OBJECTIVE:Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) exhibit a substantially increased risk of miscarriage, yet the underlying mechanisms remain inadequately understood. This study aimed to investigate whether specific gut microbial dysbiosis and metabolic disturbance are associated with and may potentially contribute to endometrial dysfunction and adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with PCOS. DESIGN:Prospective cohort study integrated with mechanistic experiments. SETTING:Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China (2022-2024). POPULATION:A total of 110 women with PCOS and 110 age- and body mass index-matched controls were enrolled. METHODS:We performed 16S rRNA and metagenomic sequencing of gut microbiota, with untargeted and targeted serum metabolomics. Functional validation was conducted using primary human endometrial stromal cells and a PCOS rat model intervened with Parabacteroides merdae (P. merdae) supplementation or faecal microbiota transplantation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Gut microbiota composition, serum metabolites, endometrial senescence markers, and pregnancy outcomes. RESULTS:Women with PCOS exhibited significantly higher miscarriage rates than controls, accompanied by a marked depletion of P. merdae abundance and elevated serum levels of branched-chain amino acids, particularly isoleucine. Exogenous isoleucine induced cellular senescence in human endometrial stromal cells in a dose-dependent manner. Restoration of P. merdae levels in the PCOS rat model resulted in decreased serum isoleucine levels, amelioration of the senescent endometrial phenotype, and reduction in the fetal resorption rate. CONCLUSIONS:These findings suggest that P. merdae depletion and the concurrent accumulation of isoleucine may be associated with endometrial senescence and elevated risk of miscarriage, suggesting the possible involvement of a gut microbiota-metabolite pathway in PCOS-related reproductive dysfunction. These results also provide a mechanistic basis for future translational investigations.

The S-Steiner tree packing problem provides mathematical foundations for optimizing multi-path information transmission, particularly in designing fault-tolerant parallelized routing architectures for massive-scale network infrastructures. In this article, we propose the definitions of completely independent S-Steiner trees (CISSTs for short) and generalized k*-connectivity, which generalize the definitions of internally disjoint S-Steiner trees and generalized k-connectivity. Given a connected graph G=(V,E) and a vertex subset S subset of V,|S|>= 2, an S-Steiner tree of G is a subtree in G that spans all nodes in S. The S-Steiner trees T-1,T-2,...,T-k of G are completely independent pairwise if for any 1 <= p

BACKGROUND:Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by insulin resistance and hormonal imbalances. Cangfudaotan Decoction (CFD), a traditional Chinese medicine formula, has been used empirically in the management of PCOS, but experimental evidence for its efficacy and mechanistic basis remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of CFD in PCOS. METHODS:UHPLC-MS analysis identified bioactive compounds in CFD, followed by network pharmacology analysis. For in vivo validation, female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated into four groups (n = 10 per group): Control, PCOS, PCOS-Metformin, and PCOS-CFD. The letrozole-induced PCOS rat model was further treated with metformin (50 mg/kg/d) or CFD (8.53 g/kg/d) for 4 weeks. Evaluated were hormonal profiles, inflammatory cytokines, endometrial receptivity markers, and mTOR pathway proteins. RESULTS:Chemical profiling of Cangfudaotan Decoction (CFD) initially identified 60 bioactive compounds. Network pharmacology analysis revealed 280 overlapping targets between CFD and PCOS, with the mTOR signaling pathway highly enriched. Molecular docking indicated potential binding interactions between key compounds (Isocorynoline, Licochalcone B, Papaverine, Medicarpin, Peiminine) and mTOR. In vivo experiments showed that CFD was highly efficient at improving IR, LH, and testosterone suppression, and at restoring estrous cyclicity. Inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, CRP) significantly decreased. CFD upregulated endometrial HOXA10, LIF, and integrin αvβ3 expression in PCOS rats, accompanied by attenuation of overactivated mTOR signaling. DISCUSSION:CFD treatment improved insulin resistance, restored hormonal balance, and upregulated endometrial receptivity markers in PCOS rats. mTOR was identified as a potential core target. However, further studies are needed to validate the precise role of mTOR and confirm the clinical applicability of CFD in PCOS management. CONCLUSION:Through chemical profiling and network pharmacology, this study shows that CFD alleviates metabolic and hormonal dysfunction in PCOS while improving endometrial receptivity, possibly by modulating the mTOR signaling pathway in endometrial tissue.

