Upland forests have an outstanding significance in water management and they hold an important fraction of Indonesian terrestrial biodiversity. The majority of mountains throughout Indonesia are volcanoes. If active, physical changes can be dramatic. Even a layer of only 1 mm ash on a leaf can reduce light penetration by 90%. Nevertheless, Mountain forests play a significant role for maintaining species diversity in Indonesia, since significant tracts of forests, particularly on Sumatra, Java, Bali, Nusatenggara, Sulawesi and the Moluccas are left only in higher altitudes. The forests on these mountain range gives the impression of being stunted in growth with large trees only to be found in sheltered situations. Whether it is the soil conditions, direct climatic effect, or the change of the communities in disperser organisms, the formation of the forest is still unknown. It has been recorded that 81% of the entire mammal population of Borneo is restricted to altitudes below 660 m. It has been recorded that 81% of the entire mammal population of Borneo is restricted to altitudes below 660 m.
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