In the conditions of northern arable farming, the productivity and nutritional value of the dry mass of pure stand of Tr. pratense and three-component agrophytocenoses with the participation of meadow clover, as well as legume and cereal representatives (Galega orientalis Lam., Medicago varia Mart., Bromus inermis Leys., Phlum pratense L.) were studied. Against the background of spring fertilizing with N45P60K90 and two-time mowing, the yield of dry biomass of grass mixtures averaged 8.3-8.8 t/ha over four years compared to single-species sowing of meadow clover (7.8 t/ha). In terms of energy and protein productivity, the maximum indicators of one hectare were provided by agrophytocenoses of clover (7.54 thousand feed units, 84.8 GJ of exchange energy, 1.22 tons of crude protein) and clover-timothy with the addition of galega or alfalfa (up to 7.19 thousand, 87.7 GJ, and 1.09 tons, respectively). The highest nutritional value of the feed mass (up to 16.71% of crude protein and 138 g of digestible protein/feed units) was allocated to a single-species clover herbage.

Introduction.Currently a significant number of quarry restoration strategies have been developed, based on different aspects of soil impact: specifically, mixing the topsoil with the empty rock of exhausted quarries; introducing organic waste; applying mulching and polymer structure formers; using the adapted plants.In this study we attempt to combine the positive aspects of the previously mentioned methods.Therefore, the aim of our research is to create artificial soil-like structures with specified agroecological properties.We anticipate further use of the obtained mixture as a layer between the quarry waste material and fertile soil, which is to be applied to the reclaimed surface and followed by the planting of local plant species.Materials and methods.Studies on the possibility of reclamation of mine tailings were conducted under conditions of model experiment with sodium lignosulfonate (SL), a waste organic material from the pulp and paper industry, as the organic base for the soil-like body.Fine fraction soil (FS) sampled from the mine tailings was mixed with SL in ratios of 1/0.5, 1/1, and 1/2; to accelerate the decomposition of organic matter depending on the experimental scheme, strains of bacteria Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Pseudomonas kunmingensis were added.The obtained mixtures have been composting for three months at a room temperature, with regular mixing and maintaining moisture levels.The phytotoxicity of the obtained mixtures was assessed by germinating seeds of a short duration radish variety called "18 days".Results and discussion.The application of sodium lignosulfonate (SL) into the fine fraction soil (FS) significantly increased the organic matter content and decreased the acidity of the medium.The fertilizing with nitrogen in the SL experimental variants has led to a significant increase in the content of alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen compared to the variants in the absence of N and the presence of SL.Conclusion.The research results showed that the application of sodium lignosulfonate (SL) to the fine fraction soil (FS) contributed to a decrease in acidity, an increase in organic matter and alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen content in the mixture, as well as a reduction in substrate toxicity.

Abstract. This study undertook to map the composition and stock of organic matter in soils formed on bedrock types differing in resistance to weathering and mineralogical composition. Studies of the specific features of organic matter transformation in soils formed over bedrock have demonstrated differences depending on the parent rock characteristics. The influencing factors include the chemical composition of the rock and its weatherability. Where rocks have a rich composition – basic and ultrabasic – but are deeply metamorphosed (and, hence, resistant to weathering), there forms primitive soils with a low content of organic matter, which is mostly confined to the top organic horizon. Besides, organic matter in such soils is of fulvic nature, which is generally typical of the zonal soils. Primitive soils are not very fertile, both due to the relatively low content of organic matter and to the limited availability of mineral nutrients for plants. The fertility of shallow soils on acid parent rocks is limited by high acidity and a low content of mineral nutrients both in the parent rock eluvium and in the soil’s native mineral material. The productivity of soils on basic rocks is somewhat higher. The conditions for the biota are the most favorable in shallow soils forming on carbonate rocks. They contain substantial amounts of nutrients and have comparatively low weatherability, which makes these resources available. In the organic matter of these soils, humic acids prevail over fulvic acids, even if slightly. Organic matter stores in such soils are distributed more evenly, with a substantial share concentrated in mineral horizons, in the root layer. Keywords: soil, organic matter, parent rock

The possibility of using brown algae in agriculture as an alternative source of nutrients is currentlyunder study and discussion. Our study aimed to evaluate the effect of F. vesiculosus on the agrochemical properties of four soil types: Retisol loamy sand soil, Retisolloam, Retisol clay, and Histosol. The F. vesiculosus waste was added to soil samples at a rate of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0, and 10 wt%. The brown algaewaste application significantly decreased soil acidity in the substrates of all soil types, with the larger increasesfor Retisol loamy sand and Retisol clay than for Retisol loam and Histosol. The application of F. vesiculosus waste products increased the C content in all soil types except Histosol. The N and P content in soil substrates were not significantly affected by algaewaste application regardless of soil type. This study showed that the effect of F. vesiculosus waste application varies depending on the soil type, with the strongest impact on Retisol clay and the lowest on Histosol.