Background:Low birth weight (LBW) is a significant global health issue associated with an increased risk of long-term chronic diseases, yet its underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. DNA methylation serves as a crucial epigenetic mechanism for investigating these associations. Our study employed a unique model of birth weight-discordant monozygotic (MZ) twin neonates and a multi-level validation strategy to elucidate the mechanisms by which LBW affects immune function through DNA methylation at birth. Methods:We performed genome-wide DNA methylation profiling using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeDIP-seq) on cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMCs) from monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs discordant for birth weight. After identifying the most significantly differentially methylated genes (DMGs), gene set linkage analysis (GSLA) was conducted to reveal key functional networks. Key DMGs were validated using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to quantify transcript levels in CBMCs obtained from an independent neonatal cohort. Furthermore, we quantified the production of eight cytokines through in vitro immune stimulation assays in an additional independent neonatal cohort. We isolated lymphocytes and monocytes from cord blood and stimulated lymphocytes with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and monocytes with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), respectively. Results:We identified top 50 DMGs significantly associated with LBW, among which 11 DMGs formed functional networks enriched in ten biological processes, with the interferon (IFN)-γ mediated immune response emerging as the predominant theme. We validated the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of 11 DMGs in CMBCs and found significant changes in eight of these DMGs in LBW neonates. Regarding lymphocyte function in neonatal cord blood, baseline levels of IFN-γ mRNA and protein, as well as mRNA levels of IP-10, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10, were comparable between the LBW and NBW groups. After PHA stimulation, lymphocytes from LBW neonates produced significantly higher levels of IFN-γ and IP-10, but lower levels of IL-4 and IL-10, compared to those from NBW neonates (P<0.01). Additionally, monocytes from cord blood of LBW neonates consistently exhibited higher mRNA levels of IL-1β (P<0.001) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (P<0.05) than NBW neonates, both before and after LPS stimulation. Conclusions:A distinct genomic DNA methylation pattern in LBW neonates may underlie hyperresponsive IFN-γ signaling and a persistent pro-inflammatory immune phenotype. These findings indicate that epigenetic mechanisms that affect the immune response in individuals born with LBW may contribute to an increased long-term susceptibility to chronic inflammatory diseases. Future work is needed to establish the causal links among the observed methylation pattern associated with LBW, IFN‑γ hyperresponsiveness, and long‑term disease risk.

BACKGROUND:Birth weight (BW) is influenced by both fetal and maternal genetic factors and is correlated with cardiometabolic outcomes later in life. Investigating these factors can clarify whether the association between BW and health risk arises from fetal, maternal, or shared genetic factors. Inflammation likely plays a key role in cardiometabolic risk related to BW. This study examined the causal effects of fetal and maternal genetically predicted BW on cardiometabolic outcomes, focusing specifically on the mediating role of inflammatory cytokines. METHODS:We used a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) framework to estimate the causal effects of fetal-specific and maternal-specific BW on ten cardiometabolic and autoimmune outcomes. Additionally, we conducted a two-step MR mediation analysis to assess the role of 41 core inflammatory cytokines in these effects. Exposure data for fetal-specific BW (n = 298,142) and maternal-specific BW (n = 210,267) were sourced from the EGG Consortium and UK Biobank. Outcome data were mainly obtained from GWAS consortia including FinnGen, Pan-UKBB, and DIAGRAM. Cytokine data were collected from Finnish cohorts. Genetic instruments (Single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) were selected at p < 5 × 10-8, with F-statistics > 10 ensuring robustness. Primary analyses used inverse-variance weighted MR and conducted sensitivity analyses to evaluate pleiotropy. RESULTS:Fetal-specific BW was inversely associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D, OR = 0.585, 95% CI: 0.491-0.697), fasting glucose (FG, 0.918, 0.886-0.951), fasting insulin (FI, 0.907, 0.878-0.937), coronary artery disease (CAD, 0.782, 0.701-0.873), myocardial infarction (MI, 0.746, 0.650-0.855), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, 0.432, 0.228-0.818), but positively associated with venous thromboembolism (VTE, 1.252, 1.108-1.416). Maternal-specific BW was inversely associated with FI (0.927, 0.889-0.966), hypertension (0.697, 0.564-0.861), CAD (0.775, 0.652-0.921), and MI (0.730, 0.593-0.897). Cytokines such as PDGF-BB, MIP-1β, SDF-1α, and IL-4 partially mediated the associations between fetal-specific BW, maternal-specific BW, and cardiometabolic outcomes, but their mediation proportions were limited. CONCLUSIONS:This study provides evidence that both fetal and maternal genetically predicted BW independently influence cardiometabolic outcomes, with fetal genetic effects having a broader impact. Although inflammatory cytokines (PDGF-BB, MIP-1β, SDF-1α, IL-4) partially explain these effects, their contributions are limited, suggesting additional biological pathways underlie these lifelong associations.

