专

In-line x-ray focusing optics used for manipulation of x-rays in medical transmission radiography

177D451216B

发明人

Erik Fredenberg, Johannes Loberg, Mats Danielsson

受让人

PRISMATIC SENSORS AB

申请人

CANADIAN LINE MATERIALS LTD

申请号

14192146

申请日

2005-01-19

公开(公告)号

177D451216B

公开(公告)日

2024-10-03

IPC分类号

B62J031/00B62K011/00B62K011/04B62K011/08B62K019/00B62K019/10B62J035/00

CPC分类号

优先权号

2530697

优先权日

1975-07-09

摘要

A circular optical fibre preform is fed to an extruder which feeds flowable jacketing material around the preform. The clad optical fibre is drawn through a sizing die under tension to provide the required shape and then wound around a bobbin. The appts. is blanketted by inert gas and is controlled by a programmable logic controller.

Pref. shapes can be reinforced by fibres inside the flap segments.

ADVANTAGE -The non-circular outer jacket shape can be easily wound and rapidly unwound without knotting, clumping and slumping.

权利要求

1 . An implantable electrode comprising: a multi-layer graphene-fiber core; an insulative coating surrounding the multi-layer graphene-fiber core; and a metal layer disposed between the multi-layer graphene-fiber core and the insulative coating.

2 . The implantable electrode of claim 1 , wherein the multi-layer graphene-fiber core does not include a binder material.

3 . The implantable electrode of claim 1 , wherein the insulative coating is a polymer-based coating.

4 . The implantable electrode of claim 3 , wherein the insulative coating is Parylene-C.

5 . The implantable electrode of claim 3 , wherein the insulative coating has a thickness between about 1 to 3 μm.

6 . The implantable electrode of claim 1 , wherein the metal layer is adjacent the multi-layer graphene-fiber core and the metal layer covers a surface portion of the graphene-fiber core with partial encapsulation of the multi-layer graphene-fiber core.

7 . The implantable electrode of claim 6 , wherein the metal layer covers about half of the surface of the multi-layer graphene-fiber core.

8 . The implantable electrode of claim 1 , wherein the metal layer is adjacent the multi-layer graphene-fiber core and the metal layer covers a surface portion of the graphene-fiber core with complete encapsulation of the multi-layer graphene-fiber core.

9 . The implantable electrode of claim 1 , wherein the metal layer comprises at least one of platinum, iridium, iridium oxide, platinum-iridium, and titanium nitride.

10 . The implantable electrode of claim 1 , wherein the metal layer has thickness in the range between about 10 nm to about 500 nm.

11 . The implantable electrode of claim 1 , wherein the multi-layer graphene-fiber core has a diameter in the range of between about 10 μm to about 200 μm.

12 . A method for making an implantable electrode comprising: forming a multi-layered graphene-fiber core by performing an in-situ reduction of fully ordered graphene oxide sheets in a liquid crystalline; coating at least a portion of the multi-layered graphene-fiber core with a metal layer; and coating the multi-layered graphene-fiber core and metal layer with an insulative coating.

13 . The method of claim 12 , wherein forming a multi-layered graphene-fiber core by performing an in-situ reduction further comprises the step of wet-spinning liquid crystalline dispersions of graphene oxide using a coagulation bath containing an acid.

14 . The method of claim 13 wherein the acid is hyporphosphorous acid.

15 . The method of claim 12 , wherein the metal layer comprises at least one of platinum, iridium, iridium oxide, platinum-iridium, and titanium nitride.

16 . The method of claim 12 , wherein the metal layer has thickness in the range between about 10 nm to about 500 nm.

17 . The method of claim 12 , wherein the insulative coating comprises Parylene-C.

18 . A method of recording and stimulating a peripheral nerve comprising: exposing and isolating a target nerve from the surrounding tissue; engaging an implantable electrode to the target nerve by at least one of passing the implantable electrode about the exposed target nerve and forming a knot with implantable electrode, and inserting the implantable electrode through the epineurium of the exposed target nerve, wherein the implantable electrode further comprises a multi-layer graphene-fiber core, an insulative coating surrounding the multi-layer graphene fiber core, and a metal layer disposed between the multi-layer graphene-fiber core and the insulative coating; and at least one of recording and stimulating from the peripheral nerve.

