По данным многолетнего мониторинга в геофизической обсерватории ИМКЭС СО РАН в Томске установлено влияние направления ветра на приземное электрическое поле в различных метеоусловиях, включая условия «хорошей погоды». Обнаружено, что градиент потенциала имеет максимальные значения при западных, северо-западных и северных направлениях ветра ‒ из центрального и промышленного районов города, минимальные ‒ при юго-восточных, восточных и северо-восточных направлениях ‒ со стороны сельской местности и лесных массивов. According to long-term monitoring data from the geophysical observatory of IMCES SB RAS in Tomsk, the influence of wind direction on the ground electric field under various meteorological conditions, including “good weather” conditions, has been established. It was found that the potential gradient has maximum values for western, northwestern, and northern wind directions ‒ from the central and industrial areas of the city, and minimum values for southeastern, eastern, and northeastern directions ‒ from the countryside and forested areas.

Currently, many researchers are interested in investigating the electric field in the fair-weather electric environment, along with its diurnal and seasonal variations across all regions of the world. However, a similar study in the southern part of Siberia has not yet been carried out. In this regard, this study aims to estimate the mean values of the electric field and their variations in the mountain and steppe landscapes using the measurement data from the Khakass–Tyva expedition in 2022. The maximum values of positive ion density were noted at the site in the Iyussko-Shirinsky steppe between Belyo and Tus salt lakes in the Khakass-Minusinsk Basin. The maximum values of negative ion density were observed at the site in the Shol tract in the center part of the Tyva depression. The potential gradient tends to increase with altitude and reaches a maximum in the highlands. The maximum values of the potential gradient were noted in the highlands plateau near the Mongun-Taiga Mountain Massif and Khindiktig-Khol Lake. The diurnal cycles of potential gradient at different observation sites were divided into two groups: (1) a diurnal cycle in the form of a double wave; and (2) a daily cycle with a more complex course due to the strong influence of local factors.

Электрическое поле атмосферы наряду с электропроводностью и ионизацией воздуха является основной характеристикой атмосферного электричества - совокупности электрических явлений, происходящих в атмосфере, в том числе в облаках и осадках. Существует тесная связь между напряженностью (или градиентом потенциала) электрического поля атмосферы и рельефом, ландшафтом местности, метеорологическими величинами. Возмущение нормального электрического поля, характерного для условий «хорошей погоды», происходит при образовании и развитии облачности, выпадении осадков, грозовой деятельности и др. Изменчивость электрического поля обусловлена целым рядом отдельных или совокупностью как глобальных, так и региональных (локальных) факторов. Поэтому изучение и понимание функционирования глобальной электрической цепи и ее локальной изменчивости представляется актуальной научной проблемой, особенно в условиях современных климатических изменений. В работе представлены результаты анализа изменчивости градиента потенциала электрического поля и метеорологических величин на основе данных многолетних наблюдений на территории крупного городского населенного пункта (г. Томска). Они показывают, что в условиях «хорошей погоды» наблюдается ярко выраженная, особенно в зимнее время, зависимость градиента потенциала от направления ветра, связанная, как мы полагаем, с переносом аэрозоля. Также установлено, что изменчивость приземного электрического поля, включая сезонные и суточные вариации, в совокупности всех метеорологических условий значительно отличается от таковой в условиях исключительно «хорошей погоды». Полученные результаты хорошо согласуются с подобными исследованиями в других точках наблюдений, расположенных вблизи крупных населенных пунктов, и представляют интерес для моделирования состояния и изменчивости глобальной электрической цепи в зависимости от различных физико-географических и метеорологических условий. The electric field of the atmosphere, along with electrical conductivity and ionization of air, is the main characteristic of atmospheric electricity, which is a set of electrical phenomena occurring in the atmosphere, including in clouds and precipitation. There is a close connection between the intensity (potential gradient) of the atmospheric electric field and the topography and landscape of an area and meteorological parameters. A disruption of the normal electric field, characteristic of fair-weather conditions, occurs during the formation and development of clouds, precipitation, thunderstorm, etc. In general, the variability of the electric field is determined by a number of individual or combined factors, both of global and regional (or local) character. Therefore, studying and understanding the functioning of the Global Electric Circuit and its local variability seems to be a relevant scientific problem, especially in the context of the modern climate change. The variability of the electric field potential gradient and meteorological parameters is analyzed in this work based on long-term observations in a large urban settlement. The analysis shows a pronounced dependence of the potential gradient on the wind direction in fair-weather conditions, especially in winter, associated, we believe, with aerosol transfer. We also found that the variability of the surface electric field, including seasonal and daily variations, under all meteorological conditions significantly differs from the variability under exceptionally fair-weather conditions. The results are in good agreement with similar studies at other observation sites located near large populated areas, and are of interest for simulating the state and variability of the Global Electric Circuit depending on various physiographic and meteorological conditions.

