[0001]CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0002]This application claims the benefit of Korean Patent Application Nos. 10-2017-0106463, filed on Aug. 23, 2017, and 10-2018-0093811, filed on Aug. 10, 2018, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.
[0003]TECHNICAL FIELD
[0004]The present invention relates to an anode for electrolysis having reduced overvoltage and improved lifetime while exhibiting high efficiency and a method of preparing the same.
[0005]BACKGROUND ART
[0006]Techniques for producing hydroxides, hydrogen, and chlorine by electrolysis of low-cost brine, such as sea water, are widely known, and an electrolysis process, which is also called a chlor-alkali process, can be referred to as a process that has already proven its performance and technical reliability in commercial operation for several decades.
[0007]With respect to the electrolysis of brine, an ion exchange membrane method, in which an ion exchange membrane is installed in an electrolytic bath to divide the electrolytic bath into a cation chamber and an anion chamber and brine is used as an electrolyte to obtain chlorine gas at an anode and hydrogen and caustic soda at a cathode, is currently the most widely used method.
[0008]Specifically, the electrolysis of brine is performed by reactions as shown in the following electrochemical reaction formulae.
[0009]2Cl − →Cl 2 +2 e − (E 0 =+1.36 V) Anodic reaction:
[0010]2H 2 O+2 e − →2OH − +H 2 (E 0 =−0.83 V) Cathodic reaction:
[0011]2Cl − +2H 2 O→2OH − +Cl 2 +H 2 (E 0 =−2.19 V) Total reaction:
[0012]In the electrolysis of brine, an overvoltage of the anode, an overvoltage of the cathode, a voltage due to resistance of the ion exchange membrane, and a voltage due to a distance between the anode and the cathode must be considered for an electrolytic voltage in addition to a theoretical voltage required for brine electrolysis, and the overvoltage caused by the electrode among these voltages is an important variable.
[0013]Thus, methods capable of reducing the overvoltage of the electrode have been studied, wherein, for example, a noble metal-based electrode called a DSA (Dimensionally Stable Anode) has been developed and used as the anode and development of an excellent material having durability and low overvoltage is required for the cathode.
[0014]Currently, an anode having a mixed oxide catalyst layer of ruthenium (Ru), iridium (Ir), and titanium (Ti) is the most widely used in commercial brine electrolysis, and the anode is advantageous in that it exhibits excellent chlorine generating reaction activity and stability, but there is a limitation in that it consumes a lot of energy during operation due to a high overvoltage and is limited for long-term use.
[0015]Therefore, there is a need to develop an anode having reduced overvoltage and improved lifetime as well as excellent chlorine generating reaction activity and stability in order for the anode to be easily applied to the commercial brine electrolysis.
[0016]DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
[0017]Technical Problem
[0018]An aspect of the present invention provides an anode for electrolysis having reduced overvoltage and improved lifetime while exhibiting high efficiency.
[0019]Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of preparing the anode for electrolysis.
[0020]Technical Solution
[0021]According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided an anode for electrolysis including a metal base; and a catalyst layer formed on at least one surface of the metal base, wherein the catalyst layer contains ruthenium oxide, iridium oxide, palladium oxide, and titanium oxide, and, when the catalyst layer is equally divided into a plurality of pixels, a standard deviation of iridium compositions of the plurality of divided pixels is 0.35 mol % or less.
[0022]According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of preparing the anode for electrolysis which includes a coating step in which a composition for forming a catalyst layer is coated on at least one surface of a metal base, dried, and heat-treated, wherein the coating is conducted by electrostatic spray deposition, and the composition for forming a catalyst layer includes a ruthenium oxide precursor, an iridium oxide precursor, a palladium oxide precursor, and a titanium oxide precursor.
[0023]Advantageous Effects
[0024]Since an anode for electrolysis according to the present invention is prepared by electrostatic spray deposition, an active material can be uniformly distributed in a catalyst layer, and thus, an overvoltage can be reduced and lifetime can be improved while exhibiting high efficiency.
[0025]Also, since a method of preparing an anode for electrolysis according to the present invention is performed by the electrostatic spray deposition when coating a metal base with a composition for forming a catalyst layer, the composition for forming a catalyst layer can be uniformly distributed on an entire surface of the metal base, and thus, an anode for electrolysis can be prepared in which the active material is uniformly distributed in the catalyst layer.
