The present study aims to analyze polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels and their application in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Polyvinyl alcohol is a synthetic biodegradable polymer that has no smell or taste and readily dissolves in hot water. Depending on the degree of polymerization, four groups of polyvinyl alcohol can be distinguished: low, medium, high, and ultra-high molecular weight. Since polyvinyl alcohol is non-toxic to biological objects, it is widely used in tissue engineering, specifically in the production of hydrogel compositions. Hydrogels are obtained via physical or chemical cross-linking methods, with preference given to the physical freeze-thaw method due to its simplicity and the absence of such chemical activators as glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde, which are toxic to cell cultures in tissue engineering. Polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels are widely used in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Due to their ability to absorb and retain large amounts of fluid and form films, polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels are employed to treat damaged skin. Such hydrogels are additionally loaded with mesenchymal stem cells, which can differentiate into various cell types, reduce inflammatory reactions and scarring, induce angiogenesis, and regulate extracellular matrix remodeling. Also, hydrogels are loaded with growth factors that stimulate targeted cell differentiation for the regeneration of damaged bone, cartilage, and tendon tissues, as well as medicinal substances for targeted, long-acting therapy. Thus, due to their adjustable physicochemical properties, polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels are considered unique and offer great promise in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.

The study aims to provide an analytical review of synthetic components, such as polyethylene glycol and acrylic acid, used in the production of hydrogels, identify their advantages and disadvantages, and explore the potential applications of these materials in tissue engineering. Hydrogels constitute cross-linked three-dimensional polymers that, due to the presence of hydrophilic particles, are capable of absorbing large amounts of liquid. The physicochemical properties of hydrogels are adjusted depending on the task and are determined by the composition, component concentration, cross linking methods and density, manufacturing methods, and the presence of additives. Hydrogels are used in various fields, including biomedicine, biotechnology, and bioengineering. It is known that components for the manufacture of hydrogels can be divided into natural, synthetic, and semi-synthetic. Unlike hydrogels prepared from natural components, synthetic hydrogels have the advantage of high reproducibility. Synthetic hydrogels offer greater flexibility in terms of chemical composition and mechanical properties, which can be adapted for specific applications by incorporating functional groups, and their transport properties can be modified by adjusting the length and density of polymer chains. Synthetic polymers have now become an important alternative in the preparation of hydrogel scaffolds, as they can be molecularly adjusted, taking into account the structure, molecular weight, mechanical strength, and biodegradability. The present article provides basic information about hydrogels, describes their structure and classification, and discusses the main synthetic components for hydrogel compositions and ways to use them.

Surgical treatment of spinal diseases is often complicated by epidural fibrosis, which is one of the main causes of failed back surgery syndrome.The aim. To evaluate the laminectomy zone and transformation of epidural fibrosis using original gels in an experiment.Materials and methods. Laminectomy was performed on male Wistar rats. The animals were divided into four groups. The original gels were tested. The group of intact (unoperated) rats served as a comparison group for the control and groups with the tested gels, carrying and not carrying the p38 MAP kinase blocker. On day 28, the deformation of the dural sac was assessed by measuring the transverse and longitudinal sections of the spinal canal, also the adhesion of the spinal roots to the inner layer of the dura mater in epidural fibrosis and its coverage with connective tissue along the perimeter of the laminectomy window were determined.Results. In the control group, the pronounced deformation ofthe dural sac was observed. The use of all the studied gels reduced the deformation, bringing the shape ofthe dural sac closer to the norm. However, the gel with the p38 MAP kinase blocker significantly reduced the adhesion of the spinal roots to the dura mater.Conclusion. For the first time, a pharmaceutical composition containing a p38 MAP kinase blocker was used andstudied ona laminectomy model forthe prevention of epidural fibrosis, and the relationships between the transformation and change in the shape of the dural sac with an assessment of the involvement of the dura mater in the formation of epidural fibrosis were presented. The results obtained show that a gel with a p38 MAP kinase blocker is more effective for the prevention of epidural fibrosis than a gel without a blocker.

