The effectiveness of tuberculosis treatment in the Russian Federation remains low compared to WHO targets. Along with other factors, nutritional deficiencies play a significant role in adverse tuberculosis outcomes. The study objective was to analyze and summarize data characterizing the role of nutritional deficiencies in the development, course, and outcome of tuberculosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS:Sixty one literature sources were analyzed, using PubMed, Scopus, Elsevier, and eLIBRARY databases, as well as the Google Scholar search engine by keywords: pulmonary tuberculosis, nutritional status, malnutrition, protein-energy malnutrition; search depth 10 years (2015-2025). RESULTS:The analysis of the data examining the impact of malnutrition on the development, course, and outcomes of tuberculosis has shown that nutritional deficiency leads to a weakening of the innate and adaptive immune response and creates a biological environment conducive to the development of tuberculosis. Malnutrition is a risk factor for the transition from latent to active tuberculosis infection. Furthermore, malnutrition is associated with a higher incidence of severe forms of tuberculosis, including bacterial excretion and destructive changes in the lungs. Due to altered absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of drugs, the risk of adverse reactions and decreased treatment effectiveness increases. Nutritional deficiency also elevates the risk of adverse clinical outcomes, such as death and relapse. Nutritional support aimed at improving nutritional status can enhance the effectiveness of treatment for patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. CONCLUSION:The lack of comprehensive study data of malnutrition markers, including indicators of energy metabolism and bioimpedance analysis, in patients suffering from tuberculosis dictates the need to study various aspects of the body's protein and energy supply and develop individual programs to correct existing disorders.
Active longevity and the prevention of alimentary diseases are priority areas of public policy. The prevalence of childhood obesity is steadily increasing, and this condition is associated with complex micronutrient imbalances. A comprehensive assessment of vitamin and trace element status in obese children living in the Siberian Federal District of the Russian Federation has not been conducted over the past 10 years, making this study particularly relevant. The objective of the study was to assess the vitamin D, iodine, and iron status of primary school-age children with exogenous-constitutional obesity. MATERIAL AND METHODS:A case-control study was conducted at medical institutions in Barnaul from June to December 2025. A total sample of 100 children aged 7-10 years were examined: the main group (n=60) included children with grades I-III obesity, and the control group (n=40) included healthy peers with normal body weight. The level of vitamin D (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and ferritin (chemiluminescent immunoassay) were measured in blood serum, and the iodine level was determined in a single morning urine sample (cerium-arsenite method). DISCUSSION:The groups were comparable by gender (the proportion of boys was 53.3-55.0%) and age (p>0.05). Children with obesity showed a statistically significant decrease in the level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (30.8 [27.1; 34.2] versus 44.2 [39.0; 53.7] ng/ml in the control group, p<0.05). The median values of ferritin level (50.9 [38.9; 64.1] versus 47.2 [41.6; 55.8] ng/ml) and ioduria (427.0 [383.9; 460.5] versus 344.2 [289.0; 406.1] μg/l) did not differ in the compared groups (p>0.05). The incidence of vitamin D deficiency (<30 ng/ml) in the main group was 43.3 versus 22.5% in the control group (p=0.03), and iron deficiency (<30 ng/ml) was determined in 6.7% versus 10.0% (p<0.05). No iodine deficiency (<100 μg/l) was detected in the studied groups. CONCLUSION:In the group of children with exogenous-constitutional obesity, almost every second child was diagnosed with vitamin D deficiency, which was the most common micronutrient deficiency. Ferritin level showed no statistically significant differences in the prevalence of iron deficiency. Urinary iodine levels reflected high iodine excretion in children in both groups.
Vitamin and mineral status disorders are widespread among students and are characterized by pronounced seasonal variability, which can contribute to the development of metabolic disorders. The objective of the research was a comparative assessment of students' vitamin D, B12, C, calcium, and iron status, taking into account seasonal and gender differences. MATERIAL AND METHODS:A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 178 students (51 males and 127 females; age 19.9 [19.7; 20.2] years). The study was conducted in two stages: in spring (n=88) and in autumn (n=90). Blood plasma level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], vitamins B12 and C was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and calcium and iron plasma level was evaluated on an automatic biochemical analyzer. Nonparametric statistical methods, Spearman correlation analysis and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used. RESULTS:The level of 25(OH)D was 1.9 fold higher in autumn than in spring (19.1 [16.5;22.7] vs 10.1 [8.1;14.6] ng/ml, p<0.001): the proportion of individuals with deficiency was 65.6% and 90.9%, respectively (p<0.001). In contrast, the level of vitamin B12 was 4.5 fold higher in spring (898.7 [590.9;1054.9] vs 200.9 [133.6; 287.4] pg/ml, p<0.001); deficiency was detected only in autumn in 44.4% of individuals (p<0.001). The level of vitamin C and calcium was within the reference values in 91.1-98.9% of the examined individuals, but it was higher in autumn than in spring by 25% (p<0.001) and 4% (р=0.002), respectively. The level of iron did not change seasonally, and it was 1.5 times higher in males than in females (18.5 [11.5; 21.8] vs 12.8 [9.1; 17.7] μmol/L, p<0.001). The proportion of individuals with reduced iron levels was 29.9-43.3% among females and 10.0-19.0% among males. The analysis of variance showed that the season was a significant factor for vitamins D, B12, and C (p<0.001), while gender was significant only for iron (p<0.001). The interaction between gender and season was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION:The season is a leading factor in determining the levels of vitamins D, B12, and C in students; gender is associated primarily with iron levels. The findings support the need to consider seasonal and gender-specific factors in assessing and preventing micronutrient deficiencies.
