments were as follows: (1) T0, control diet (without protease supplementation and 3% PBM); (2) T1, control diet supplemented with acidic protease at 100 g/ton (50,000 U/g); (3) T2, control diet supplemented with alkaline protease at 200 g/ton (25,000 U/g); (4) T3, control diet supplemented with neutral protease at 200 g/ton (25,000 U/g). Results: Protease supplementation enhanced (p < 0.05) body weight gain and the feed conversion ratio, predominantly in broilers fed PBM-based diets containing alkaline protease. Alkaline protease supplementation increased (p < 0.05) the apparent ileal digestibility of proteins (AIDP) by 4.3% and the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids (AIDAA) by up to 5.8%, except for ornithine. Increments (p < 0.05) in carcass, breast, and leg quarter yields due to protease supplementation were evident, particularly in broilers fed diets containing alkaline protease. Alkaline protease improved (p < 0.05) the duodenal villus height (VH), reduced the crypt depth (CD), and increased the villus height to crypt depth ratio (VCR). Alkaline protease supplementation reduced (p < 0.05) cecal counts of Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Clostridium in the broilers, whereas it increased (p < 0.05) the Lactobacillus counts. Conclusions: the supplemented alkaline protease resulted in improved growth performance and carcass traits, better gut health, as well as improved ileal digestibility of nutrients, including crude protein (CP) and acid insoluble ash (AIA), with a more balanced cecal microbial composition in broilers.

Salmonella Gallinarum infections (fowl typhoid) cause significant production as well economic losses. We isolated and characterized (viability in simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluids, host-range, and genomic sequencing) four Salmonella Gallinarum phages to create a phage-based treatment for Salmonella Gallinarum infections in chickens. The phages were distinct based on genomic sequencing and effectively lysed Salmonella Gallinarum strains isolated from diseased chickens in Pakistan. Chicks (7 day-old) were challenged with Salmonella Gallinarum and treated with encapsulated phages or unprotected phages. At 1 and 4 d post-challenge (dpc), cecal Salmonella concentrations of chicks treated with unprotected (4.36 ± 0.20, and 4.02 ± 0.15 log10 CFU/g, respectively) and encapsulated phages (5.05 ± 0.22, and 3.26 ± 0.62 log10 CFU/g, respectively) were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of untreated chicks (5.71 ± 0.13, and 4.65 ± 0.08 log10 CFU/g, respectively). In a second animal trial, chicks were challenged with Salmonella Gallinarum but also treated with mixture (1:1) of encapsulated and unprotected phages. At 4 dpc, concentrations of Salmonella Gallinarum in the ceca of chicks treated with any form of phage were significantly lower than those of untreated chicks. At 7 dpc, however, concentrations of Salmonella Gallinarum in the ceca of chicks treated with the mixture of unprotected and encapsulated phages (2.40 ± 0.55 log10 CFU/g) were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of chicks in all other treatment groups. Taken together, these data indicate that phage treatment reduces concentrations of Salmonella Gallinarum in experimentally-challenged chickens.

This study investigated the effects of supplementing drinking water with fermented vegetable extract on growth performance, immune response, antioxidant activity, and hematological parameters in broiler chickens. A total of 240 one-day-old Cobb-500 broiler chicks were randomly allocated into four treatment groups, each comprising three replicates of 20 birds. The experimental groups were as follows: Group A (control, no extract), Group B (0.1 % extract), Group C (0.2 % extract), and Group D (0.3 % extract). Major ingredients of the fermented vegetable extract include cabbage, carrot, garlic, ginger, onion, chili powder, and rice paste. The extract was administered via drinking water throughout the trial. Results indicated that broilers in Group D (0.3 % extract) had significantly higher body weight (P < 0.05) by the fifth week. Feed intake varied significantly among treatment groups during the first and second weeks, although overall feed intake remained unaffected. Notably, Group B showed a significantly better feed conversion ratio (P < 0.005) in the fifth week compared to other groups. Immune parameters, including hemagglutination (Newcastle disease virus) and hemagglutination inhibition (infectious bursal disease virus) titers, were significantly elevated (P < 0.001) in all treatment groups relative to the control. Furthermore, antioxidant enzyme activities, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, were markedly enhanced (P < 0.001) in the treated groups. In conclusion, supplementing drinking water with fermented vegetable extract had a beneficial effect on broiler growth performance, immune function, and antioxidant status.