The incidence of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is 4–5 cases per 100,000 population per year, and the prevalence is about 20–50 cases per 100,000 population. According to the modern classification, the following types of TN are distinguished: classical, symptomatic and idiopathic. The cause of classical TN is a neurovascular conflict, of symptomatic TN – neoplasms in the petroclival area, vascular anomalies, multiple sclerosis, etc. In the absence of a reliable etiological factor, TN is considered idiopathic. TN pathogenesis remains one of the most challenging topics in neuroscience. Today, there are many theories and hypotheses regarding the peripheral and central mechanisms of trigeminal neuralgia. The most popular theory is the neurovascular conflict that occurs between the trigeminal nerve and the cerebral vessels, but this theory is not the only one. It is known that even after microvascular decompression, patients may continue to experience facial pain. Therefore, other pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed: short circuit theory, multineuronal mechanism, allergic and immune hypothesis, gate theory, bioresonance hypothesis, trigeminal convergence projection theory, “ignition” hypothesis and ion channel pathology. TN is a clinical diagnosis, and its establishing requires certain criteria proposed by the International Headache Society. Using instrumental research methods, namely magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, is necessary for the differential diagnosis of classical and symptomatic TN, and imaging results should always be interpreted in combination with clinical data to make correct decisions on further treatment tactics.

Background. Copper ions are necessary for maintaining basic physiological processes in the mammalian organism. However, their excessive absorption or accumulation in cells can lead to the development or exacerbation of various pathological processes. The cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of high concentrations of copper compounds are currently well studied in various cell cultures, whereas the effect of non-toxic amounts of copper ions on physiological processes in cells, including during their cultivation, has been extremely poorly studied.The aim of the study. To investigate the effect of copper ions on changes in the intracellular amount of mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase and glutathione synthetase.Materials and methods. A primary culture of hepatocytes was obtained, which was exposed to copper acetate at a concentration of 200 µg/ml in terms of copper content for 24 hours. After fixation, the samples were stained immunocytochemically using antibodies to cytochrome C oxidase (CcO) subunit I and glutathione synthetase (GS).Results. In hepatocyte culture, a significant increase in the intensity of fluorescent staining of the two analyzed enzymes was demonstrated both after 6 hours and after 24 hours of exposure to copper ions, which indicates a change in their number in cells. At the same time, the increase in the amount of CcO was more intense in the first 6 hours of incubation with a microelement, whereas in the next 18 hours, changes in the intracellular content of CcO were less pronounced. The increase in the intensity of the GS fluorescent stain was more active and was observed throughout the entire cultivation period.Conclusion. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that copper ions in non-toxic concentrations are able to influence key indicators of cell viability in culture by changing the amount of one of the main energy metabolism enzymes and the enzyme that provides synthesis of the most important low-molecular antioxidant glutathione.

Objective: Study the proteolytic activity during experimental peritonitis using Seroguard® as a local anti-inflammatory agent Methods: The experiment involved male Wistar rats aged 6 months. The researchers induced experimental peritonitis in the animals using a specific technique they developed. In the control group (n=20), the rats were given an intraperitoneal injection of 3 ml of saline one day after simulating peritonitis. The experimental group (n=19) received the same volume of the Seroguard® solution (JSC Pharmasyntez, Russia), a prolonged form of the p38 MAPK inhibitor. Healthy age-matched rats (n=7) are used to determine indicators typical for intact animals. Total protein and low molecular weight proteins (LMWP) in liver homogenates were determined using the modified Lowry protein assay, and serum total protein and albumin were measured using kits purchased from BioSystems S.A. (Costa Brava, Spain) Results: The experimental peritonitis significantly impacted the levels of LMWP in the liver tissue. A statistically significant increase in their accumulation in the group with purulent peritonitis was observed when Seroguard® was not administered throughout the study period. However, a single administration of the Seroguard® reduced the severity of proteolytic reactions in peritonitis. Additionally, Seroguard® led to a temporary inhibition of albumin synthesis by hepatocytes for up to 3 days, followed by compensation by the 7th day of observation Conclusion: Diffuse purulent peritonitis is characterized by significant activation of proteolytic processes and the accumulation of proteolysis products in the liver. Seroguard® inhibited the increase in proteolysis activity. When administered as a single injection into the abdominal cavity on the first day of simulating a purulent inflammatory process, this effect is more noticeable in the initial stages of observation. Reducing the production of proteolysis products may play a significant role in therapy to decrease the risk of developing multiorgan failure in peritonitis. However, the observed decrease in albumin production in the initial days after drug administration in the settings of extensive peritoneal damage should be a focus of clinical studies to assess the safety of the drug in this pathology Keywords: Peritonitis, p38 MAPK inhibitor, proteolysis, low molecular weight proteins.