This article focused on studying the landscape-scale spatial variation of boreal forest soils in data-scarce areas using ground-penetrating radar (GPR). An important goal of the research was to discuss correlations between attributes of the soil profile under boreal forest and GPR data. We detected the soil horizons of Entic Podzols and determined their attributes based on a GPR transect with a 400 MHz antenna unit. GPR cross-section showed the soil thickness variation over the transect being 18.8 cm to 44.7 cm. The mean depth for the soil's lower boundary from sounding was 23.1 cm versus the probing of 24 cm. The fieldwork research has revealed GPR patterns for different ecological settings: typical forest, paludified forest, and felling area. We investigated the GPR applicability for delineating organic layers in soils and considered quantifying soil organic carbon content (SOC) relying on GPR attributes. To achieve this purpose, we have surveyed Albic Podzols with a 1,700 MHz antenna unit considering vegetation cover. The resolution of GPR was +/- 1 cm, which made to determine relatively thin horizons. GPR reflected signal amplitudes demonstrated sensitivity to SOC variations in the organic layers. The obtained relationship between SOC and GPR attributes indicates the possibility of determining the carbon storage variations in situ. However, the problem is to substantiate the mechanism of the SOC influence on the signature of the GPR traces. The findings prove that GPR is a tool for predicting the state and scope of the transformation of sandy forest soils. GPR cross-sections can be the basement for a novel approach for forest soil mapping on a landscape scale. In prospect, digital soil mapping can include a sequence of methods: remote sensing - GPR - manual probing. Admittedly, alignments between soil characteristics and GPR attributes are needed to identify the capabilities and limitations of the method.

This study was conducted on the territory of the national park Paanayarvi, located in the taiga zone of the European north. The altitude zone common in the territory of the national park is up to 350 m above sea level. The purpose of this work is to study the microbiological and biochemical properties of soils formed under conditions of a gradient of altitude zonation. This work was performed for the first time in this territory. Based on the fatty acid composition of the cell walls of microorganisms, the composition and structure of the microbial community were determined by chemato-mass spectrometry. The dominant microbocenosis of soils of undisturbed territories was revealed. Changes in prokaryotes and microscopic fungi in the gradient of the altitude zone occur in different directions, which is consistent with the work of other researchers. The results suggest that the formation of microbocenosis of soils located in different conditions of the phytocenotic environment depends on the location of the site relative to the height. The latter determines the flow of solar energy into the ecosystem and the hydrothermal regime of soils. The data obtained can be used in monitoring global climate changes, will become the basis for the formation of a general conceptual basis for the functioning of microbial communities of soils of low-mountain landscapes.

The article discusses the methodology of organizing soil monitoring in the territory of Eastern Fennoscandia. The history of developing monitoring studies of soils is presented. The main stages of monitoring are shown. Soil monitoring requires an adequate selection of indicators to match the type of impact and the mission of the monitoring. The importance of complex studies in soil monitoring is shown. It is noted that it is possible to change the monitoring objects in response to the increase in anthropogenic impact. The need for international cooperation in monitoring the natural environment in connection with global climate change is discussed. Continuous and consistent observations based on integrated research are what enable a reliable assessment of the current state of the natural environment in protected areas. This particularly applies to soil monitoring in valuable UNESCO heritage sites (e.g., rock art – White Sea and Lake Onega petroglyphs). Keywords: natural environment, protected areas, soil monitoring