По данным многолетних измерений градиента потенциала электрического поля в геофизической обсерватории ИМКЭС СО РАН (Томск) и данным реанализа CAMS (ECMWF), получены оценки влияния интегрального содержания пылевого аэрозоля на приземное электрическое поле. Выявлено противоположное изменение приземного электрического поля и характеристик интегрального содержания атмосферного аэрозоля в их сезонном и суточном ходах. Показано влияние трансграничного переноса пыли из аридных районов на интегральное содержание пылевого аэрозоля и приземное электрическое поле в Томске. Based on long-term measurements of the electric field potential gradient at the geophysical observatory of IMCES SB RAS (Tomsk) and the CAMS (ECMWF) reanalysis data, estimates of the influence of integral dust aerosol content on the ground electric field have been obtained. Opposite changes in the ground electric field and characteristics of the integral atmospheric aerosol content have been identified in their seasonal and diurnal variations. The influence of transboundary dust transport from arid regions on the integral dust aerosol content and the ground electric field in Tomsk is demonstrated.

Many natural hazards are associated with deep convective clouds. Among them, mesoscale convective systems characterized by a large size and a long duration are the most dangerous. The estimates of their area, cloud top height, moisture content, duration, and intensity of related thunderstorm activity for Western Siberia were obtained using the data of radio and optical (passive and active) satellite sounding (for the summer months in 2010-2019) and World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN, 2016-2020).