Decidualization is a critical physiological process necessary for successful embryo implantation and pregnancy maintenance. Disruptions in this process can result in infertility and various pregnancy complications. Teneleven translocation protein 3 (TET3) is a key molecule in the dedifferentiation process, but its pathogenic mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to uncover the molecular mechanisms by which TET3 modulates decidualization through utilizing an in vitro ESC model overexpressing TET3. TET3 overexpression was found to inhibit the transcription of ITGA10 (integrin subunit alpha 10), a novel downstream target, thereby suppressing the proliferation and migration of endometrial stromal cells. This repression of ITGA10 is independent of TET3's catalytic activity and instead relies on its non-catalytic function. Mechanistically, TET3 recruits histone deacetylases 1 and 2 (HDAC1/2) to the ITGA10 promoter to repress its transcription. Silencing HDAC1 or HDAC2 individually had little effect on the repressive action of TET3. However, simultaneous knockdown of HDAC1 and HDAC2 via siRNA, or pharmacological inhibition using the HDAC1/2 inhibitor romidepsin, effectively reversed TET3-mediated repression of ITGA10. These findings uncover a non-catalytic role for TET3 in regulating decidualization and provide insights into potential therapeutic targets for pregnancy-related disorders.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a global public health problem. To investigate whether HBV infection in women with different serostatus affects the outcomes of assisted reproductive technology (ART). This study included a total of 9891 infertile couples, comprising 1670 couples with HBV-infected women and 8221 couples without HBV infection, all undergoing ART treatments during the same period. None of the male partners had chronic HBV infection. Three groups were defined: HBV-positive, HBeAg/preS1-positive and HBV-negative groups. Pregnancy outcomes were evaluated and compared using multivariate logistic regression analysis to control for confounding factors. Decreased rates of implantation, clinical pregnancy and live birth were observed in women with HBeAg/preS1-seropositive status. Following multivariate adjustment for potential confounders, the live birth and clinical pregnancy rates in the HBeAg/preS1-positive group were still significantly lower than those in the HBV-negative group, with adjusted odds ratios of 0.86 (95% CI, 0.75-0.99) and 0.84 (95% CI, 0.73-0.96), respectively. No significant difference was observed between the HBV-positive and HBV-negative groups. Additionally, no differences were found in the miscarriage rate or preterm rate among the three groups. Women who were HBsAg- or HBeAg/preS1-seropositive exhibited a significantly higher incidence of secondary and tubal factor infertility compared to those without HBV infection. Overall HBV infection in women increases the risk of secondary infertility and tubal factor infertility, and female HBeAg/preS1-seropositive status adversely affects live birth and clinical pregnancy outcomes. The effect is likely attributed to the active HBV infection.

PURPOSE:Spontaneous abortion (SA) remains a clinical challenge in early pregnancy. It has been reported that endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is implicated in pregnancy-related complications. However, the precise mechanistic role of ERS in SA pathogenesis remains elusive. This study aims to explore the therapeutic potential of targeting ERS-related decidual dysfunction in SA. METHODS:An ERS model was established in both decidualized stromal cells (DSCs) and pregnant mice through tunicamycin (Tu) administration. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and dual-luciferase reporter assays were performed to determine the interaction between XBP1s and the transcription factor binding site (TFBS) of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and mitochondrial function were assessed using JC-1 and TMRM staining following ERS induction in DSCs. The effects of XBP1s inhibitors on mitochondrial metabolism and autophagy were evaluated through RT-qPCR, Western blotting, RNA-Seq, TUNEL assays, ROS and MitoSOX detection, and histological analyses in Tu-treated DSCs and SA patients. STF-083010 (STF) or shXBP1 was utilized to assess the inhibitory effects of X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s) on DSC function both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS:We observed significant upregulation of XBP1s in decidual tissues from SA patients and Tu-exposed DSCs. Tu exposure significantly increased the proportion of TUNEL-positive cells and upregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-18) in DSCs. XBP1s inhibition via shXBP1 or pharmacological inhibitor STF attenuated Tu-induced apoptosis and inflammatory cytokine expression. Notably, STF or shXBP1 treatment enhanced MMP and upregulated LC3-II expression in Tu-treated DSCs, indicating autophagy activation.Intriguingly, chloroquine (CQ)-mediated autophagy suppression exacerbated apoptosis in STF/Tu-co-treated DSCs, suggesting that XBP1s inhibition confers cytoprotection through autophagy induction. Mechanistically, XBP1s directly bound to the TFBS of TRAF6, a ubiquitin E3 ligase. TRAF6 overexpression exacerbated mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis while suppressing autophagy via inhibition of mTORC2/Akt pathway in Tu-treated DSCs. CONCLUSION:XBP1s inhibition restored mitochondrial homeostasis and promoted autophagy by modulating the TRAF6/mTORC2 axis under ERS conditions, providing novel mechanistic insights into SA pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets.