Background. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of peritonitis, which leads to a decrease in antioxidant level and an increase in oxidant production. Studying ATPase activity and lipid peroxidation when using new methods of treating experimental peritonitis is of interest for clinical practice.The aim. To study the dynamics of ATPase activity and lipid peroxidation indicators in liver tissue in experimental peritonitis when using Serogard.Methods. The study was conducted on male Wistar rats aged 6 months. All animals were subjected to experimental peritonitis using the method we developed. Animals in the control group (n = 20) were intraperitoneally injected with 3 ml of physiological solution one day after modeling peritonitis; animals in the experimental group (n = 19) were injected Serogard® (AO Pharmasintez, Russia). We determined the initial values of the indicators in healthy rats (n = 7). In animal liver tissue, total and mitochondrial ATPase activity was studied, as well as the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and diene conjugates (DC).Results. It was found that the total and mitochondrial activity of ATPases was suppressed by the day 3 of experimental peritonitis. During 14 days of the experiment, ATPase activity did not reach normal levels in any of the groups. However, animals in the experimental group had dynamics of a more steady, significant increase in the total ATPase and the mitochondrial ATPase (ATP synthase) activity with a significantly higher level than in the control group. MDA and DC in the experimental group increased by days 7–14, which indicated the activity of free radical processes and was also an indicator of the dynamics of restoration of metabolic and energy processes.Conclusion. Using Serogard in experimental peritonitis contributed to a more effective restoration of total ATPase activity and mitochondrial ATPase (ATP synthase) and on days 7–14 of the study led to an increase in the level of free radical processes activity that accompany and indicate the process of aerobic energy restoration.

meso -CF 3 -Fluorophores BODIPY were obtained using a methodology including, as a key step, the condensation of trifluoro(pyrrolyl)ethanols with pyrroles having aryl or heterocyclic substituents. The resulting compounds were studied as lysosome-specific fluorescent dyes on Ehrlich carcinoma cells. It was found that a bright fluorescence of cells in the red region of the spectrum is observed for four ( 1a and 1c – 1e ) of the five studied fluorophores. Fluorophore 1a is capable of selective accumulation in lysosomes and can be used for intravital monitoring of intracellular processes. Fluorophores 1c – 1e also exhibit a bright fluorescence in the blue and green regions of the spectrum.

The article discusses a pressing issue in cardiac surgery – the development of cicatricial adhesions and complications that arise from adhesive pericarditis, which can transform into a more severe condition known as constrictive pericarditis. The article also delves into the challenges of performing repeated cardiac surgery, the factors that trigger the adhesive process in the pericardium, and the etiopathogenetic mechanisms of fibrogenesis. These mechanisms involve the participation of active immune cells and the release of proinflammatory cytokines. Specifically, the article examines the features involved in the development of constrictive pericarditis, focusing on the cellular and molecular aspects of pericardial remodeling. It also evaluates the surgical and therapeutic measures currently used to prevent complications after cardiac surgery. Using original biological test systems involving experimental animals is advocated for a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying adhesive pericarditis after cardiac surgery and the development of effective prevention strategies. A range of experimental models of adhesions caused by pericarditis during open-heart surgery in mice is presented in this paper. The models include talc-induced pericarditis in mice, pigs, dogs, and rabbits, induced through the intrapericardial injection of Zymosan A, a known activator of the nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat and pyrin-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Furthermore, the paper also covers mechanical methods of activation of pericarditis. These experimental models will help researchers explore the potential of new anti-adhesion drug molecules, which can be used in cardiac surgery. Keywords: Cardiac surgery, constrictive pericarditis, mechanisms of fibrogenesis, prevention of pericarditis, experimental models of pericarditis

