English language teachers in many countries around the world teach large classes of 40 or more students. Since the 18th century, many English teaching methods have focused on speaking skills. However, in recent years, globalization has heightened the importance of writing instruction. Writing skills have become increasingly important for English language learners in professional, academic, and personal contexts. Despite this increasing importance, to date, there has been limited research that shows how writing instruction is implemented in large, secondary school English language classes although large-class contexts represent the majority of English language classes globally. Therefore, this qualitative, exploratory study aimed to explore and understand writing instruction in one particular large-class context-public secondary school English language classes in C & ocirc;te d'Ivoire. Data were collected through autobiographical essays, interviews, and teaching artifacts and analyzed through narrative profiles. Major findings show that Ivorian secondary school English language teachers might not have much training for teaching writing. Additionally, Ivorian secondary school English language teachers face numerous challenges teaching writing, including student reluctance to write. Implications suggest the need to give more consideration to writing assessments and instruction and the need to ensure that secondary school English language teachers receive adequate training for teaching writing that fits their large-class contexts.
This article focuses on teacher educators' approaches to supporting discipline-specific undergraduate writing at the University of Strathclyde, the largest provider of initial teacher education (ITE) in Scotland. Although the Scottish Enlightenment had a substantial influence on positioning language, and therefore rhetoric, as a field of study (Shieber, 2023), contemporary Scottish higher education-including teacher education-has no teaching of rhetoric or composition and no formalised general writing education (e.g., first-year composition). Yet, ITE students are expected to write in a variety of genres throughout postsecondary education. We position writing instruction as part of socially just teacher education. Our qualitative study investigates how university teacher educators conceive of student writing and enact these conceptualisations in practice. This study offers insight into how teacher educators evaluate the role of writing in teacher education and how they connect it to professional practice, positioning writing instruction as part of socially just teacher education.
Focusing on genre-related episodes (GREs) identified in teacher talk, this article investigates how two preservice teachers enacted genre-based writing instruction during their practice teaching in a 9th-grade public school English class in T & uuml;rkiye. We adopted a teacher-oriented lens to investigate GREs, specifically paying attention to presentation choices and teacher talk during the genre knowledge elicitation phase-a move that facilitates eliciting students' prior genre knowledge and making connections to the target genre. By examining the types of intentional guidance embedded in these GREs, the findings suggest that, through overt instruction and supervision in TESOL practicum courses, preservice teachers attempted to incorporate genre-specific instruction and showed increased investment in using prompts and tasks that would elicit their students' genre-specific knowledge and organize their teaching around genres. Two important insights could be gained from this study: (1) TESOL practicum courses can serve as productive sites for cultivating genre-based writing expertise, enabling preservice teachers to design genre-rich lessons that support English as a foreign language student engagement with genre; and (2) GREs identified in classroom observations are valuable tools for examining new teacher genre-oriented deliberations during collaborative writing tasks. The article ends with a call to expand scholarly conversations on second language writing expertise and metacognitive awareness of genres to include a closer look at GREs during new teacher practice teaching.
This article outlines the curriculum and assessment regime related to writing in England that affects children in their final year of primary school (Year 6: ages 10-11). The assessment in England is colloquially known as SATs and, for writing, consists of a grammar, punctuation, and spelling test, alongside a separate teacher assessment of writing using a set of criteria. Both these assessments are statutory and are integral components of the accountability system for primary schools in England. From an interpretive perspective, this article explores how teachers perceive the assessment and how it influences their instructional practices through data collected from interviews with 10 Year 6 teachers. A broad discussion centres around the potential negative consequences of the assessment regime on the teaching of writing and includes the teachers' perceived impact of these assessments on writing instruction and the effects this has on the teachers' teaching practices. There is a particular focus on issues around "teaching-to-the-test" with some implications for policy.
French immersion (FI) programs have continued to grow in popularity across Canada and around the world (Garc & iacute;a et al., 2017; Johnson & Swain, 1997). With its unique content-based language pedagogy, teachers use the target language to teach most subjects of the school curriculum (Cammarata & Tedick, 2012). Research has found that FI students' language production skills (including writing) are not as strong as their comprehension skills (Erdos, et al., 2014). Questions remain about how to support students' L2 writing across the FI curriculum. Grounded in a theoretical understanding that recognizes language as a critical tool for the development of complex concepts (Wertsch & Tulviste, 1994), we set out to explore how immersion teachers can better support students' L2 writing development across the French immersion curriculum and which pedagogies show promise in doing so. Specifically, we examined how elementary immersion teachers can capitalize on the communication opportunities offered in content courses to further strengthen writing instruction. To do so, we analyzed different types of writing tasks designed to bring together language and writing outcomes. The study was developed using Action Research cycles of planning, acting, observing, and reflecting (Kemmis & McTaggant, 2000). Through qualitative data analysis of writing tasks and samples of students' writing, we identified various types of "writing across the curriculum" tasks that support the learning of language, literacy, and content. We then created an instructional framework highlighting pedagogical shifts and pathways that teachers can use to weave writing instruction across the French immersion curriculum. This framework allows for newly learned language and writing skills to be transferred and reinvested into writing tasks in content courses and enables teachers to develop reciprocity between "learning to write" and "writing to learn."