Intermittent fasting has gained significant attention, yet a comprehensive understanding of its impact on female reproductive health is lacking. This review aims to fill this gap by examining various intermittent fasting regimens and their effects on female reproductive function, along with potential mechanisms. In healthy non-overweight/obese or pregnant animal models, alternate-day fasting (ADF) and an 8-h time-restricted feeding (TRF) window may have adverse effects on reproductive function. However, these regimens show potential to mitigate negative consequences induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) or environmental exposure. A 10-h TRF demonstrates benefits in improving fertility in both normal-weight and HFD-fed animal models. In women with overweight/obesity or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the 5:2 diet and TRF significantly reduce the free androgen index while elevating sex hormone binding globulin, promising improvements in menstrual regulation. For pregnant Muslim women, available data do not strongly indicate adverse effects of Ramadan fasting on preterm delivery, but potential downsides to maternal weight gain, neonatal birthweight, and long-term offspring health need consideration. Factors linking intermittent fasting to female reproductive health include the circadian clock, gut microbiota, metabolic regulators, and modifiable lifestyles. Drawing definitive conclusions remains challenging in this evolving area. Nonetheless, our findings underscore the potential utility of intermittent fasting regimens as a therapeutic approach for addressing menstruation irregularities and infertility in women with obesity and PCOS. On the other hand, pregnant women should remain cognizant of potential risks associated with intermittent fasting practices.

Objective: To investigate whether the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in oocytes and embryos affects pregnancy outcomes for in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (ET) as well as is related to the vertical transmission of HBV to children. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: A university-affiliated fertility center. Patient(s): This study included 167 couples with at least 1 hepatitis B surface antigen-seropositive partner. These couples underwent in vitro fertilization-ET, and the discarded oocytes and embryos had been tested for HBV. Couples with HBV-positive oocytes or embryos were categorized as the positive group, whereas those couples with HBV-negative oocytes and embryos served as the negative group. Intervention(s): None. Main Outcome Measure(s): Pregnancy outcomes and the rate of children's HBV infection. Result(s): The pregnancy outcomes of fresh and frozen ETs were not associated with the presence of HBV in the oocytes and embryos. Of the 106 infants born, 1 child whose mother tested positive for hepatitis B surface antigen but had negative oocytes and embryos was infected with HBV. Additionally, 26.09% of children who had been administered passive immunization and active vaccinations did not reach protective levels of anti-HBV antibodies (hepatitis B surface antibodies) and became nonresponders. The negative rate of children's hepatitis B surface antibody was associated with the presence of HBV in oocytes and embryos (odds ratio, 3.01; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-9.25). Conclusion(s): The presence of HBV in oocytes and embryos did not affect pregnancy outcomes or result in the vertical transmission of HBV to the offspring of HBV carriers. Follow-up is needed for HBV-vaccinated children with an HBV-infected parent. Booster vaccinations are necessary for continued protection. (F S Rep (R) 2024;5:272-8. (c) 2024 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.)

Accumulating evidence suggests that changes in the tumor microenvironment caused by radiotherapy are closely related to the recurrence of glioma. However, the mechanisms by which such radiation-induced changes are involved in tumor regrowth have not yet been fully investigated. In the present study, how cranial irradiation-induced senescence in non-neoplastic brain cells contributes to glioma progression is explored. It is observed that senescent brain cells facilitated tumor regrowth by enhancing the peripheral recruitment of myeloid inflammatory cells in glioblastoma. Further, it is identified that astrocytes are one of the most susceptible senescent populations and that they promoted chemokine secretion in glioma cells via the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. By using senolytic agents after radiotherapy to eliminate these senescent cells substantially prolonged survival time in preclinical models. The findings suggest the tumor-promoting role of senescent astrocytes in the irradiated glioma microenvironment and emphasize the translational relevance of senolytic agents for enhancing the efficacy of radiotherapy in gliomas.