The paper is based on the results of the fieldwork carried out in 2020 by staff of the Department for Multidisciplinary Scientific Research and six laboratories of severalKarelian Research Centre’s institutes (of Biology; Geology; Forest Research; Linguistics, Literature and History) in the central part of the Republic of Karelia, in Muezersky District. In addition, an extensive, partially published research background from previous studies was used. The work resulted in a synthesis of the data that characterize and substantiate the designation of a cluster-type protected area (PA) of regional significance. It is made up of the following three clusters: 1) landscape nature reserve “Low-mountain landscapes of the West-Karelian Upland” with 11 900 ha; 2) landscape nature monument “Lake Pizanets” with 407.3 ha; 3) landscape nature monument “Mount Vottovaara” with 1 600 ha. The information about these sites is arranged in the following order: 1) geographic location; 2) overall conservation and recreational value as a ground for the designation; 3) key characteristics of the ecosystems (geological-geomorphological, hydrographic, edaphic, of landscapes, mires, forests, flora and fauna, recreational qualities); 4) proposals on the boundaries and size of the protected area. Essentially, the article is a summary of all the data available so far that characterize the ecosystems of central Karelia that have the highest conservation and recreational value. The triple-cluster system of the planned PA, with its clusters situated some 20–50 km apart within a single triangular outline encompassing waterside protection areas, is regarded as an entity.

Studies were carried out in the Kostomuksha State Nature Reserve, situated in the northern taiga of East Fennoscandia. We have described the main stages of research on the soils and soil cover in the study area. The analysis of the soils and soil cover of this Protected Area was integrated with the study of the parent rock material and woody vegetation. Soils of intact areas serve as an etalon during the monitoring of forest ecosystems disturbed anthropogenically. This makes our study to be of high relevance. This study was aimed to investigate the composition of the soil fund, and properties of most widespread soils in the Protected Area. The morphological and physicochemical properties of the soils were studied. Natural conditions of the Kostomuksha State Nature Reserve are favourable for the podzolisation process. The most widespread in the Protected Area are zonal Al-Fe-humus soils (Podzols). Shallow soils (Leptosols) are formed on bedrock outcrops. They have a minor proportion of the entire soil amount. The productivity of plants growing on them is low. Wet sites are occupied by intrazonal peat moor soils (Histosols), by covering small areas. They are developed in the lowlands, between hills, in mire margins, in saucer-like concavities on bedrock outcrops. The names of the studied soils were determined according to the both regional soil classification and WRB classification. The soil association with the tree stand composition was identified. Albic Rustic Podzols predominate under pine (Pinus sylvestris) stands, while spruce (Picea abies) stands are far less widespread. Birch (Betula pendula) stands on soils of podzolic genesis occupy limited areas and occur on clear-cuts, sites affected by windfalls and wildfires. The associations between soils and quaternary deposits were analysed. Bedrocks overlap with sandy and loamy sand quaternary deposits, the thickness of which ranges from 5 cm to 5 m. Morainic and glaciolacustrine sediments are the most widespread. Peat deposits are less common in the study area. Morphologically, the soils are usually characterised by a well-differentiated profile, a thick forest floor (О), and an ongoing podzolisation process. The soils are mostly coarse-textured. The low content of the fine powder fractions indicates that the weathering of primary minerals inside the soil is minor due to the cold and humid climate. No clear relationships were observed in their distribution across the soil profile. The studied soils are acidic. The acidity is the highest in the forest floor and it declines with an increasing depth of the soil profile. The formation of the soil organic matter is influenced by specifics of the primary soil-forming factors. The soils contain a high carbon (C) amount in the top organic horizon, with a sharp decline in its content with depth. The nitrogen (N) distribution along the soil profile correlates with the overall organic matter distribution. So, it is the highest in the forest floor, while it declines towards the mineral soil layer. In the forest floor, the broad C/N ratio is an indirect evidence of a slow microbial transformation of organic matter in the studied soils. The small amount of most macroelements and microelements in soils of the studied Protected Area is quite low. In general, this is typical for soils in the Republic of Karelia. The exceptions are Fe, Cu, and Zn, since the study area is associated with iron-ore deposits. In the study area, the soil cover is highly motley due to a high diversity of parent rock material and relief features. Considering the coarse texture, low humus content and a well-drained hydrology of the soils, elements can be leached out of the root layer. The obtained data can serve as the background for environmental monitoring. They can be accurately extrapolated to soils of other intact forest ecosystems of Fennoscandia.