The enrichment of the food industry's resource base through novel food and raw materials necessitates the improvement of protocols for allergological safety assessment of such products. An important applied task in ensuring reliable results in allergy studies in vivo is the formation of basic diets. The nutrient composition of the diet and its antigen profile can directly or indirectly modulate the immune response of experimental animals, both through direct interaction with immune cells, including dendritic cells and T-lymphocytes, and through the secretion of chemokines and cytokines, thereby leading to distortion or misinterpretation of the data obtained. The widening of the list of sensitive indicators characterizing the protective potential of animals in the context of novel food allergenicity assessment has determined the need to standardize the antigenic profile of diets and minimize their modulating effect on the immune system. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of standard diets differing in ingredients and antigen profile on the immune status of rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS:A 30-day experiment was conducted on male Wistar rats with an initial body weight of 179±2 g. The animals were 45 days old at the beginning of the study. The rats were divided into two groups: Group 1 received a natural grain diet (the «NGD group») throughout the study period, while Group 2 received a semi-synthetic casein diet (the «SSD group»). A comprehensive assessment of the diets with different composition and antigen profile was performed using an extended pool of indicators of the immune status of rats: serum cytokine profile (G-CSF, GM-CSF, GRO/KC, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-18, M-CSF, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-3α, RANTES, TNF-α, VEGF), serum level of immunoglobulins (IgG1 and IgG4), pathomorphological and morphometric characteristics of immunocompetent organs (thymus, spleen, Peyer's patches of the small intestine). RESULTS:A natural grain diet activates proinflammatory and Th2 pathways: significantly increased levels of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-7, and GM-CSF were detected in rats from the NGD group - by 43, 34, 42 and 16%, respectively (p<0.05) compared to those in the SSD group. Elevated level of IL-1β and IL-4 (the key cytokines involved in the type 2 immune response) declare an allergic immune reaction. Morphometric studies of the thymus in animals of the NGD group demonstrated an increase in the trabeculae width by 53% (p<0.05), compared with the SSD group, which indicates a response of the thymus to antigenic stimulation of a sensitized organism. CONCLUSION:The results of assessing the immune status of rats fed standard diets differing in compositions and antigen profiles revealed a number of biologically significant systematic changes in the studied parameters. A natural grain diet, in contrast to a semi-synthetic ca sein diet, is characterized by the presence of ingredients with more pronounced sensitizing properties, therefore, it increases the level of immune stress in animals due to excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and regulators of the humoral immune response. Within the standardization framework of basic diets for laboratory rodents used to assess the allergenic potential of food, including novel food, a semi-synthetic casein diet that does not cause increased antigenic stimulation of the immune system and meets the animals' physiological requirements may be recommended.
Vitamins and minerals are essential micronutrients involved in the regulation of many key physiological processes; however, the current dietary structure often leads to their insufficient intake. Inadequate micronutrient consumption is considered a significant risk factor for a wide range of diet-related diseases, which determines the importance of assessing and correcting micronutrient adequacy in the population. The objective of the research was to assess the actual intake of vitamins (А, β-carotene, С, В1, В2, РР) and minerals (sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, magnesium) in the adult population of the Russian Federation and to identify patterns of consumption by sex, age, type of settlement, and residence in the Arctic zone. MATERIAL AND METHODS:Dietary intake was assessed using the 24-hour dietary recall method. The analysis was based on primary data from the 2023 Survey of Dietary Intake conducted by the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation. RESULTS:Insufficient intake of several vitamins (A, β-carotene, C, B group) and minerals (calcium, magnesium, and iron in women), as well as a violation of the optimal calciumto- phosphorus diet ratio was identified in the adult population of the Russian Federation, including the Arctic zone. Differences by sex, age, and territory (urban/rural) were statistically significant for most indicators; however, in many cases the effect size was small. CONCLUSION:The dietary pattern of the adult population is characterized by a populationlevel imbalance in micronutrient composition. The findings can be used in developing measures aimed at optimizing nutrition in the adult population.
