Eye tracking (ET) is increasingly used to study school-age specific learning disorders (SLDs), but the interpretability and reproducibility of this research depend on methodological procedures that are often incompletely reported. This systematic methodological review and evidence map examined how ET methodology is reported in research relevant to school-age SLDs and what type of evidence supports methodological recommendations. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and PsycINFO were searched up to 8 August 2026, supplemented by Google Scholar and reference lists, and the review was reported following PRISMA 2020. Two reviewers independently screened records; data extraction and eight-domain reporting-completeness coding were performed by one reviewer and fully checked against the source texts by a second reviewer. Twenty-one sources were included and appraised for reporting completeness across eight methodological domains. Only four sources provided direct school-age SLD evidence, all concerning dyslexia or reading, and no included source examined children with diagnosed dysgraphia or dyscalculia. Among the empirical studies, calibration, data-quality, drift, and event-parsing procedures were the least completely reported, whereas task descriptions and converging behavioral measures were reported more consistently. Most methodological recommendations therefore rest on general or developmental ET evidence and can be transferred to SLD populations only with caution. The review provides a minimum reporting framework and evidence-tiered guidance in which each recommendation is labeled by the type of evidence that supports it. More complete methodological reporting is a precondition for interpretable and reproducible ET research in school-age SLDs.
Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the association between parental smoking, a questionnaire-based proxy for secondhand smoke exposure, and incident right-eye corneal astigmatism (CA). Methods: This nested case–control reanalysis included 78 pairs matched on sex and follow-up duration. The primary endpoint, revised after peer review, was CA < 1.0 diopter (D) at cohort entry and ≥1.0 D at the index visit. Conditional logistic regression adjusted for entry age, entry CA, parental astigmatism, and afterschool outdoor time. Subsequent refractive astigmatism (RA) change was examined as an exploratory secondary outcome in the same selected sample. Results: Keratometry-based classification agreed with all original case–control labels. Parental smoking was reported for 61/78 cases and 48/78 controls. The adjusted odds ratio was 2.257 (95% profile-likelihood confidence interval, 1.016–5.434; likelihood-ratio p = 0.0456; Wald p = 0.0538). RA change was available for all 156 children after 19 blank cylinder entries were confirmed as measured zeros. The adjusted difference in RA change was 0.266 D (95% confidence interval, 0.181–0.351; p < 0.001). Conclusions: The CA estimate suggested higher odds with parental smoking, but wide intervals and inference sensitive to the statistical method indicate substantial uncertainty. The exploratory RA association is susceptible to selection bias because participants were sampled according to CA case status; adjustment for case status does not itself remove this bias. These findings do not establish causality or population-level astigmatism progression.
Background: A substantial proportion of presbyopic patients experience visual symptoms or fail to adapt to progressive addition lenses (PALs), and lens tilt caused by suboptimal frame fitting has been suggested as one of the possible contributing factors. The aim of this theoretical study was to quantify the sensitivity of retinal image quality, wavefront aberrations and model-predicted monocular visual acuity to controlled horizontal and vertical misalignment (tilt) of single-vision (SV) spectacle lenses across a range of spherical refractive powers and viewing directions. No clinical, comfort or adaptation outcome was measured. Methods: A tolerance analysis of spectacle lens mispositioning was performed by numerical simulation in Zemax OpticStudio using the Liou–Brennan schematic eye, augmented with a 0.11 mm posterior retinal shift to account for higher-order aberrations of the average healthy eye. Twelve HOYA single-vision spectacle lenses (made from CR-39 1.50 and Eyas 1.60 materials, refractive powers ±2.00, ±4.00 and ±6.00 D) were tilted around the vertical axis (lens front face angle, LFFA) up to 5° and around the horizontal axis (pantoscopic angle, PA) up to 12.5°, in 2.5° steps, the latter range covering the whole span of pantoscopic angles encountered in practice, both for axial fixation and for an eccentric 20° nasal viewing direction at infinite object distance. Wavefront aberrations (Zernike astigmatism,C22, C2−2) and visual acuity (V, in logMAR units) were computed via a previously validated polychromatic point-spread-function-based algorithm. Results: For the central (on-axis) viewing direction, none of the tested spectacle lenses were sensitive to tilt. For 20° oblique gaze, however, astigmatism became disturbing for negative lenses at or below −6.00 D and for positive lenses already around +5.00 D. Visual acuity simulations confirmed that lenses of ±4.00 D and stronger lost on average 0.03 logMAR (≈one third of an ETDRS line) at 5° of tilt, while ±2.00 D lenses were unaffected. Extending pantoscopic tilt to the upper physiological limit increased the effect in a monotonic manner: at PA = 12.5°, the oblique astigmatism of +6.00 D lenses reached 0.69–0.73λ (≈0.95–1.00 D of cylinder), and their predicted acuity deteriorated by 0.09–0.12 logMAR, i.e., about one ETDRS line, whereas +4.00 D lenses lost at most 0.03 logMAR, and ±2.00 D lenses remained unaffected throughout. Conclusions: In this optical model, the effect of SV lens tilt on predicted visual acuity depended on lens power, tilt axis and viewing direction: tilt was optically inconsequential for axial fixation and for low powers, whereas at 20° eccentric fixation, lenses of ±4.00 D and above showed a small model-predicted degradation that became clinically relevant in magnitude only for +6.00 D lenses at pantoscopic angles approaching 12.5°. These model-derived results describe the optical tolerance of SV lenses only; they were not obtained with PAL designs and do not quantify clinical visual performance, adaptation or wearing comfort.