Clear-cut logging currently is a key factor transforming forest communities in many boreal regions. The dynamics of biogeochemical processes taking place in clear-cuts makes them a good model for studying the response of plants to changes in environmental conditions. This study aimed to assess the response of nutrient, carbon and water exchange parameters in coniferous and deciduous plants after clear-cut forest harvesting. The effects of environmental factors on the functional traits of regrowing trees in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), silver birch (Betula pendula Roth), aspen (Populus tremula L.) and grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench) were analysed during four growing seasons (2016–2019) in a clear-cut site and under the canopy of an undisturbed bilberry-type pine forest in the middle taiga of Karelia, Northwest Russia. Unidirectional changes were observed in the specific nutrient content, specific leaf area, biological macronutrient absorption capacity, stomatal conductance, and rates of photosynthesis and transpiration in the different tree species along a gradient of environmental factors. In most cases, the nutrient concentrations and N:P:K ratio were consistent in all species as environmental conditions changed. Species-specific responses were observed for the N:P:K and K:Ca:Mg ratios, photosynthetic water use and nitrogen use efficiency. Contrasting environmental conditions in the clear-cut and under forest canopy most significantly affect plant capacity to absorb nitrogen. Variation in functional traits in the coniferous and deciduous species reflects their specific resource-use strategies in a heterogeneous environment and, hence, indicates the different adaptation potentials for various plant species.

For agricultural soils with low natural fertility, the possibility of using rock powders as an alternative source of nutrients and/or improver of soil physical parameters is under discussion and study. Shungite rocks, carbon-bearing volcanic sedimentary rock, are characterized by a high content of carbon and nutrients. This study aimed to evaluate whether shungite application to Umbric Podzols may affect leaf and root mitochondrial respiratory pathways, and the leaf response to temperature change. A pot culture experiment was conducted with Allium cepa L. seedlings, using soil shungite concentrations of 0, 5, 10, and 20 g kg−1 and two soil water regimes: well-watered (WW) and drying-wetting (DW) cycles. Soil water deficit increased total respiration (Vt) of onion leaves, but not roots, under low (13 °C) and high (33 °C) measurement temperature. Shungite application affected leaf Vt only at 13 °C: it increased the Vt rate under WW and decreased one under DW. An increase in the measurement temperature to 33 °C enhanced the sensitivity of leaf respiration to the inhibitor of the alternative respiratory pathway (salicylhydroxamic acid, SHAM). Shungite application increased the contribution of SHAM-sensitive pathway to the leaf Vt rate under WW, but not under the DW regime, regardless of the leaf temperature. In contrast to the SHAM-resistant pathway, the temperature sensitivity of the SHAM-sensitive rate decreased following the decrease in soil water availability. Shungite application increased the temperature sensitivity of both SHAM-sensitive and SHAM-resistant pathways under DW, and significantly decreased these parameters under WW. In summary, the decrease in temperature sensitivity of alternative SHAM-sensitive respiratory pathway with a decrease of soil water availability or shungite-related decrease of both SHAM-sensitive and SHAM-resistant leaf respiration may play an important role in enhancing the resistance of plant respiration to stress temperature.

The Green Belt of Fennoscandia (GBF) is the Russian-Finnish-Norwegian border region with forest areas and mire massifs almost unaffected by human activity. In the early 1990s, the concept of the Green Belt of Fennoscandia was put forward as a result of joint work of researchers and experts in Fennoscandia and discussion of sustainable development principles for border regions. Its main aim was to have public interests united in the fields of economic development and nature conservation. The cores of the GBF are protected areas (PAs), of federal and regional status, and ecologically connected with the Pan-European Ecological Network (Natura 2000) as well as with Norwegian PAs.

In the context of human-induced changes in global biospheric processes, research on carbon cycling at the ‘atmosphere – plants – soil’ scale and the corresponding mathematical models are of substantial interest. In addition to the global analysis of the balance of carbon fluxes, specialists in soil science argue that closer attention should be given to the mathematical description of the gaseous phase of soils at the ‘local level’, taking into account the diversity of soils and their ‘life cycle’ conditions. Thus, it is the local experimental data that are the basis for conclusions about an area being mainly a source or a sink of carbon, about the effects of soil reclamation, permafrost thawing, etc. A mathematical model is suggested here for daily carbon dioxide production and transport in forest soils typical of Eastern Fennoscandia. The model performs a comparative quantitative analysis of the diffusion and convection components to estimate changes in soil respiration and transfer directions. An attempt is made to minimize the number of boundary value problem parameters to be estimated using experimental data.