19 . The method of claim 18 , wherein engaging a peripheral nerve comprises implanting the implantable electrode inside the peripheral nerve, sutured through the peripheral nerve, or over the peripheral nerve.

20 . The method of claim 18 , wherein the peripheral nerve is peripheral to at least one of the heart, lungs, stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas and pelvic organs.

说明书

[0001]单圆锥面双折射率光纤

[0002]技术领域

[0003]本发明涉及一种单锥面双折射率光纤，其包括有一定长度要求的单面圆锥形光纤和与该单面圆锥形光纤连接在一起的普通光纤。

[0004]背景技术

[0005]早期生产的光纤其数值孔径过小，也就是集光能力不强。虽然普通的圆锥形光纤集光能力很强，但在远距离传输光信号时无法解决多模色散的问题，故而无法进行远距离传输光信号。

[0006]早期生产的液晶显示器由于液晶本身的特性，可视范围较小。

[0007]发明内容

[0008]本发明要解决的技术问题是提供一种既具有很强的集光能力，又能进行远距离传输光信号的光纤，并且这种光纤可增大液晶显示器的可视范围。

[0009]为解决上述技术问题，本发明采用了这样一种将圆锥形光纤和普通光纤结合起来的光纤，其包括一段圆锥形光纤和一个与该段圆锥形光纤连接起来的普通光纤，圆锥形光纤的纤芯的折射率不同于普通光纤的的纤芯的折射率。

[0010]通过控制圆锥形光纤的长度，可以避免该段圆锥形光纤与普通光纤连接处的端面对光纤集光能力的影响，从而使两种光纤的优点结合起来并且没有不利的影响。

[0011]通过控制圆锥形光纤的纤芯和包层的折射率以及普通光纤的纤芯和包层的折射率，可以避免由于该段圆锥形光纤与普通光纤连接处的端面两侧折射率不同引起的反射对于光纤集光能力的影响。

[0012]通过将本发明用于液晶显示器上，可增大液晶显示器的可视范围。

[0013]附图说明

[0014]下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明作进一步详细的说明：

[0015]图1为本发明光纤的纵向切面图。

[0016]图2、图3、图4、图5、图6、图7、图8为说明本发明光纤所须满足条件的光路图。

[0017]具体实施方式

[0018]图1所示单锥面双折射率光纤由圆锥形光纤1与普通光纤2组成。

[0019]图1所示角θmax为可在光纤中传播的光的最大入射角，光线3为以角θmax入射的光线，角θ0为光线3在圆锥形光纤1的光芯与包层界面的入射角。n1与n2分别为圆锥形光纤1的光芯与包层的折射率，n1′与n2′分别为普通光纤2的光芯与包层的折射率，D为单锥面双折射率光纤光芯的直径，L为圆锥形光纤1的圆柱形结构的长度。

[0020]为避免圆锥形光纤1与普通光纤2连接处的端面对光纤集光能力的影响，要求L≥Dtgθ0。

[0021]为避免由于该段圆锥形光纤1与普通光纤2连接处的端面两侧折射率不同引起的反射对于光纤集光能力的影响，要求(n12-n22)≤(n1′2-n2′2)，n1′＞n1，(n2′/n1′)≤(n2/n1)。

[0022]可传播的光线与水平方向的最大偏转角度为(θmax+α)且有

[0023]sin(θmax+α)＝cosα-(n2/n0)sin2α+2sinα{(n2/n0)sinα[1-(n2/n0)sinα]}1/2

[0024]对n1、n2、n0、α有如下限制条件

[0025]n0≥2n2时，sinα＝(n0n2/n12)-{[1-(n2/n1)2][1-(n0/n1)2]}2

[0026]在具体生产中，可由光纤的具体使用环境决定n0，再由光纤的常用材料决定n2′，n1′，n1。再确定实际所需的集光能力，既(θmax+α)的大小，由现有设备决定α的可能大小，从而得出θmax的可能大小，因为圆锥形光纤1的包层可为液体，从而n2可由下式