Fibrous plants with higher biomass, particularly industrial hemp, have ability to withstand and accumulate significant quantities of heavy metals from contaminated environments. The present study aimed to evaluate the dynamics of different levels (ratios) of macronutrients nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) viz., NPK1--NPK (1:1:1); NPK2--NPK (2:1:1); NPK3--NPK (3:1:2); NPK4--NPK (4:1:2) on hemp growth and Cu contents under various levels of Cu stress (100, 400 and 800 mg kg- 1 on dry soil basis using CuSO4 & sdot;5H2O). Results revealed that by increasing the Cu stress, growth and biomass decreased linearly and lipid per oxidation and enzymatic antioxidants increased. Balanced application of NPK improved the biomass and decreased the membrane damage by the modulation of malonaldehyde contents. Maximum concentration of Cu in roots (377.47 +/- 4.90 mg kg-1), shoots (137.45 +/- 5.60 mg kg-1) and (150.07 +/- 3.57 mg kg-1) was recorded at Cu3NPK2 treatment as compared to control. Maximum translocation factor (TF) and bioaccumulation coefficients (BAC) in the shoots and leaves of hemp plant were noticed where Cu stress was applied at the rate of 100 mg kg- 1. However, BAC and TF were below 1. The NPK2 treatment enhanced biomass and increase Cu content both in leaves and stems, rather than the roots. Our study suggests that balanced application of NPK is a practicable approach to alleviate Cu stress and improve biomass production of industrial hemp plant. These findings indicate that optimum nutrient supply, under Cu stress, can maximize the growth potential and overall health of industrial hemp, making it a viable option for phytoremediation and sustainable agriculture on contaminated soils.

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a highly destructive insect pest that negatively affects various agricultural crops. For environmentally safe means of its control, we evaluated the effectiveness of four plant essential oils: mint, Mentha piperita , citrus lime, Citrus sinensis , lemongrass, Cymbopogon citratus , and eucalyptus, Eucalyptus camaldulensis , against S. frugiperda larvae in terms of mortality rate and their antifeedant activity. A total of 78, 73, 52 and 26 compounds were detected in EOs of C. citratus , E. camaldulensis , C. sinensis and M. piperita , respectively. A high variation in the major compounds and percentages of these compounds was: C. citratus (3,8-nonadien-2-one, 4,8 dimethyl, 23.66%), E. camaldulensis (eucalyptol, 42.21%), C. sinensis (apiol, 5.59%) and M. piperita (cubenol, 8.43%). Three different concentrations (1.0%, 3.0% and 5.0%) of each essential oil were tested against 3rd larval instar. All essential oils caused mortality, but M. piperita and E. camaldulensis were the most effective at higher concentration. At concentration of 5.0%, M. piperita caused 93.3% larval mortality after 72 h of application. Similarly, E. camaldulensis oil caused 83.3% larval mortality after 72 h with 5.0% concentration. Furthermore, at 5.0% concentration, M. piperita oil had an antifeedant activity of 80.4%, and E. camaldulensis oil showed 71.3%. The findings indicate the potential use of M. piperita and E. camaldulensis oils to control S. frugiperda. The utilization of these oils offers an environment friendly approach, which can effectively address the issue of insecticide resistance in S. frugiperda .

Numerous studies have assessed the benefits and optimal dosage of supplementation with essential oils (EOs), including extracts from plants of the Apiaceae family, as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in broilers. However, little consideration has been given to the actual chemical composition of the evaluated EOs when drawing critical conclusions, even though EO composition can vary with different extraction conditions and plant characteristics. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of EOs from seeds of plants of the Apiaceae family: coriander (CEO), ajwain (AjEO), and dill (DEO), containing 56.8% linalool, 68.2% thymol, and 41.1% carvone, respectively, on the growth performance, gut health, and immune status of broilers. In total, 660 one-day-old broiler chicks were divided into 11 experimental diet groups and fed for 35 days with either the control diet, basal diet with added AGP (lincomycin, 500 mg/kg), or one of nine EO diets supplemented with CEO, AjEO, or DEO at 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg. Final body weights were improved by supplementation with not only AGP but also any EO except AjEO at 600 mg/kg; within each EO, supplementation of CEO at 400 mg/kg, AjEO at 200 mg/kg, and DEO at 200 mg/kg afforded the best growth performance. EO supplementation had beneficial effects on gut morphology, such as increased villus height in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, and against harmful microbiota, such as reduction of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. populations. Furthermore, EOs enhanced humoral immunity and improved meat quality by reducing drip loss, likely consequent to their antioxidant properties. Overall, this study presents evidence that CEO, AjEO, and DEO can each play a pivotal role in replacing AGPs, as well as providing information regarding optimal doses for broilers.

