To measure actual irrigation flow and intrarenal pressure (IRP) under different irrigation modes during retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS), and to develop a controlled ex vivo empirical pressure-flow model for the tested endoscope-sheath configurations. A controlled ex vivo porcine kidney-ureter model was used, with all measurements taken using a 200 μm holmium laser fiber in the working channel of a 7.5Fr or 6.3Fr flexible ureteroscope and 10/12Fr or 12/14Fr suction access sheaths. Manual syringe, gravity, and automatic pump irrigation were tested across three porcine kidney-ureter units. Each condition was measured in triplicate (technical repeats); condition-level means were used for model fitting and internal assessment. Actual flow rose with driving pressure and fell with scope deflection. For the ZSR pump, flow increased from 32.0 to 99.8 mL/min (7.5Fr) and from 9.3 to 49.7 mL/min (6.3Fr) across the tested pressures. Pooling pump and syringe data, apparent outflow resistance increased at higher flow, so the non-suction relation was described by IRP = aQ + bQ^2 . Across 20 condition-level means, the complete model gave an RMSE of 1.04 mmHg and R² of 0.994. In a single-operator full-speed syringe test, back-calculated driving pressure was approximately 600 to 770 mmHg. In this controlled ex vivo model, apparent outflow resistance was flow-dependent, and the empirical model described the tested pressure-flow behavior. Forceful syringe flushing should not be routine when controlled pump, water-injection, or adequate gravity irrigation is available. Clinical safety claims require in vivo and clinical validation.
Isolated retroperitoneal lymph node recurrence after nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) occurrs in approximately 1–3
This study aimed to classify upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) using GATA3, KRT5, and P16 immunohistochemistry and to evaluate associations of these molecular subtypes with clinicopathological features and outcomes. Tissue samples from 102 UTUC patients who underwent radical nephroureterectomy were analyzed. Tumors were classified into genomically unstable (GU), urothelial-like (URO), and basal subtypes based on GATA3, KRT5, and P16 expression. Associations with pathological features, recurrence, and survival were analyzed. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were used. The GU, URO, and basal subtypes accounted for 33
Kidney stone disease (KSD) is a common condition associated with high recurrence rates and significant healthcare costs. Multidisciplinary team (MDT) working has become central to the management of many complex conditions; however, its use in KSD remains inconsistent. This questionnaire survey aimed to evaluate patient awareness, understanding, and perceptions of the kidney stone MDT, while identifying opportunities to improve communication and patient engagement. A single-centre questionnaire survey was conducted among patients attending the Southampton General Hospital Urology Department (Southampton, UK) between September and December 2025. Patients with and without a history of KSD were invited to complete an anonymous online questionnaire distributed via QR code. The survey included 17 items consisting of multiple-choice, Likert-scale, and open-ended questions assessing awareness of MDT working, perceived benefits, communication preferences, and areas for improvement. Descriptive statistics and chi-squared testing were used for analysis. A total of 151 responses were collected, including 51 (33.8