Hydrogels are a class of dimensional hydrophylic polymer networks capable of absorbing and retaining large amounts of water. Natural and synthetic components can serve as a material for the hydrogel production. Hydrogels have unique physico-chemical properties, which are determined by the material composition and concentration, its density, crosslinking methods, and production approaches. This review article describes natural materials used for the production of hydrogels having different properties. The natural components of hydrogels are collagen, elastin, gelatin, chitosan, dextran, hyaluronic acid, alginate, silk fibroin and glycosaminoglycans. These components are considered biodegradable and biocompatible, since they do not have a toxic effect on tissues. Natural materials provide good cell adhesion, the spread of bioactive signals as well as they affect the behavior of cells in vitro and in vivo. To obtain hydrogels, physical and chemical methods of crosslinking are used, which determine the properties of the final product. Also, hydrogels can be further modified by various active molecules, growth factors that increase their biological functionality. To date, hydrogels made of natural materials are widely used in ophthalmology, neurosurgery, in the treatment of skin wounds, in various cardiovascular pathologies, in restoring the volume of circulating blood, some cartilage defects, targeted delivery of pharmacological drugs, active molecules, etc. Thus, hydrogels produced from natural components are an extremely promising material for cellular technologies and tissue engineering.

BACKGROUND: Sporadic multiple parathyroid gland disease is ¼ cases of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). However, a single tactic for diagnosing and operating volume in patients with this variant of PHPT has not yet been developed. One of the possible directions in the search for pathogenetically substantiated methods of diagnosis and treatment is the study of the molecular genetic features of the disease and associated clinical and laboratory factors.AIM: To study the features of the expression of calcium sensitive (CaSR) and vitamin D (VDR) receptors on the surface of parathyroid cells in primary hyperparathyroidism with solitary and multiple lesions of the parathyroid glands, as well as its changes under the influence of a decrease in the filtration function of the kidneys.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a single center observational prospective study with retrospective data collection, there were patients who during 2019–2021. operated on for PHPT, secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) and all cases of tertiary hyperparathyroidism (THPT) operated during 2014–2021. The expression of CaSR, VDR and its relationship with the main laboratory parameters, the clinical variant of hyperparathyroidism, and the morphological substrate were studied.RESULTS: The study included 69 patients: 19 with multiple and 25 with solitary PTG near PHPT, 15 with SHPT, 10 with THPT. A statistically significant decrease in the frequency of detection of normal expression of CaSR and VDR receptors occurs in any morphological variant of hyperparathyroidism and is observed in 93–60% of drugs. A decrease in the normal expression of CaSR in hyperplasia is detected statistically significantly less frequently than in adenoma (p≤0.01). The median expression intensity in adenoma was 2.5 (2:3), in hyperplasia 3.5 (3–4) (p≤0.01). The difference in the molecular mechanisms of the development of hyperparathyroidism with a predominance of a morphological substrate in the form of adenoma (PHPT with solitary adenoma) or hyperplasia (SHPT and PHPT with multiple PTG lesions) is realized in the frequency of maintaining normal CaSR expression in the PTG tissue. These mechanisms are implemented at the local level, their variability does not change under the influence of RRT. A common molecular genetic mechanism for the development of hyperparathyroidism with a predominance of a morphological substrate in the form of adenoma or hyperplasia has been found to reduce the frequency of maintaining normal VDR expression in PTG (up to 7–13%), p<0.01. This mechanism is implemented at the local level, its variability changes under the influence of RRT, reaching statistically significant differences in patients with THPT.CONCLUSION: The study demonstrates the features of changes in the expression of CaSR and VDR in PHPT with multiple lesions of the parathyroid glands. The relationship between the expression of these receptors and the clinical variant of hyperparathyroidism, the morphological substrate, the main laboratory parameters, and renal function was shown.