[0026]Thus, the anode for electrolysis according to the present invention and the method of preparing the same can be suitable for industries that need them, particularly, brine electrolysis.
[0027]BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The following drawings attached to the specification illustrate preferred examples of the present invention by example, and serve to enable technical concepts of the present invention to be further understood together with detailed description of the invention given below, and therefore the present invention should not be interpreted only with matters in such drawings. FIG. 1 is a graph showing the results of measuring a voltage of an anode according to an embodiment of the present invention by constant current chronopotentiometry.
[0028]MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
[0029]Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail to allow for a clearer understanding of the present invention.
[0030]It will be understood that words or terms used in the specification and claims shall not be interpreted as the meaning defined in commonly used dictionaries. It will be further understood that the words or terms should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and the technical idea of the invention, based on the principle that an inventor may properly define the meaning of the words or terms to best explain the invention.
[0031]The present invention provides an anode for electrolysis having reduced overvoltage and improved lifetime.
[0032]The anode for electrolysis according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a metal base; and a catalyst layer formed on at least one surface of the metal base, wherein the catalyst layer contains ruthenium oxide, iridium oxide, palladium oxide, and titanium oxide, and, when the catalyst layer is equally divided into a plurality of pixels, a standard deviation of iridium compositions of the plurality of divided pixels is 0.35 mol % or less.
[0033]Specifically, the anode for electrolysis has a standard deviation of iridium compositions of 0.2 mol % or less.
[0034]The standard deviation of iridium compositions in the present invention denotes uniformity of an active material in the catalyst layer, that is, a degree to which the active material is uniformly distributed in the catalyst layer, wherein the small standard deviation means that the uniformity of the active material in the catalyst layer is excellent.
[0035]Specifically, the anode for electrolysis according to the embodiment of the present invention can be prepared by a preparation method to be described later which includes a coating step, in which a composition for forming a catalyst layer is coated on at least one surface of the metal base, dried, and heat-treated, wherein the coating is conducted by electrostatic spray deposition. Thus, with respect to the anode for electrolysis, the active material can be uniformly distributed in the catalyst layer, and, as a result, an overvoltage can be reduced and lifetime can be increased. In this case, the active material can include a mixed oxide of ruthenium oxide, iridium oxide, palladium oxide, and titanium oxide.
[0036]Herein, the anode for electrolysis is equally divided into a plurality of pixels, a mol % of iridium in each divided pixel is measured, and the standard deviation of iridium compositions is calculated from the measured values.
[0037]Specifically, the anode for electrolysis was fabricated to have a size of 1.2 m in length and 1.2 m in width (length×width=1.2 m×1.2 m), it was equally divided into 9 pixels, and a mol % of iridium in each pixel was then measured using an X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer. Thereafter, dispersion (V(x)) was obtained by the following Equation 1 using the each iridium mol % obtained, and a standard deviation (σ) was obtained by the following Equation 2 using the dispersion.
[0038]V ( x )= E ( x 2 )−[ E ( x )] 2 [Equation 1]
[0039]σ=√{square root over ( V ( x ))} [Equation 2]
[0040]In Formula 1, E(x 2 ) represents a mean value of squared mol % of iridium in the 9 pixels, and [E(x)] 2 represents a squared value of mean mol % of iridium in the 9 pixels.
[0041]Also, the anode for electrolysis according to the embodiment of the present invention can contain 7.5 g or more of ruthenium metal per unit area (m 2 ) of the catalyst layer, and, accordingly, an anodic reaction overvoltage can be further reduced.
[0042]As described above, the catalyst layer can contain ruthenium oxide, iridium oxide, titanium oxide, and palladium oxide, and, in this case, the ruthenium oxide, the iridium oxide, the titanium oxide, and the palladium oxide can be contained in a molar ratio of 25:10:35:2 to 35:25:50:15.
[0043]Also, the catalyst layer can contain the palladium oxide in a molar ratio of 2 to 20 based on total moles of the ruthenium oxide, the iridium oxide, and the titanium oxide. Specifically, the catalyst layer can contain the palladium oxide in a molar ratio of 8 to 12 based on the total moles of the ruthenium oxide, the iridium oxide, and the titanium oxide. In a case in which the catalyst layer includes the palladium oxide in the above ratio, an overvoltage during anodic reaction of the anode for electrolysis including the same can be further reduced.