Water and wetland are components of natural resources that play an indispensable role in the ecological environment and water circulation within drainage basins. Using GFDM-1 satellite images with a spatial resolution higher than 0.5m, we performed a water and wetland monitoring application research in Ganzhou, located in Gansu Province in northwestern China. The findings indicate that with high resolution and nine spectral bands, GFDM-1 images provide significant advantages in achieving high quality fine classification. Specifically, it achieved a total classification accuracy of 92.38% for water and 86.19% for wetlands within the demonstration area. In general, the GFDM-1 satellite remote sensing images have good classification and target recognition capabilities, demonstrating significant potential for application in water and wetland monitoring.

In recent years, the semantic segmentation model has been widely applied in fields such as the extraction of crops due to its advantages such as strong discrimination ability, high accuracy, etc. Currently, there is no standard set of ground true label data for major crops in China, and the visual interpretation process is usually time-consuming and laborious. The sample size also makes it difficult to support the model to learn enough ground features, resulting in poor generalisation ability of the model, which in turn makes the model difficult to apply in fine extraction tasks of large-area crops. In this study, a method to establish a pseudo-label sample set based on the random forest algorithm to train a semantic segmentation model (U-Net) was proposed to perform winter wheat extraction. With the help of the GEE platform, Winter Wheat Canopy Index (WCI) indicators were employed in this method to initially extract winter wheat, and training samples (i.e., pseudo labels) were built for the semantic segmentation model through the iterative process of “generating random sample points—random forest model training—winter wheat extraction”; on this basis, the U-net model was trained with multi-time series remote sensing images; finally, the U-Net model was employed to obtain the spatial distribution map of winter wheat in Henan Province in 2022. The results illustrated that: (1) Pseudo-label data were constructed using the random forest model in typical regions, achieving an overall accuracy of 97.53% under validation with manual samples, proving that its accuracy meets the requirements for U-Net model training. (2) Utilizing the U-Net model, U-Net++ model, and random forest model constructed based on pseudo-label data for 2022, winter wheat mapping was conducted in Henan Province. The extraction accuracy of the three models is in the order of U-Net model > U-Net++ model > random forest model. (3) Using the U-Net model to predict the winter wheat planting areas in Henan Province in 2019, although the extraction accuracy decreased compared to 2022, it still exceeded that of the random forest model. Additionally, the U-Net++ model did not achieve higher classification accuracy. (4) Experimental results demonstrate that deep learning models constructed based on pseudo-labels exhibit higher classification accuracy. Compared to traditional machine learning models like random forest, they have higher spatiotemporal adaptability and robustness, further validating the scientific and practical feasibility of pseudo-labels and their generation strategies, which are expected to provide a feasible technical pathway for intelligent extraction of winter wheat spatial distribution information in the future.

Decidualization is a process in which endometrial stromal fibroblasts differentiate into specialized secretory decidual cells and essential for the successful establishment of pregnancy. The underlying mechanism during decidualization still remains poorly defined. Because decidualization and fibroblast activation share similar characteristics, this study was to examine whether fibroblast activation is involved in decidualization. In our study, fibroblast activation-related markers are obviously detected in pregnant decidua and under in vitro decidualization. ACTIVIN A secreted under fibroblast activation promotes in vitro decidualization. We showed that arachidonic acid released from uterine luminal epithelium can induce fibroblast activation and decidualization through PGI2 and its nuclear receptor PPARδ. Based on the significant difference of fibroblast activation-related markers between pregnant and pseudopregnant mice, we found that embryo-derived TNF promotes CPLA2α phosphorylation and arachidonic acid release from luminal epithelium. Fibroblast activation is also detected under human in vitro decidualization. Similar arachidonic acid-PGI2-PPARδ-ACTIVIN A pathway is conserved in human endometrium. Collectively, our data indicate that embryo-derived TNF promotes CPLA2α phosphorylation and arachidonic acid release from luminal epithelium to induce fibroblast activation and decidualization.