Проведен сравнительный анализ концентрации селена в опухолевых и здоровых тканях домашних животных. Исследована сыворотка крови и ткани опухолей различной этиологии на содержание селена (Se) у кошек и собак c верифицированными онкологическими заболеваниями, в сравнительном аспекте изучены ткани и сыворотка крови от здоровых животных. Определение концентрации селена осуществляли атомно-абсорбционным методом «холодного пара»» на гидридообразующей приставке к абсорбционному спектрометру ААС-240DUO фирмы «Agilent Technolgies», США. Статистическая обработка полученных данных проводилась с использованием лицензионного пакета прикладных программ (Statsoft Inc., США). Работа с животными проводилась в соответствии с этическими нормами. Установлено, что уровень содержания Se в сыворотке крови здоровых животных составил, в среднем, 0,061 мкг/мл, тогда как у животных со злокачественными опухолевыми процессами, в среднем, 0,023 мкг/мл, в тканях здоровых животных концентрация Se составила 48,15 нг/г, злокачественных опухолях – 62,01 нг/г. Показано, что селен как микроэлемент имеет свои особенности обмена в организме при онкологических заболеваниях и возможно является одним из факторов развития опухолевых процессов. Отмечается аналогия повышенного содержания селена в опухолевой ткани и снижение его концентрации в сыворотке крови животных со злокачественными новообразованиями, так же, как и у больных онкологическими заболеваниями людей. A comparative analysis of the selenium concentration in tumor and healthy tissues of domestic animals was carried out. The blood serum and tissues of tumors of various etiologies were studied for the content of selenium (Se) in cats and dogs with verified oncological diseases; tissues and blood serum from healthy animals were studied in a comparative aspect. Selenium concentration was determined by the cold vapor atomic absorption method on a hydride-forming attachment to an AAS-240DUO absorption spectrometer from Agilent Technologies, USA. Statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out using a licensed software package (Statsoft Inc., USA). Work with animals was carried out in accordance with ethical standards. It was found out that the level of Se in the blood serum of healthy animals averaged 0.061 µg/ml, while in animals with malignant tumor processes it averaged 0.023 µg/ml, in the tissues of healthy animals the Se concentration was 48.15 ng/g, in malignant tumors 62.01 ng/g. It has been shown that selenium, as a microelement, has its own characteristics of metabolism in the body in oncological diseases and is possibly one of the factors in the development of tumor processes. There is an analogy between an increased content of selenium in tumor tissue and a decrease in its concentration in the blood serum of animals with malignant neoplasms, as well as in people with oncological diseases.