[0044]Furthermore, the anode for electrolysis according to another embodiment of the present invention includes a metal base; and a catalyst layer formed on at least one surface of the metal base, wherein the catalyst layer contains a platinum group oxide and titanium oxide, wherein the platinum group oxide includes ruthenium oxide, iridium oxide, and palladium oxide, a molar ratio of the platinum group oxide to the titanium oxide is in a range of 90:10 to 40:60, a molar ratio of the ruthenium oxide to the iridium oxide is in a range of 90:10 to 50:50, and a molar ratio of the palladium oxide to the ruthenium oxide and the iridium oxide is in a range of 5:95 to 40:60, and, when the catalyst layer is equally divided into a plurality of pixels, a standard deviation of iridium compositions of the plurality of divided pixels is 0.35 mol % or less, and the anode can be operated with high current efficiency to generate 8 g/l or more of hypochlorite.
[0045]Herein, the standard deviation of the iridium compositions can be obtained by the method as described above.
[0046]The catalyst layer can further contain niobium oxide, if necessary.
[0047]The metal base can include titanium, tantalum, aluminum, hafnium, nickel, zirconium, molybdenum, tungsten, stainless steel, or an alloy thereof, and can specifically be titanium.
[0048]Also, the anode for electrolysis according to the embodiment of the present invention can be used as an electrolysis electrode of an aqueous solution containing chloride, particularly, an anode. Furthermore, the aqueous solution containing chloride can be an aqueous solution containing sodium chloride or potassium chloride.
[0049]Also, the anode for electrolysis according to the embodiment of the present invention can be used as an anode for preparing hypochlorite or chlorine. For example, the anode for electrolysis can generate hypochlorite or chlorine by being used as an anode for brine electrolysis.
[0050]Furthermore, the present invention provides a method of preparing the anode for electrolysis.
[0051]The method of preparing the anode for electrolysis according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a coating step (Step A), in which a composition for forming a catalyst layer is coated on at least one surface of a metal base, dried, and heat-treated, wherein the coating is conducted by electrostatic spray deposition in which an amount of the composition for forming a catalyst layer per spray and a spray rate are respectively adjusted to be in ranges of 50 ml to 80 ml and 20 ml/min to 35 ml/min, and the composition for forming a catalyst layer includes a ruthenium oxide precursor, an iridium oxide precursor, a palladium oxide precursor, and a titanium oxide precursor.
[0052]Step A is a step for preparing an anode for electrolysis by forming a catalyst layer on at least one surface of a metal base, wherein it can be performed by coating the at least one surface of the metal base with the composition for forming a catalyst layer, drying, and performing a heat treatment.
[0053]The electrostatic spray deposition is a method in which fine coating liquid particles charged by a constant current are coated on a substrate, wherein a spray nozzle is mechanically controlled to be able to spray the composition for forming a catalyst layer on at least one surface of the metal base at a constant rate, and thus, the electrostatic spray deposition can allow the composition for forming a catalyst layer to be uniformly distributed on the metal base.
[0054]Specifically, the coating is conducted by electrostatic spray deposition, wherein the coating can be conducted so that the composition for forming a catalyst layer is sprayed in an amount per spray of 50 ml to 80 ml at a rate of 20 ml/min to 35 ml/min, for example, 25 ml/min. In this case, the amount per spray is an amount required to spray both sides of the metal base once, and the coating can be performed at room temperature.
[0055]In general, an anode for electrolysis is prepared by forming a catalyst layer containing an anodic reaction active material on a metal base, and, in this case, the catalyst layer is formed by coating a composition for forming the catalyst layer containing an anodic reaction active material on the metal base, drying, and performing a heat treatment. In this case, the coating can typically be performed by doctor blading, die casting, comma coating, screen printing, spray coating, roller coating, and brushing, wherein, in this case, a uniform distribution of the active material on the metal base is difficult, the active material may not be uniformly distributed in the catalyst layer of the anode thus prepared, and, as a result, activity of the anode can be reduced or lifetime can be reduced.