Link for citation: Raudina T.V., Smirnov S.V., Istigechev G.I., Pokrovsky O.S. Photochemical transformation of dissolved organic matter and behavior of metals in the waters of the southern taiga bog complex, Western Siberia. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 9, рр. 182-193. In Rus. The relevance. Dissolved organic matter is one of the largest biologically available sources of carbon in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and its dynamics are critical to local and global carbon cycles. Destruction of organic matter during migration determines the biological cycle of elements and their stability. Important processes that lead to the transformation or removal of the dissolved organic matter are bio- and photodegradation. To date, enough research has been carried out to study the composition of humic substances, forms of metals, and the processes of migration of organo-mineral compounds in natural waters of the taiga zone, Western Siberia. Work is underway to study the dissolved organic carbon bioavailability, but the mechanisms of its photochemical transformations in different seasons of the year have not been studied. At the same time, photochemical mineralization of dissolved organic compounds largely regulates the biogeochemical cycles of elements by changing their bioavailability, the intensity of carbon dioxide emission from surface waters into the atmosphere, and the removal of dissolved trace elements through precipitation and coagulation. The main aim is to assess changes in the chemical composition and the rate of the dissolved organic matter and dissolved metals removal in the waters of the southern taiga bog complex (Western Siberia) under the sunlight exposure on a spatio-temporal scale. Objects: soil waters within different bog landscapes (open sedge-sphagnum fen, tall ryam (pine-shrub-sphagnum phytocenosis with high pine trees), and waterlogged mixed forest) of the Bakchar bog complex located in the southeastern part of the Ob-Irtysh interfluves, the Vasyugan plain. The waters were taken at a depth by digging a pit (40´40 cm area, 40 cm depth), which allowed the surrounding gravitational water to fill it up to the depth of 10–20 cm. The sampling took place during two field period in 2020 (June and October). Methods. pH, water temperature, specific conductivity (Cond) and dissolved oxygen were measured using a multiparameter instrument (WTW MULTI 3430 SET). The dissolved organic carbon was measured by a high-temperature thermic oxidation method using a Shimadzu TOC-LCPN analyzer, with an uncertainty of 2 %. The absorbance was measured at wavelengths up to 800 nm, 1 nm step using quartz 10 mm cuvette on a Cary-50 spectrophotometer. Major cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K), Si, and trace metals were determined with an ICP-MS Agilent CE 7500 with In and Re as internal standards and three various external ones. In the photodegradation experimental design, we followed the methodology which is sunlight exposure of sterile filtered (0,2 μm) samples in quartz reactors in the outdoor pool. Results. The authors revealed the influence of photodegradation on the qualitative and quantitative composition of dissolved organic substances and the behavior of metals in water samples of bog landscapes of the taiga zone of Western Siberia on spatiotemporal scales. It was established that from 3 to 30 % of the dissolved organic carbon can be removed from soil water under the influence of sunlight with maximum values in early June. At the same time, in autumn, despite the decrease in the amount of solar radiation, the photodegradable DOC can also reach 10–12 %. In general, there is a decrease in the percentage of the dissolved organic carbon loss in the waters in the row fen>ryam>forest. The dissolved organic carbon removal can be associated both with the transition of a part into an inorganic form, and with the destruction of high-molecular organic substances. A significant change (p<0.05) in the optical parameters is noted, which is consistent with the behavior of the dissolved organic matter during photolysis. In addition, under the influence of insolation, the transformation of organo-mineral compounds occurs, which leads to a change in the forms of metals. The greatest losses relative to control were observed for rare earth elements (Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd), as well as Ti, V, which in some cases reach 70 % (more significant in fen waters). These trace elements show behavior similar to dissolved organic carbon, Al and Fe, which confirms the importance of organic and organo-Fe-Al-colloids determining the behavior of most elements in acidic waters with a high content of organic matter.

The variability estimates of the electric field potential gradient in an arid region of Southern Siberia are obtained from insitu measurements in the Shol tract (Tyva). The analysis of variations of the electric field, meteorological quantities, aerosol content and solar radiation in the surface layer during a sandstorm was carried out. During this phenomenon, three types of disturbances were noted in the surface electric field.

Palaeoenvironmental reconstructions from peat are strongly focused on ombrotrophic mires, but this study demonstrates that eutrophic mires can also be used. A multi‐proxy approach was applied to a eutrophic mire on a floodplain terrace in the southern taiga of West Siberia. The results of the reconstruction were considered in the wide geographic context of the surrounding regions, including Siberia and Central Asia. Different palaeoecological proxies (analysis of plant macrofossils, testate amoebae, oribatid mites, molluscs, peat humification, ash content and spectral characteristics of humic acids) were used in this study. The results of different proxies showed a high level of consistency among themselves, which allowed for a robust interpretation of Holocene mire development. Throughout the ~7800 years history of the mire, there was a high level of surface wetness. The presence of mineral matter in the peat between 7800 and 5100 cal. a BP indicates regular flooding caused by the intensive fluvial activity, apparently resulting from increased precipitation. This was followed by a trend towards a gradual decrease in surface wetness from conditions of high surface moisture (stagnant water) between 5100 and 3000 cal. a BP to present day conditions of moderate surface moisture with a water table slightly below the mire surface. This pattern is consistent with the well‐documented long‐term trend from palaeoecological records throughout the taiga and arctic zones in West Siberia and central arid Asia. Our data further support the idea that the westerlies were the dominant driver of climate for the southern taiga of West Siberia during the Middle to Late Holocene.