[0027]sinθmax下＝1-((2n2)/n0)sinα

[0028]决定，n2的改变可采用改变液体浓度的方法，当然也可采用其它方法。

[0029]在具体生产中，也可由已有的集光角度要求以及参数n1、n2来选择参数n2′、n1′。

[0030]确定本发明涉及的单锥面双折射率光纤的参数也可由实际情况来确定，不必严格按照上述过程来确定。

[0031]圆锥形光纤1与普通光纤2的连接可用熔接法，也可用其它方法。

[0032]圆锥形光纤1的锥面可用研磨法，也可用其它方法。

[0033]由光路可逆原理，将本发明涉及的单锥面双折射率光纤的平面端接于液晶显示器上，则液晶显示器的可视角度会增大。

[0034]在具体生产中，可将本发明涉及的单锥面双折射率光纤平行排列，制成平板形状，再密接于液晶显示器，或者与液晶显示器分离而成为可拆卸的装置。

[0035]对本发明单圆锥面双折射率光纤的参数限制条件可说明如下：

[0036]1.如图2所示，当光线由法线下方入射时：

[0037]п/2-α＝θ1+θ0

[0038]θ1＝п/2-(α+θ0)

[0039]n1sinθ1＝n1sin[п/2-(α+θ0)]＝n1cos(α+θ0)

[0040]n0sinθ＝n1sinθ1＝n1cos(α+θ0)＝n1(cosαcosθ0-sinαsinθ0)

[0041]若要光在光纤中传播：

[0042]θ0≥θ0临(θ0临为介质n1和n2之间的临界角)

[0043]则要

[0044]n0sinθ≤n1cos(α+θ0临

[0045]＝n1(cosαcosθ0临-sinαsinθ0临)

[0046]又sinθ0临＝n2/n1

[0047]则

[0048]n0sinθmax下＝(n12-n22)1/2cosα-n2sinα........................①

[0049]2.如图3所示，当光线由法线下方入射时：

[0050]п/2+α＝θ1+θ0

[0051]θ1＝п/2+α-θ0

[0052]n1sinθ1＝n1sin(п/2+α-θ0)

[0053]＝n1cos(θ0-α)

[0054]＝n1(cosθ0cosα+sinθ0sinα)

[0055]若要光在光纤中传播：

[0056]θ0≥θ0临

[0057]n0sinθ＝n1sinθ1≤n1cos(θ0临-α)

[0058]则

[0059]n0sinθmax上＝(n12-n22)1/2cosα+n2sinα........................②

[0060]由①、②，且令θmax上＝п/2可得：

[0061]n0＝(n12-n22)1/2cosα+n2sinα....................................③

[0062]sinθmax下＝1-(2n2/n0)sina.......................................④

[0063]sina＝(n0n2)/n12±{[1-(n2/n1)2][1-n0/n1]}1/2(详细过程见附录1).........⑤

[0064]既：

[0065]sinθmax下＝1-n22/n12(±(2n2/n0)±{[1-(n2/n1)2][1-n0/n1]}1/2)

[0066]仅对光纤做此改变，可增强光纤的集光能力。

[0067]如若制成图4形状，则还可减小多模色散。

[0068]为使两个端面之间无相互影响，既n1′与n2′的取值不影响集光能力。具体讨论见下。

[0069](1)当入射光的反射点在n1与n2的交界处，既如图4所示时，

[0070]θ0+＝п/2

[0071]β+η＝п/2

[0072]n1sin＝n1′sinβ

[0073]则可得

[0074]n12(1-sin2θ0)＝n1′2(1-sin2η)

[0075]为保证光的传播

[0076]sinη≥sinη0(η0为光线由n1′向n2′入射时的全反射临界角)

[0077]＝n2′/n1′

[0078]1-sin2η≤1-(n2′/n1′)2

[0079]则有

[0080]n12(1-sin2θ0)＝n1′2(1-sin2η)≤n1′2-n2′2

[0081]sin2θ0≥1-(n1′2-n2′2)/n12

[0082]又有

[0083]sinθ0≥n2/n1，既sin2θ0≥n22/n12

[0084]当

[0085](n22/n12)≥1-(n1′2-n2′2)/n12

[0086]既(n12-n22)≤(n1′2-n2′2)........................⑥

[0087]当上式满足时，图4所示的光可在光纤中传播。

[0088](2)当入射光的反射点在n1与n1′交界处时，

[0089]I.若既如图5所示时

[0090]n1′与n1之间的端面有可能影响光纤的集光能力

[0091]此时若有n1′＞n1............................⑦

[0092]则有

[0093]1.不发生全反射

[0094]2.β＜

[0095]由

[0096]可得η′＜η

[0097]光纤所能收集的最大角度光线如图5中点划线所示，明显

[0098]η′＞θ0

[0099]即η＞η′＞θ0

[0100]若n1与n2′构成的光纤的临界角η0临小于θ0临

[0101]即η0临≤θ0临

[0102]则可得(n2′/n1′)≤(n2/n1)..............................⑧

[0103]则有η＞η′＞θ0≥θ0临≥η0临

[0104]则光线必可在光纤中传播，

[0105]为保证n1′与n2′的取值不影响光纤的集光能力，则L1的长度必满足

[0106]L1≥(Dtgθ0)/2(D为光纤的直径)