[0056]However, in the preparation method according to the embodiment of the present invention, since the composition for forming a catalyst layer is coated on the metal base by the electrostatic spray deposition instead of the conventional method as described above, an anode can be prepared in which the active material is uniformly distributed in the catalyst layer, and, accordingly, with respect to the anode for electrolysis prepared by the method, the overvoltage can not only be reduced, but the lifetime can also be improved.
[0057]The preparation method can include a step of performing a pretreatment of the metal base before the composition for forming a catalyst layer is coated on the at least one surface of the metal base, and, in this case, the pretreatment can include the formation of irregularities on the surface of the metal base by chemical etching, blasting or thermal spraying.
[0058]Specifically, the pretreatment can be performed by blasting the surface of the metal base to form fine irregularities, performing a salt treatment, and then performing an acid treatment. For example, in an embodiment of the present invention, the pretreatment was performed in such a manner that the surface of the metal base was sandblasted with aluminum oxide to have a structure with irregularities, immersed in a 50 vol % sulfuric acid aqueous solution at 80° C. for 2 hours, washed with distilled water, and then dried.
[0059]Also, the metal base is not particularly limited, but can have a thickness of 50 μm to 500 μm.
[0060]The composition for forming a catalyst layer can be prepared by dissolving the ruthenium oxide precursor, the iridium oxide precursor, the palladium oxide precursor, and the titanium oxide precursor in an alcohol solution.
[0061]The alcohol solution is not particularly limited, but can, for example, be n-butanol.
[0062]Herein, the ruthenium oxide precursor, the iridium oxide precursor, the palladium oxide precursor, and the titanium oxide precursor respectively represent substances that change to ruthenium oxide, iridium oxide, palladium oxide, and titanium oxide, wherein these precursors are not particularly limited, but the precursors can be those conventionally used in the art, and, for example, can include a hydrate, hydroxide, chloride, or oxide of each metal.
[0063]For example, the ruthenium oxide precursor can be ruthenium chloride hydrate (RuCl 3 .xH 2 O), the iridium oxide precursor can be iridium chloride hydrate (IrCl 3 .xH 2 O), the palladium oxide precursor can be palladium chloride or palladium chloride hydrate (PdCl 2 .xH 2 O), and the titanium oxide precursor can be titanium isopropoxide.
[0064]Also, the composition for forming a catalyst layer can further include a niobium oxide precursor, and the niobium oxide precursor represents a substance that changes to niobium oxide, wherein the niobium oxide precursor can include a hydrate, hydroxide, chloride, or oxide of niobium.
[0065]The composition for forming a catalyst layer can include each metal oxide precursor so that a composition of each metal oxide in the catalyst layer formed from the composition is within the above-described range.
[0066]The drying can be performed at 50° C. to 200° C. for 5 minutes to 60 minutes, and can be specifically performed at 50° C. to 100° C. for 5 minutes to 20 minutes.
[0067]Also, the heat treatment can be performed at 400° C. to 600° C. for 1 hour or less, and can be specifically performed at 450° C. to 500° C. for 10 minutes to 30 minutes. In a case in which the heat treatment is performed under the above-described temperature condition, it may not affect a decrease in strength of the metal base while impurities in the catalyst layer are easily removed. Furthermore, since an excessively high temperature condition is not required, energy consumption can be reduced, and thus, economic efficiency can be excellent.
[0068]The coating can be performed by sequentially repeating coating, drying, and heat-treating of the composition for forming a catalyst layer so that an amount of ruthenium metal per unit area (m 2 ) of the metal base is 7.5 g or more. That is, after the composition for forming a catalyst layer is coated on at least one surface of the metal base, dried, and heat-treated, the preparation method according to the embodiment of the present invention can be performed by repeatedly coating, drying, and heat-treating the one surface of the metal base which has been coated with the first composition for forming a catalyst layer.
[0069]Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail according to examples and experimental examples. However, the following examples and experimental examples are merely presented to exemplify the present invention, and the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto.
[0070]Example 1
[0071]After a surface of titanium was sandblasted with aluminum oxide (120 mesh) at a pressure of 0.4 MPa to have a structure with irregularities and washed to remove oil and impurities, fine irregularities were formed on the surface by immersing the titanium in a 50 vol % sulfuric acid aqueous solution at 80° C. for 2 hours, and the surface was washed with distilled water to prepare a titanium base.