Estimates are obtained for the variability of atmospheric electrical quantities (electric field potential gradient and concentrations of positive and negative air ions) under electrically undisturbed atmospheric conditions. In-situ measurements were carried out in the mountainous and steppe landscapes of Khakassia and Tyva (Southern Siberia) during the warm period of 2022. A comparative analysis of the results obtained was carried out. The maximum concentration of positive air ions was recorded in the hilly steppe near salt lakes, the maximum concentration of negative air ions was recorded in the central part of the basin, and the maximum electric field potential gradient was recorded in high mountains.

This work is devoted to the modeling of a Penning discharge with a hot cathode, which is used to create a background plasma with a radial electric field in a plasma mass separator. We used a 2D3V electrostatic particle-in-cell plus Monte Carlo Collision (PIC/MCC) simulation model with a gyrokinetic approximation for magnetized electrons and a geometrical scaling scheme. The proposed model predicts the development of a rotating spoke structure, leading to fluctuations in the electric potential. The fluctuation amplitude and the averaged radial profile of the potential are in qualitative agreement with experiment. On the example of a model flow of silver and lead ions, we have shown that potential fluctuations can impair separation, leading to a partial overlap of ion deposition spots on a substrate. Each of the separated fractions contain about 11% impurities.

Молодёжная "политика" Бюро по делам российских эмигрантов в Маньчжурской империи (БРЭМ), руководящего органа эмигрантской колонии в Маньчжу-ди-го (1934–1945), построенная на сочетании национального воспитания молодёжи с воспитанием в духе идей антикоммунизма и строительства государства-содружества пяти наций, эволюционировала в сторону приоритета национального воспитания при формализации других направлений. Пика в своём развитии молодёжная "политика" БРЭМ достигла в первой половине 1940-х гг. в условиях усилившейся японизации социально-культурной среды Маньчжурской империи и советской Отечественной войны, способствуя культивированию в сознании русской молодёжи национально-культурной идентичности и развитию патриотизма, что подспудно вело к усилению симпатий к Советскому Союзу. Ключевые слова: Бюро по делам российских эмигрантов в Маньчжурской империи (БРЭМ), русская эмиграция; молодежная политика, Киовакай, Маньчжу-ди-го, Харбин

Atmospheric precipitation introduces significant changes in the gamma background, making it difficult to analyze data from radiation monitoring systems. A criterion for identifying changes in the gamma background caused by atmospheric precipitation is proposed. Measurements of changes in the gamma background and the level of precipitation were performed at two independent observation sites. The time spectra of the gamma background were analyzed. The characteristic elements caused in the spectra by atmospheric precipitation are identified and classified. It is shown that the changes brought about in the gamma background by atmospheric precipitation can be identified according to the exponent of an exponential function describing the gamma background reduction following after the maximum is reached. If several consecutive peaks are present in the spectrum, identification is possible according to the gamma background reduction after the final peak.

The inland aquatic ecosystems play a significant role in the global carbon cycle, owing to the metabolism of terrestrially derived organic matter as it moves through fluvial networks along the water continuum. During this transport, dissolved organic matter (DOM) is microbial processed and released into the atmosphere, but the degree and intensity of this processing vary greatly both spatially and temporally. The Western Siberian Lowlands is of particular interest for a quantitative assessment of DOM biodegradation potential because the global areal-scale effects of DOM biodegradation in abundant surface organic-rich waters might be the highest in this region. To this end, we collected water samples along a typical aquatic continuum of the Bakchar Bog (the north-eastern part of the Great Vasyugan Mire) and, following standardized protocol, conducted an experimental study aimed at characterizing the seasonal and spatial variability of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) biodegradability. The biodegradable DOC fraction (BDOC) over the exposure incubation period ranged from 2% to 25%. The natural aquatic continuum “mire–forest–stream–river” demonstrated the systematic evolution of biodegradable DOC among the sites and across the seasons. The highest biodegradation rates were measured during spring flood in May and decreased along the continuum. The maximum possible CO2 production from DOM yielded the maximum possible flux in the range of 0.1 and 0.2 g C-CO2 m−2 day−1 d, which is an order of magnitude lower than the actual net CO2 emissions from the inland waters of the WSL. This study suggests that although the biodegradation of the humic waters of the WSL can sizably modify the concentration and nature of the DOM along the aquatic continuum, it plays only a subordinary role in overall C emissions from the lakes and rivers of the region.