[0107]II.当光线如图6所示时，n1′与n1之间的端面有可能会影响光纤的集光能力，

[0108]此时n1′＞n1，则

[0109]1.不发生全反射

[0110]2.β＜

[0111]可得η′＜η

[0112]光纤所能收集的最大角度光线如图6点划线所示，明显：

[0113]η′＞θ0

[0114]即η＞η′＞θ0

[0115]若n1与n2构成的光纤的临界角η0临小于θ0临

[0116]即η0临≤θ0临

[0117]则可得(n2′/n1′)≤(n2/n1)

[0118]则有η＞η′＞θ0≥θ0临≥η0临

[0119]光线必可在光纤中传播，

[0120]此时，

[0121]L≥Dtgθ0

[0122]则综合(1)、(2)两种情况，只要

[0123]n1′＞n1，(n2′/n1′)≤(n2/n1)，L≥Dtgθ0，且(n12-n22)≤(n1′2-n2′2)，

[0124]则n1′与n1之间的端面不影响光的传输。

[0125]附录1

[0126]n0＝(n12-n22)1/2cosα+n2sinα

[0127]n0-n2sinα＝(n12-n22)1/2cosα

[0128]n02-2n0n2sinα+n22sin2α＝(n12-n22)cos2α

[0129]＝(n12-n22)(1-sin2α)

[0130]n12sin2α-2n0n2sinα+n02+n22-n12＝0

[0131]Δ＝b2-4ac＝(-2n0n2)2-4n12(n02+n22-n12)

[0132]＝4n02n22-(4n12n02+4n12n22-4n14)

[0133]＝4[n02(n22-n12)+n12(n12-n22)]

[0134]＝4(n12-n22)(n12-n02)

[0135]注意：n1＞n2，n1＞n0

[0136]sinα＝(-b±Δ1/2)/(2a)

[0137]＝{2n0n2±2[(n12-n22)(n12-n02)]1/2}/(2n12)

[0138]＝(n0n2/n12)±{[1-(n2/n1)2][1-(n0/n1)2]}1/2…………………⑤

[0139]由于α≥0，当取负号时，要有

[0140]{n0n2-[(n12-n22)(n12-n02)]1/2}/n12≥0

[0141]则有

[0142]n02≥(n12-n22)...........................................................⑥

[0143]附录2

[0144]对n1、n2、n0、α的限制条件

[0145]1.sinθmax下＝1-((2n2)/n0)sinα..........................................④

[0146]0≤sinθmax下≤1

[0147]2.sinα＝((n0n2)/n12)±{[1-(n2/n1)2][1-(n0/n1)2]}1/2.....................⑤

[0148]0≤sinα≤1

[0149]3.(n12-n22)≤(n1′2-n2′2)...............................................⑥

[0150]4.n1′＞n1...............................................................⑦

[0151]5.(n2′/n1′)≤(n2/n1)...................................................⑧

[0152]则对于1.

[0153]0≤sinθmax下≤1

[0154]0≤1-((2n2)/n0)sinα≤1

[0155]-1≤-((2n2)/n0)sinα≤0

[0156]0≤sinα≤(n0/2n2)

[0157]则对于sinα

[0158](1)当(n0/2n2)＜1时

[0159]0≤sinα≤(n0/2n2)

[0160](2)当1≤(n0/2n2)时

[0161]0≤sinα≤1

[0162]对于(1)

[0163]①先取正号，既

[0164]sinα＝(n0n2/n12)+{[1-(n2/n1)2][1-(n0/n1)2]}1/2

[0165]则sinα≥0成立

[0166]由sinα≤(n0/2n2)