[0072]Ruthenium chloride hydrate, iridium chloride hydrate, palladium chloride, and titanium isopropoxide were added to 600 ml of n-butanol and mixed to prepare a composition for forming a catalyst layer. In this case, the composition included Ru, Ir, Ti, and Pd in a molar ratio of 27:20:45:8 based on metal components.
[0073]Both surfaces of the titanium base were coated with the prepared composition for forming a catalyst layer. In this case, the coating was conducted by electrostatic spray deposition at room temperature, in which the composition for forming a catalyst layer was added to n-butanol at a dilution ratio of 1/3 (50 g/l), an amount of the composition per spray was 80 ml, and a spray rate was 25 ml/min.
[0074]After the coating, the coated titanium base was dried for 10 minutes in a convection drying oven at 70° C. and was then heat-treated for 10 minutes in an electric heating furnace at 480° C. In this case, the coating, drying, and heat treatment of the composition for forming a catalyst layer were repeated until an amount of ruthenium per unit area (1 m 2 ) of the titanium base became 7.5 g. The final heat treatment was performed at 480° C. for 1 hour to prepare an anode.
[0075]Example 2
[0076]An anode was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that coating of the composition for forming a catalyst layer was conducted by electrostatic spray deposition at room temperature in which a dilution ratio was 1/2 (75 g/l), an amount of the composition per spray was 50 ml, and a spray rate was 25 ml/min.
[0077]Comparative Example 1
[0078]After a surface of titanium was sandblasted with aluminum oxide (120 mesh) at a pressure of 0.4 MPa to have a structure with irregularities and washed to remove oil and impurities, fine irregularities were formed on the surface by immersing the titanium in a 50 vol % sulfuric acid aqueous solution at 80° C. for 2 hours, and the surface was washed with distilled water to prepare a titanium base.
[0079]Ruthenium chloride hydrate, iridium chloride hydrate, palladium chloride, and titanium isopropoxide were added to 600 ml of n-butanol and mixed to prepare a composition for forming a catalyst layer. In this case, the composition included Ru, Ir, Ti, and Pd in a molar ratio of 27:20:45:8 based on metal components.
[0080]One surface of the titanium base was coated with the prepared composition for forming a catalyst layer, was dried for 10 minutes in a convection drying oven at 70° C., and was then heat-treated for 10 minutes in an electric heating furnace at 480° C. In this case, the coating, drying, and heat treatment of the composition for forming a catalyst layer were repeated until an amount of ruthenium per unit area (1 m 2 ) of the titanium base became 7.5 g, and the final heat treatment was performed at 480° C. for 1 hour to prepare an anode.
[0081]Comparative Example 2
[0082]An anode was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that coating of the composition for forming a catalyst layer was conducted by electrostatic spray deposition at room temperature in which a dilution ratio was 1/2 (75 g/l), an amount of the composition per spray was 40 ml, and a spray rate was 25 ml/min.
[0083]Comparative Example 3
[0084]An anode was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that coating of the composition for forming a catalyst layer was conducted by electrostatic spray deposition at room temperature in which a dilution ratio was 1/3 (50 g/l), an amount of the composition per spray was 90 ml, and a spray rate was 25 ml/min.
[0085]Experimental Example 1
[0086]A degree of uniform distribution of metal in the catalyst layer of each anode prepared in the examples and comparative examples was comparatively analyzed, and the results thereof are presented in Table 1 below.
[0087]Specifically, each anode was fabricated to have a size of 1.2 m in length and 1.2 m in width, it was equally divided into 9 pixels, and a mol % of iridium in each pixel was then measured using an X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer. Thereafter, a mean value and dispersion were obtained by using the each iridium mole % obtained, and a standard deviation was obtained by using the dispersion.
[0088]TABLE 1 The number of coating repetitions Mean value Standard deviation Category (number of times) (mol %) (mol %) Example 1 11 5.11 0.31 Example 2 9 4.64 0.191 Comparative 12 4.82 0.48 Example 1 Comparative 12 4.81 0.40 Example 2 Comparative 9 4.94 0.51 Example 3
[0089]As illustrated in Table 1, with respect to the anodes of Examples 1 and 2 according to the embodiment of the present invention, the standard deviations of iridium compositions in the catalyst layer were small at less than 0.35 mol %, but, with respect to Comparative Example 1, the standard deviation was significantly increased.