Currently, many researchers have an interest in the investigation of the electric field in the fair-weather electric environment along with its diurnal and seasonal variations across all regions of the world. However, a similar study in the southern part of Western Siberia has not yet been carried out. In this regard, the paper aims to estimate the mean values of the electric field and their variations in this area using the example of Tomsk. The time series of one-minute average potential gradient values as well as other quantities obtained from the geophysical observatory of the Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IMCES SB RAS, Tomsk, Russia) from 2006 to 2020 is used in this study. The mean annual value of the potential gradient in Tomsk is 282 V/m and usually varies from 161 to 372 V/m. The diurnal variations in potential gradient per year on average are characterized by oscillations of the continental type with a double maximum and minimum. The main minimum of diurnal variations is 7 h and the main maximum is 21 h of local time (00 and 14 UTC, respectively). According to the annual mode, the maximum potential gradient is observed in February, and the minimum is recorded in June.

The results of modeling the conversion factor from rainfall-deposited unit activity of gamma-emitting radon and thoron daughter decay products to their created gamma-radiation dose rate as a function of height above the Earth’s surface using the Geant4 toolkit are presented in this paper. Thin layers of water, soil, and air, with the height of 0.1–10 mm, are considered as the source in order to examine whether the composition of the radiation source environment affects the simulation result. Cases with different absorber-atmosphere densities are simulated. The contribution of each radionuclide 212Bi, 214Bi, 212Pb, 214Pb and 208Tl to the total gamma background was determined. The dependence of dose rate growth during the precipitation period on the detector position in relation to the area covered by precipitation was investigated numerically. The obtained conversion factors are universal values, because do not depend on soil type (material) on which radionuclides are deposited by precipitation. These coefficients can be used for solving both direct tasks of radiation background recovery during precipitation and inverse tasks of determining the intensity and amount of precipitation by the known gamma background, as well as tasks to decipher the gamma background by the shape of the response to various phenomena. Also in this work, it is shown how thoron decay products can affect the response shape of gamma background on atmospheric precipitation.

The influence of the passage of mesoscale convective complexes (MCC) on γ-ray background and the meteorological quantities in the surface layer are presented in paper. It is noted, that the surface electric field reacts to the passage of the MCC earlier than other measured quantities. This temporary delay is 1 hour. After the rain ended, the elevated radiation background remained for more than 2 hours.

Using ground-based observation and satellite remote sensing data from 2006 to 2020 the smoke effect from distant wildfires in Siberia on the electrical state of the surface air layer is studied. The cases are considered where smoke covers the troposphere down to the surface layer and where smoke is observed only in the middle and upper troposphere. It is found that smoke from wildfires in these cases strongly but differently affects the electrical state of the surface air layer.

We present information on the organization and the history of development of meteorological observations at Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMCES), that were initiated at the second category weather station of the Optics Technological Design Institute of Scientific Instrument Engineering (TDI SIE) (since 1994) and continue to the present at the Geophysical Observatory (GO) of IMCES. A retrospective of the development of meteorological instrument-making at IMCES is presented beginning from the creation of experimental prototypes of automated complexes for operational measurement of optical and meteorological characteristics of the atmosphere (1970s–1980s) during tests of different laser systems to the development and creation of a number of meteorological instruments, including automatic ultrasonic weather stations of different purposes and spatially distributed information and measuring systems on the basis of these stations. Some of the weather stations developed are included in the State Register of Measuring Instruments.