This review explores the potential of black soldier fly (BSF) larvae as a sustainable alternative to fishmeal and soybean meal in aquaculture. BSF larvae offer a valuable protein, fat, and chitin source while contributing to waste reduction and nutrient recycling. Feed industries can effectively incorporate BSF larvae into fish diets without negatively impacting growth performance or health. However, the optimal inclusion levels and potential challenges associated with BSF-based diets vary among fish species. Future research should focus on further optimizing BSF production and processing methods and investigating the long-term effects of BSF-based diets on fish health and reproductive performance. BSF larvae can significantly promote sustainable and efficient aquaculture practices by addressing these areas.

The current global trend to eradicate the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) from the poultry industry has led to the exploration of effective alternatives for sustainable poultry production and to overcome intestinal diseases in the post-AGP era. Therefore, medicinal plants and their extracts are being used as safe and natural substitutes. In this study, a research trial was conducted to explore the effect of different levels of mango seed kernel extract on the growth performance, carcass characteristics and gut microbiota of broiler birds, since mango is well known for its antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. Broiler birds (n=720) were allocated to six treatment groups under a completely randomized design; T1: positive control (basal diet with antibiotic), T2: negative control (basal diet without antibiotic), and T3, T4, T5 and T6 representing treatment groups supplemented with respectively 10 mL/kg, 20 mL/kg, 30 mL/kg and 40 mL/kg of feed of mango seed kernel extract (MSKE). Among the different levels of mango seed kernel extract, birds supplemented with 30 mL/kg and 40 mL/kg showed decreased total bacterial and differential bacterial counts, better Lactobacillus counts, and increased leg quarter and breast quarter weights. However, among the groups supplemented with 30 and 40 mL/kg, increased body weight gain and better FCR was observed in the 30 mL/kg group. Hence, it can be concluded that mango seed kernel extract given in broilers' diet at the dose level of 30 mL/kg of feed can improve birds' growth performance and function well as an AGP replacement, being a good option for sustainable poultry production.

Context. The black soldier fly has been found to be a rich protein source, containing high amounts of protein and lipids, making them a valuable and sustainable alternative to conventional protein sources, such as fish and soybean meals, for broilers, which has also been demonstrated by multiple studies. Aims. A meta-analysis was conducted using peer-reviewed published research on the use of black soldier flies in poultry diets to test the hypothesis that it enhances growth performance as a sustainable alternative to plant-based protein sources. Methods. To this end, we used publicly available databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Embase) to identify peer-reviewed papers. Retrieved articles were screened for relevance and quality using established criteria. The studies were largely rejected due to non-reporting of variance measures or reporting pooled measures of variance that could not be used. As a result, eight studies were used to extract data for growth performance, including body weight gain. Key results. The meta-analysis showed that the effect of feeding black soldier fly meals on body weight gain was non-significant. However, the subgroup analysis showed that utilisation of the frozen form of the black soldier fly lowers body weight gain compared with the birds fed basal diets. Furthermore, the feed intake was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced when the broilers were fed with diets containing black soldier fly meals. The feed conversion ratio showed non-significant (P > 0.05) differences with the supplementation. Conclusions. The inclusion level of black soldier fly larvae meal in any form was seen to be safe up to 10%, and the effective duration of the supplementation was <= 35 days. Implications. The utilisation of black soldier fly as a sustainable protein source should be encouraged to facilitate farmers in terms of being less dependent on soybean meal, as well as to reduce the competition between humans and animals for plant protein sources.

This study investigated the effects of photoperiod (hemeral light (HL), 16:8 light-dark cycle (LD); ahemeral light (AHL), 14:7 LD) in combination with four n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios (n-6:n-3 PUFA, 4:1, 8:1, 14:1, 42:1) on productivity, reproductive performance, and immune response of laying birds. A total of 256 hens and 32 cockerels at 40 weeks of age were selected for eight different treatments (2 lighting regimens x 4 diets), each comprising four replicates (8 hens + 1 cockerel). The results showed that chickens fed the control diet or a n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio of 14:1 had higher body weight and body weight gain than the other groups. Hens fed with 4:1, 14:1, and 8:1 n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio, either alone or with the HL regimen, showed higher egg production, egg mass, survival rate, and better feed conversion ratio (FCR) than the control group. However, chickens fed a n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio of 4:1 had lower levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), but higher levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and a higher HDL/LDL ratio in the egg yolk compared to the other groups. Furthermore, exposing the hens to HL increased the number of hatched chicks per hen, net revenue, and economic efficiency. In conclusion, exposure of hens to HL and feeding 14:1 and 4:1 n-6:n-3 PUFA can improve the productive performance, number of hatched chicks per hen, can increase the omega-3 fatty acids content in the eggs, and economic efficiency.