[0090]Also, with respect to the anodes of Comparative Examples 2 and 3 in which the compositions for forming a catalyst layer were coated by electrostatic spray deposition, but the amount of the composition per spray was adjusted to be 40 ml or 90 ml, the standard deviations of iridium compositions in the catalyst layer were significantly increased in comparison to those of Examples 1 and 2.
[0091]This is a result of the fact that, with respect to Examples 1 and 2 according to the present invention, uniform catalyst layers can be formed at a faster rate by coating the compositions for forming a catalyst layer through electrostatic spray deposition and significantly more uniform catalyst layers can be formed by coating the compositions for forming a catalyst layer through electrostatic spray deposition, but by allowing each composition to be coated in a predetermined amount per spray.
[0092]Experimental Example 2
[0093]A voltage measurement test was performed for each anode in chlor-alkali electrolysis using a half cell to comparatively analyze performance of each anode prepared in the examples and comparative examples. In this case, samples having a size of 2 cm in length and 2 cm in width (P 1 ) and a size of 1 cm in length and 1 cm in width (P 2 ) were randomly sampled from two positions in each anode of the examples and comparative examples and respectively used as an anode of each half cell.
[0094]A 305 gpl (g/l) NaOH aqueous solution and 4.13 nM HCl were used as an electrolyte, a platinum (Pt) wire was used as a counter electrode, and an SCE (Saturated Calomel electrode) was used as a reference electrode. The counter electrode, the reference electrode, and each anode were put in the electrolyte, a voltage of the anode was measured at a current density of 4.4 kA/m 2 by constant current chronopotentiometry, and the results thereof are presented in Table 2 and FIG. 1 .
[0095]TABLE 2 Anode voltage (V vs. SCE), 4.4 kA/m 2 Category P1 P2 Average Example 1 1.246 1.256 1.251 Example 2 1.257 1.253 1.255 Comparative 1.245 1.312 1.278 Example 1 Comparative 1.247 1.286 1.267 Example 2 Comparative 1.293 1.250 1.272 Example 3
[0096]As illustrated in Table 2 and FIG. 1 , it was confirmed that average overvoltages of the anodes of Examples 1 and 2 according to the embodiment of the present invention were reduced in comparison to those of Comparative Examples 1 to 3.
[0097]Also, when a voltage difference between P 1 and P 2 was examined, Comparative Examples 1 to 3 had large voltage differences, but, with respect to Examples 1 and 2, the voltage differences were small and uniform.
[0098]From these results, with respect to the anodes of Examples 1 and 2 according to the present invention, the active material can be uniformly distributed in the catalyst layer, and thus, it can be confirmed that the overvoltage was reduced while exhibiting high efficiency.
[0099]Experimental Example 3
[0100]A degree of increase in electrolysis voltage of each anode prepared in the examples and comparative examples was measured to comparatively analyze durability (lifetime).
[0101]In this case, samples having a size of 2 cm in length and 2 cm in width (P 1 ) and a size of 1 cm in length and 1 cm in width (P 2 ) were randomly sampled from two positions in each anode of the examples and comparative examples and respectively used as an anode for analyzing durability.
[0102]1 M Na 2 SO 4 was used as an electrolyte and a Pt wire was used as a counter electrode to measure voltage rise time of the anode at a current density of 40 kA/m 2 , and the results thereof are presented in Table 3.
[0103]TABLE 3 Durability (hours) Category P1 (2 × 2) P2 (1 × 1) Example 1 27 31 Example 2 24 27 Comparative 21 29 Example 1 Comparative 17 24 Example 2 Comparative 18 26 Example 3
[0104]As illustrated in Table 3, it was confirmed that the anodes of Examples 1 and 2 according to the embodiment of the present invention exhibited uniform durability (lifetime), but the anodes of Comparative Examples 1 to 3 had a large difference in durability depending on the sampled positions.
[0105]From these results, with respect to the anodes of Examples 1 and 2 according to the present invention, it was confirmed that the active material can be uniformly distributed in the catalyst layer, and thus, the lifetime can be improved.