Inline speed skating requires efficient visual processing and oculomotor coordination, particularly during physically demanding exercise. This study investigated whether an acute training session alters oculomotor behavior during visually guided responses to spectrally narrow-band chromatic stimuli. Fifteen federated speed skaters (16.90 ± 6.54 years) were assessed before (PRE) and after (POST) a complete training session. Participants performed a structured visual task using the ReactionX system, which presented randomly ordered spectrally narrow-band chromatic green, blue, and red light stimuli, while binocular eye movements were recorded at 200 Hz using a Neon sports eye tracker (Pupil Labs, Berlin, Germany). Blink frequency and duration, fixation and saccadic parameters, and saccade amplitude and velocity were analyzed. No significant PRE–POST differences were observed for the main oculomotor variables across stimulus colors (p > 0.05). Numerically fewer fixations and saccadic eye movements after training were observed for green (p = 0.102 and p = 0.109) and red stimuli (p = 0.116 and p = 0.121), but these differences did not reach statistical significance. Significant positive correlations between saccade amplitude and velocity were observed for green and red stimuli (ρ = 0.52–0.75; p < 0.05). These exploratory findings do not provide evidence of significant changes in oculomotor behavior following a single training session and the observed numerical differences cannot be interpreted as changes in visual scanning efficiency or color-specific effects.
Background: To evaluate longitudinal peripapillary and macular retinal layer changes over three years before and after deep sclerectomy (DS) in eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Methods: This retrospective monocentric study included 150 eyes undergoing DS with intraoperative mitomycin C. Cohort 1 (n = 111) was analyzed for absolute retinal layer thickness changes and cohort 2 (n = 39) for pre- and postoperative thinning rates using spectral-domain OCT. Intraocular pressure (IOP), medication use, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and visual field mean defect (MD) were assessed over three years. Results: Mean IOP decreased significantly at three years in both cohorts (cohort 1: 22.8 ± 0.7 to 14.9 ± 0.7 mmHg; cohort 2: 20.8 ± 1.2 to 13.5 ± 0.9 mmHg; both p < 0.001), alongside a significant reduction in medication use (p < 0.001). BCVA remained stable, whereas MD worsened significantly in a mixed-effects model (cohort 1: +0.70 dB/year, p = 0.002; cohort 2: +0.74 dB/year, p < 0.001). Despite sustained IOP reduction, mean peripapillary RNFL thickness declined (cohort 1: 60.1 ± 1.4 to 56.6 ± 1.8 µm, p < 0.001; cohort 2: 61.1 ± 2.4 to 57.4 ± 2.9 µm, p = 0.005). In cohort 2, the macular RNFL thinning rate decreased numerically after surgery (−1.40 ± 0.67 to −0.08 ± 0.47 µm/year; difference 1.32 µm/year, 95% CI −0.28 to 2.92; p = 0.11). Macular layers showed no significant changes. Conclusions: DS achieved sustained IOP reduction with stable visual acuity, but visual field MD worsened over three years. Peripapillary RNFL thinning persisted postoperatively, though macular thinning rates showed a non-significant reduction. Structural monitoring remains necessary after glaucoma surgery despite adequate IOP control.