AbstractGallic acid is a widely recognized bioactive compound that falls under the category of secondary polyphenolic metabolites and is fairly found in mango fruit waste, specifically in mango seed kernel (MSK). This study aimed to adopt a green extraction approach to extract this valuable compound via ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) without using organic solvents but only water to obtain hazard‐free extracts, and the cost of extraction can be minimal. pH (2–8), solvent ratio (20–60 mL/g), temperature (30–60°C) and time (30–60 min) of extraction were the independent variables used for extraction optimization. Single‐factor experiments to obtain working ranges for selected extraction variables were carried out. A central composite design using response surface methodology was used to determine the optimum condition to obtain the maximum yield of gallic acid from MSK. The optimized extraction conditions were 3.9 pH, 36.25 mL/g solvent ratio, and 39.4°C of extraction temperature for 21.3 min. As a result, the optimized yield was 5.76 ± 0.41 mg/g, which was comparably equal to and/or better than the other solvent extraction systems. The results showed that gallic acid could efficiently be extracted via UAE under these optimal conditions. It is safer than extraction systems involving hazardous solvents that can be feasibly used for its nutraceutical and therapeutic applications.

Due to the human population explosion, demand for food, especially meat, has also increased. Increasing mutton production, in this scenario, is one way to mitigate this emerging issue as it nourishes a large human population. However, its production is challenging due to high feeding costs. This study was executed to develop cost-effective feed for mutton goat production by adding dried citrus pulp to the total mixed ration. Citrus pulp was used as an energy source instead of corn grain. A total of 12 bucks were divided into 4 groups, each having 3 animals. After 21 days of adaptation, bucks were assigned to experimental groups. The experimental groups were designated as A, B, C and D. They were fed TMR with 0, 10, 15 and 20% dried citrus pulp, respectively, as a replacement for corn grain for 90 days. The effect of the dried citrus pulp inclusion on the bucks' growth performance such as feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio was evaluated on weekly basis. Hematological and biochemical parameters including total protein, triglycerides, cholesterol, complete blood count and serum antioxidant (catalase) activity were also determined. Results indicated that all hematological and biochemical parameters showed non-significant differences among the control and treatment groups. Weekly weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were equal in corn based as well as in dried citrus pulp-based diet with a lower feeding cost for the latter. It is concluded that the use of dried citrus pulp up to 20% as a replacement of corn in ration of fattening bucks is economical to use without any adverse effects.

The aim of this study was to evaluate chemical constituents and antimicrobial as well as antioxidant properties of three essential oils (EOs) of Apiaceae family, coriander (Coriandrum sativum), ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi) and dill seed (Anethum graveolens) to assess their in vitro potential to be used as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in broiler production. The EOs of coriander, ajwain and dill seed were extracted by hydro-distillation technique and analyzed for their chemical constituents by gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) analysis. The GC-MS analysis indicated that the major bioactive compounds in coriander essential oil (CEO), ajwain essential oil (AjEO) and dill seed essential oil (DEO) are linalool (56.8%), thymol (68.2%) and carvone (41.1%), respectively. The antibacterial capacity of these EOs determined against E. coli and two Salmonella species of poultry origin. In agar well diffusion assay for E. coli, AjEO was 2 and 3 folds more potent as compared to CEO and DEO, respectively. For S. enteritidis, DEO showed 2 folds more activity than AjEO, whereas for S. gallinarum AjEO performed 3 times better than CEO. In agreement with the results of the agar well diffusion assay, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of AjEO were lowest for E. coli and S. gallinarum as compared to other EOs, while for S. enteritidis, MIC of DEO was found lowest. The antioxidant activities, analyzed by per oxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid ( TBA) and 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method showed the AjEO had highest antioxidant potential in comparison to other EOs. During storage period of 28 days, AjEO reduced the PV and TBA values of rapeseed oil by 44.3 and 49.1%, respectively. Overall, the findings of in vitro analysis demonstrated that AjEO in comparison to CEO and DEO, has considerable antibacterial and antioxidant activities and could be a potential replacement of AGPs in broiler production with less amount of supplementation.