[0167][1-(n2/n1)2][1-(n0/n1)2]≤[(n0/2n2)-(n0n2/n12)]2

[0168]可得

[0169]4n24+n02n12-4n12n22≥0.............................................⑨

[0170]②再取负号，既

[0171]sinα＝(n0n2/n12)-{[1-(n2/n1)2][1-(n0/n1)2]}1/2

[0172]要求sinα≥0

[0173]则可得

[0174]0≥n12-n02-n22......................................................⑩

[0175]又要求sinα≤(n0/2n2)

[0176]既要求

[0177](n0n2/n12)-(n0/2n2)≤{[1-(n2/n1)2][1-(n0/n1)2]}2

[0178]当

[0179][(n0n2/n12)-(n0/2n2)]≤0，既2n22≤n12时

[0180]由于n1＞n2，n1＞n0，则等式成立。

[0181]当

[0182][(n0n2/n12)-(n0/2n2)]＞0，既2n22＞n12时

[0183]有

[0184]n02n12≤4n12n22-4n24

[0185]综合得

[0186]sinα＝(n0n2/n12)+{[1-(n2/n1)2][1-(n0/n1)2]}2时

[0187]要求n0＜2n2

[0188]4n24+n02n12-4n12n22≤0

[0189]sinα＝(n0n2/n12)-{[1-(n2/n1)2][1-(n0/n1)2]}2时

[0190]要求

[0191]或

[0192]对(2)

[0193]①sinα＝(n0n2/n12)+{[1-(n2/n1)2][1-(n0/n1)2]}2时

[0194]sinα≥0恒成立

[0195]由(恒成立)

[0196]②sinα＝(n0n2/n12)-{[1-(n2/n1)2][1-(n0/n1)2]}1/2时

[0197]由

[0198]由但当n0＝n2时，不满足1≤n0/(2n2)

[0199]则sinα≠(n0n2/n12)-{[1-(n2/n1)2][1-(n0/n1)2]}1/2

[0200]由①、②得

[0201]sinα＝(n0n2/n12)+{[1-(n2/n1)2][1-(n0/n1)2]}1/2时，要求n0≥2n2

[0202]sinα≠(n0n2/n12)-{[1-(n2/n1)2][1-(n0/n1)2]}1/2

[0203]则由影响因素1、2所确定的折射率之间的关系为

[0204]n0≥2n2时，sinα＝(n0n2/n12)-{[1-(n2/n1)2][1-(n0/n1)2]}2

[0205]附录3对集光能力极大值的讨论

[0206]集光角度＝θmax+α

[0207]sin(θmax+α)

[0208]＝sinθmaxcosα+cosθmaxsinα

[0209]＝[1-(2n2/n0)sinα]cosα+2sinα{(n2/n0)sinα[1-(n2/n0)sinα]}1/2

[0210]＝cosα-(n2/n0)sin2α+2sinα{(n2/n0)sinα[1-(n2/n0)sinα]}1/2

[0211]令0＝[sin(θmax+α)]/(α)

[0212]要求sinα≠0

[0213]则有

[0214](n2/n0)+4(n2/n0)3sin2α-[5(n2/n0)2+4(n2/n0)4sinα]+4(n2/n0)3＝0

[0215]Δ＝16(n2/n0)16-24(n2/n0)6+9(n2/n0)4

[0216]由Δ≥0

[0217]sinα＝{[5(n2/n0)2+4(n2/n0)4]±Δ1/2}/{2[(n2/n0)+4(n2/n0)3]}

[0218]一般n0＝1

[0219]则sinα＝[5n2+4n23±n2(16n212-24n22+9)]/(2+8n22)

[0220]取n2＝1.1

[0221]n1＝1.26

[0222]为判定此值为极大值还是极小值，

[0223]取sinα＝0.38，n2＝1.1，n1＝1.27

[0224]取sinα＝0.4，n2＝1.1，n1＝1.25

[0225]则所求得(θmax+α)的极值为极小值。

[0226]附录4锥面对光线的反射

[0227]当锥面把光线反射到n1与n2的界面上时，

[0228]既如图7所示，明显∠3大于∠4，则此时锥面对光线的反射可不用讨论。

[0229]当锥面把光线反射到n1与n1′的界面上时，

[0230]既如图8所示，可把锥面的反射光线平移至如虚线所示，则此种情况与入射光线为虚线的情况一样。则不用重复讨论。

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