An invasive species, Alpine penny-cress (Noccaea caerulescens (J. Presl & C. Presl) F. K. Mey.) was for the first time encountered in the Republic of Karelia in the Town of Sortavala in 1909. Over the past 110 years, the species has become quite frequent in the northern Ladoga area, with a fairly rapid dispersal across the area observed before WWII. Further advance of the species to the north and east of this territory has obviously slowed down, although occasional findings have been reported from the very north of the republic (Pyaozersky settlement) and east of Lake Onego (Lobsky settlement).Such a pattern of the species’ current distribution in Karelia can be attributed to the geochemical characteristics of the northern Ladoga area. This territory is rich in heavy metaldeposits and ore occurrences, has numerous and extensive outcrops of the crystalline basement, and, as a result, its soils feature elevated background concentrations of heavy metals. Being a metallophyte, N. caerulescens found itself in a favorable environment here. Nevertheless, there is reason to expect further spread of the species acrossthe region.

Research Highlights:It was found that both tree species and ground vegetation affected soil carbon stock in boreal forests. Carbon stocks in the mineral layers were related negatively to the C/N ratio in the organic horizon and pine proportion in the growing stock volume, and positively to the share of herbaceous plants and the proportion of spruce.Background and Objectives:Existing research showed the effects of tree species on soil carbon stocks in organic horizons, but these effects were less clear in mineral horizons. Little is known about the effects of ground vegetation on soil carbon stock. This study aims to identify associations between the forest vegetation composition and soil carbon stocks in northwestern Russia.Materials and Methods:Research data from 109 pine, spruce and birch forests of different Cajander's and Sukachev's types with different functional compositions of ground vegetation at autonomous positions are discussed in this paper. The V-test was used to assess the impact of vegetation on soil carbon stocks.Results:Variations in Carbon stocks in the mineral layers were associated with the soil types and vegetation composition. Carbic Albic Podzols accumulated the least amount of carbon in the mineral profile. Carbon stock in the mineral layers in pine forests was considerably lower than in spruce and birch forests. Spruce forests with the highest share of herbaceous plants were characterised by the highest carbon stocks in the mineral layers, while pine forests with dwarf shrubs and green mosses accumulated more carbon in the organic layers, but carbon stocks in the mineral layers here were the lowest.Conclusions:Differences in soil carbon stocks between and within northern and middle taiga in northwestern Russia were associated not only with soil types but also with the proportions of forest types dominated by different tree species and ground vegetation functional groups.

The White Sea coastline within the Republic of Karelia stretches for ca. 380 km. All of the adjacent area belongs to the White Sea Lowland, and the coastline is the eastern fringe of Fennoscandia. The Karelian part of the White Sea coast falls into two parts termed Karelian Coast (from the border with the Murmansk Region to the Kem River) and Pomor Coast (from the Kem River to the border with the Arkhangelsk Region). The Pomor Coast partially extends into the Arkhangelsk Region. The land is generally quite uniform, only with a differentiation into three types of the north-taiga landscape, which differ in landforms, their genesis, Quaternary sediments, spatial coverage of mires, and prevalent types of forest habitats. The paper offers short multi-sided descriptions of the landscape types roughly structured as follows: 1) geographic position and distribution; 2) specific traits of: а) genetic landforms and Quaternary sediments; b) soil cover and paludification; c) forest cover and forest plant communities; 3) representativenessfor coenotic diversity and forest cover integrity; 4) vulnerability of natural ecosystems to human impact. Vulnerability assessments took into account potential logging-relatedchanges in the soil cover condition, alteration of the paludification rate due to removal of the tree cover or the probability of this process being accelerated or reversed; potential detrimental effects of logging on microclimate (wind and temperature conditions); 5) distinctive features compared to the rest of Karelia; 6) presence of operating protectedareas. In addition, the specific features of plant communities on islands in the western part of the White Sea are described.

Being the product of the same environment, soil and vegetation are mutually associated with each other, but the relationships between edaphic properties and vegetation characteristics are still far from clear. Accordingly, the specific aim of this study is to identify relationships between forest site types/forest types and the fertility of soil organic horizons in northwestern Russia. The relationships were assessed at the level of three large forest regions, the northern and middle taiga of the Republic of Karelia, and the Karelian Isthmus (Leningrad region), based on 37 spruce, 66 pine, and 16 birch plots which were integrated with the International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests (ICP Forests). Soil forming rock and land-use history partly explain the differences in the fertility of soil organic horizons between the forest ecosystems in northwestern Russia. Climatic factors are closely correlated with plant species richness, density and the fertility of soil organic horizons. Nutrient content in the organic horizons increased from poor to rich site types identified according to composition of understory vegetation and the occurrence of certain indicator species, i.e. Cajander’s forest site types. The most informative parameters in explaining differences between Cajander’s types were nitrogen, carbon to nitrogen ratio, exchangeable calcium, magnesium, potassium, and base saturation. Extractable phosphorus, carbon to nitrogen ratio, exchangeable calcium, magnesium, aluminum and base saturation were the most informative parameters in explaining differences between forest types identified within the Cajander types in accordance with the tree species composition, i.e. Sukachev’s forest types. The organic horizons of spruce and birch-dominated forests contained significantly more nutrients, compared to those dominated by pine. These differences were explained by differences in litter quality, and the crown shape and density of tree species, which affect the intensity of nutrient leaching. The study presents new findings regarding the relationships between forest sites/types and the fertility of soil organic horizons in northwestern Russia. Differences in organic horizon’s fertility between the taiga subzones are explained by differences in the soil forming rock, climatic conditions, land-use history and shares of forest site types/forest types.

