Surface Code Logical Operations on a Superconducting Quantum Processor

Weiping Lin,Shaojun Guo,Yuwei Ma,Zhengzhong Yi, Kai Zhang, Jiahao Bei, Jianbin Cai,Sirui Cao, Danning Chen, Guoben Chen, Jianguo Chen, Kefu Chen,Xiawei Chen, Zhe Chen, Zhiyuan Chen, Zihua Chen, Wenhao Chu,Hui Deng, Xun Ding, Zhuzhengqi Ding, Yajie Du, Bo Fan,Daojin Fan, Yuanhao Fu, Dongxin Gao,Ming Gong, Jiacheng Gui,Cheng Guo, Lianchen Han,Tan He, Linyin Hong, Yisen Hu,He-Liang Huang,Yong-Heng Huo, Chenyan Jiang, Lei Jiang, Tao Jiang, Wei Jiang, Zuokai Jiang, Dayu Li,Dongdong Li, Jiaqi Li,Jinjin Li, Junyun Li,Shaowei Li,Wei Li, Xu Li, Yuan Li,Yuhuai Li,Futian Liang, Nanxing Liao,Jin Lin, Maliang Liu, Yancheng Liu, Haoxin Lou, Kailiang Nan, Meijuan Nie, Le Niu, Wenyi Peng,Haoran Qian,Hao Rong, Tao Rong, Yanyan Shao, Huiyan Shen, Qiong Shen, Ganlin Song,Hong Su,Feifan Su, Chenyin Sun, De Sun, Liangchao Sun, Tianzuo Sun, Yingxiu Sun, Yimeng Tan, Jun Tan,Shibiao Tang, Yueyang Tang, Wenbing Tu, Jiafei Wang, Biao Wang, Chang Wang, Chen Wang, Chu Wang,Jian Wang, Rui Wang,Shengtao Wang, Xinzhe Wang, Zhi Wang,Zuolin Wei, Gang Wu, Yulin Wu, Hongjun Xia, Shouzhong Xia, Shiyong Xie, Zhilin Xie, Liang Xiong, Jianping Xu, Yan Xu,Yu Xu, Chun Xue,Kai Yan, Xin Yan, Weifeng Yang, Xinpeng Yang, Yang Yang, Yicheng Yang,Yangsen Ye, Zhenping Ye, Jianghan Yin,Chong Ying,Jiale Yu, Qinjing Yu,Chen Zha, Shaoyu Zhan, Cha Zhang,Fang Zhang,Haibin Zhang, He Zhang, Huanmei Zhang, Kaili Zhang, Qipeng Zhang, Shijia Zhang, Wen Zhang, Xin Zhang,Yiming Zhang, Yongzhuo Zhang, Ziying Zhang, Guming Zhao, Xintao Zhao,Youwei Zhao, Zhong Zhao, Luyuan Zheng, Fei Zhou, Liang Zhou, Naibin Zhou, Chengjun Zhu,Qingling Zhu, Yongsheng Zhu, Guihong Zou, Haonan Zou,Qiang Zhang,Chao-Yang Lu,Jianxin Chen,Cheng-Zhi Peng,Fusheng Chen,XiaoBo Zhu,Jian-Wei Pan

arXiv · （2026）

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摘要

Fault-tolerant quantum computation requires logical operations that manipulate encoded information while preserving quantum error-correction protection. In planar surface-code architectures, code deformation and lattice surgery provide a local, measurement-based route to such operations. Here we experimentally realize key elements of patch-based surface-code logical processing on a 107-qubit superconducting quantum processor. We first implement a reusable primitive layer comprising merge and split, patch expansion and shrinkage, and deformations mediated by domain walls and twist defects. We then compose these primitives to realize logical state routing, the logical controlled-NOT gate, and the single-qubit Hadamard and phase gates, which together form a Clifford-generating set. All operations are implemented on distance-three rotated surface-code patches with multi-round syndrome extraction and neural-network decoding, without post-selection. Our results advance superconducting surface-code experiments from protected logical memory to active, patch-based fault-tolerant logical operations.

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