Trophoblast immune cell interactions are central events in the immune microenvironment at the maternal-fetal interface. Their abnormalities are potential causes of various pregnancy complications, including pre-eclampsia and recurrent spontaneous abortion. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) is highly homologous, zinc(II)-containing metalloproteinase involved in altered uterine hemodynamics, closely associated with uterine vascular remodeling. However, the interactions between MMP and the immune microenvironment remain unclear. Here we discuss the key roles and potential interplay of MMP with the immune microenvironment in the embryo implantation process and pregnancy-related diseases, which may contribute to understanding the establishment and maintenance of normal pregnancy and providing new therapeutic strategies. Recent studies have shown that several tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) effectively prevent invasive vascular disease by modulating the activity of MMP. We summarize the main findings of these studies and suggest the possibility of TIMPs as emerging biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for a range of complications induced by abnormalities in the immune microenvironment at the maternal-fetal interface. MMP and TIMPs are promising targets for developing new immunotherapies to treat pregnancy-related diseases caused by immune imbalance.

Deep learning is increasingly used for the classification of hyperspectral images (HSI), thanks to its ability to completely utilize the rich characteristics of this type of imagery. However, at present, most classification models proposed for processing HSI data are based on standard convolution neural networks, which prefer to learn local information rather than global information, so that it is difficult to achieve ideal accuracy in the case of insufficient training samples in real applications. In this article, we propose a novel expansion spectral–spatial attention network (ESSAN) for HSI data classification in cases of insufficient training samples. First, a dual-branch network based on expansion convolution is employed as the model backbone to extract spectral and spatial information. All feature maps produced during the dual-branch process are superimposed to combine deep and shallow features by the ResNet concept. With the design philosophy of the superposition of expansion convolutional layers, the network can increase the receptive field to gather more global contextual information. Second, the model also includes a coordinate attention block, which directs the network to weight features according to their significance and suppresses those that are irrelevant. Finally, the method was tested on the four datasets from Matiwan Village, Pavia Center, Pavia University, and Shenzhen University, utilizing 1%, 1%, 5%, and 0.2% training samples, respectively. The results showed the overall accuracies, in order, 97.96%, 99.12%, 98.73%, and 99.36%. The preliminary results demonstrate the higher efficacy and accuracy of the proposed ESSAN in HSI data classification than the other state-of-the-art.

一、引言 红树林是在热带亚热带地区、海岸潮间带滩涂上生长的木本植物群落,是兼具陆地和海洋特性的复杂生态系统.红树林在防浪护堤、海湾改善、污染净化和湿地多样性保护等方面发挥着不可替代的作用,具备重要的生态系统服务功能以及社会经济价值 [1].红树林生态系统具有开放性、脆弱性和复杂性等特点,因其位于人为干扰强度大的沿海地区,人类活动对其分布产生直接影响.据联合国粮农组织(FAO)调查,全球红树林生态系统仍处于高度受威胁状态,针对红树林生态系统开展长期监测具有重要意义.

Rice has always been one of the major food sources for human beings, and the monitoring and planning of cultivation areas to maintain food security and achieve sustainable development is critical for this crop. Traditional manual ground survey methods have been recognized as being laborious, while remote-sensing technology can perform the accurate mapping of paddy rice due to its unique data acquisition capabilities. The recently emerged Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud-computing platform was found to be capable of storing and computing the resources required for the rapid processing of massive quantities of remote-sensing data, thereby revolutionizing traditional analysis patterns and offering unique advantages for large-scale crop mapping. Since the phenology of paddy rice depends on local climatic conditions, and considering the vast expanse of China with its outstanding geospatial heterogeneity, a zoning strategy was proposed in this study to separate the monsoon climate zone of China into two regions based on the Qinling Mountain–Huaihe River Line (Q-H Line), while discrepant basic data and algorithms have been adopted to separately map mid-season rice nationwide. For the northern regions, optical indices have been calculated based on Sentinel-2 images, growth spectral profiles have been constructed to identify phenological periods, and rice was mapped using One-Class Support Vector Machine (OCSVM); for the southern regions, microwave sequences have been constructed based on Sentinel-1 images, and rice was mapped using Random Forest (RF). By applying this methodological system, mid-season rice at 10 m spatial resolution was mapped on the GEE for the entire Chinese monsoon region in 2021. According to the accuracy evaluation coefficients and publicly released local statistical yearbook data, the relative error of the mapped areas in each province was limited to 10%, and the overall accuracy exceeded 85%. The results could indicate that mid-season rice can be mapped more accurately and efficiently on a China-wide scale with relatively few samples based on the proposed zoning strategy and mapping methods. By adjusting the parameters, the time interval for mapping could also be further extended. The powerful cloud-computing competence of the GEE platform was used to map rice on a large spatial scale, and the results can help governments to ascertain the distribution of mid-season rice across the country in a short-term period, which would be well suited to meeting the increasingly efficient and fine-grained decision-making and management requirements.