The core elements of the Green Belt of Fennoscandia are protected areas of various ranks. Such cores in the Republic of Karelia are the operating national parks Paanajarvi, Kalevalsky, Ladoga Skerries, strict nature reserve Kostomukshsky. The article describes the soil cover in the protected areas of Karelia situated within the Green Belt of Fennoscandia. Reference soils have been identified for areas of similar natural conditions, their spatial shares have been determined. A distinguishing feature of soils in the north-taiga subzone of the Fennoscandian Green Belt is the prevalence of the podzol formation process, as opposed to soils of the Karelian Ladoga coast, where podburs and brown earths are widespread. Distinctive morphological and physical-chemical properties have been noted for the podzolic soils in the northern and middle taiga of the Green Belt of Fennoscandia. The classification positions of the reference soils of the Fennoscandian Green Belt were determined according to the regional, national and international soil classifications. The resultant data can be used for soil monitoring in natural and disturbed ecosystems, and serve as a basis for protected area planning and designation in Karelia.

Ахметова Г.В. 1 , Бахмет О.Н. 2 , Новиков Г.С. 3 , Медведева М.В. 4 , Солодовников А.Н. 5 РАЗРАБОТКА ГЕОИНФОРМАЦИОННОЙ СИСТЕМЫ «ПОЧВЫ РЕСПУБЛИКИ КАРЕЛИЯ»: ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ КОНЦЕПЦИИ И СТРУКТУРЫ АННОТАЦИЯВ настоящее время на основе обширного, полученного более чем за 60 лет исследований материала о почвах и почвенном покрове Республики Карелия созданы многочисленные карты.Составлены базовые почвенные карты различного масштаба как на весь регион, так и на отдельные территории, построены тематические картосхемы физико-химических свойств почв и содержания в них макро-и микроэлементов.В связи с этим для наиболее эффективного использования в научных и практических целях собранная картографическая информация требует систематизации и представления под единой оболочкой.Наиболее перспективным является использование современных технологий и создание геоинформационной системы (ГИС) «Почвы Республики Карелия».Основой для формирования ГИС являются переведенные в векторный формат архивные карты: Почвенная карта Карелии (масштаб 1 : 500 000, 1955 г.) и листы Государственной Почвенной Карты на территорию Карелии (масштаб 1 : 1 000 000, 1962 г.).В представленной работе обсуждается концепция и обозначены этапы формирования ГИС «Почвы Республики Карелия».Разработана ее структура, которая состоит из разделов: «Карты природных условий», «Общие почвенные карты», «Тематические почвенные карты», «Материалы почвенных исследований».Таким образом, в состав формирующейся ГИС будут входить векторные, растровые материалы и исходные табличные данные.Предложенные принципы позволят организовать работу по наполнению ГИС как архивными материалами почвенного наследия, так и данными современных исследований.Данная ГИС предназначена для реализации научных и прикладных задач, обеспечивая базу для организации природно-экологического мониторинга, а также может быть использована различными органами власти, образовательными учреждениями.

The factors behind the formation of soils and the soil cover in the Karelia-Kola region are considered. The connections of the ongoing soil formation processes with the climate, parent rocks, terrain, and plant cover are traced. The zonal specificity of soil formation is demonstrated, and the existing soils and structure of the soil cover in the Kola Peninsula and Karelia are characterized in detail. According to the Russian Soil Classification (2004), Kola Peninsula soils fall into 9 types belonging to 5 divisions and 2 trunks. The territory of Karelia has 17 soil types within 6 divisions and 3 trunks, proving the diversity of soils in the soil cover in higher.