АБДОМИНАЛЬНАЯ ХИРУРГИЯ ■Энтеральная недостаточность оказывает важное влияние на течение острого перитонита; от ее своевременной диагностики и лечения зависит исход заболевания.Цель -разработать способ прогнозирования энтеральной недостаточности при остром перитоните.Материал и методы.Исследование выполнено с использованием 18 крыс-самцов породы Wistar в возрасте 6 мес, с массой тела 250-300 г.Животным выполняли моделирование послеоперационного разлитого перитонита по разработанному нами способу.Животных выводили из эксперимента на 3, 7, 14-е сутки после операции, проводили патоморфологическое исследование кишечника.Исследовали интраоперационный материал 18 образцов ткани кишечника пациентов с острыми хирургическими заболеваниями брюшной полости и наличием энтеральной недостаточности.Параллельно гистологические срезы окрашивали иммуноморфологическим методом с использованием первичных антител к Oxphos Complex IV subunit I. Результат оценивали по наличию окраски энтероцитов.Результаты.Установлено, что у экспериментальных животных выраженность повреждения слизистой оболочки, являющаяся морфологическим эквивалентом энтеральной недостаточности, нарастала с достижением максимума к 14-м суткам.При окрашивании гистологических срезов иммуноморфологическим методом на 3-и и 7-е сутки сохранялась окраска энтероцитов на Oxphos.При нарастании энтеральной недостаточности (14-е сутки) окраска на Oxphos в энтероцитах не выявлялась, что свидетельствовало об истощении репаративных способностей стенки кишки и прогностически неблагоприятном исходе.При исследовании 18 образцов ткани кишечника пациентов с острыми хирургическими заболеваниями брюшной полости и наличием энтеральной недостаточности установлено, что наличие окраски энтероцитов в образцах полностью соответствовало благоприятному прогнозу исхода энтеральной недостаточности.Отсутствие окраски энтероцитов в образцах также полностью соответствовало неблагоприятному прогнозу.Точность прогноза составила 100%.Заключение.Разработанный способ прогнозирования энтеральной недостаточности при остром перитоните позволяет определять дальнейшее течение энтеральной недостаточности при послеоперационном разлитом перитоните.Специфичность

In recent decades, a large number of different nanocomposite materials have appeared, which have found wide application in almost all areas of life, including medicine. However, to date, the properties of these materials have not been completely studied. The evaluation of toxicity and biocompatibility is particularly relevant. In this regard, this study aimed to investigate the effect of the surface treatment method of light-cured material on its toxic properties for normal fibroblasts. For this purpose, light-cured nanohybrid composite material Herculite XRV Ultra in the form of 10x5 mm plates (smooth and notched) were incubated with a culture of rat fibroblasts, after that, morphological changes were assessed, and "toxic exposure zones" (a distance from the test plate to a layer of intact fibroblasts) were measured. As a result, it was ascertained that although the investigated material has moderate toxicity to normal cells of the organism, the degree of the nanocomposite toxicity and, in particular, the size of the zone of toxic influence is significantly affected by the properties of its surface, depending on the mechanical action on the restorative material.

The review is devoted to the compilation of data on the toxicity and safety of using nanosized forms of selenium. It is shown that in nature selenium exists mainly in the form of selenate (Se6+), selenite (Se4+), selenide (Se2–) and elemen-tal selenium (Se0), while the latter is insoluble in aqueous media, less toxic and biologically inert. Elemental selenium in the form of nanosized particles is not only biocompatible, but also has antitumor and antimicrobial activity. It was shown that elemental selenium in the form of nanoparticles can modulate the activity of the antioxidant and detoxification systems. A data on the dose-dependent effect of selenium in nanosized form was presented. It was demonstrated that selenium nanoparticles in high concentrations (above 2 mg of Se per 1 kg of animal weight) can cause the development of selenium-induced toxicity in mammals. It was shown that elemental selenium in the form of nanoparticles can affect immunoregulation, reproductive func-tion, kidney and liver function, can modulate the activity of the antioxidant and detoxification systems, and in high concentrations (above 2 mg of Se per 1 kg of animal weight) it can cause the development of selenium-induced toxicity both in mammals and fish. At the same time, it was shown that for fish selenium nanoparticles are more toxic than inorganic selenium and cause a more acute reaction of the body to exposure to even low concentrations, which is possibly associated with hyperaccumulation of selenium in tissues. This fact once again reminds us of the need to take into account the problems of ecotoxicity of selenium nanocomposites.

The article describes a biochemical method for characterizing the hepatocyte culture under the action of CA. Isolated primary hepatocyte culture was exposed to CA in different concentrations, and then the activity of ALT, AST, ALP, and the amount of glucose, in the culture medium was determined. The result showed that the level of cell membrane damage and the release of ALT and AST into the extracellular space depend on the concentration of the acting substance, and, in addition, AST was found to be more sensitive to the toxic effects of CA. However, the activity of ALP proved to be an indicator of the copper ions' action on the enzyme but not of destructive processes in the hepatocyte culture. At the same time, a decrease in the glucose level may be used as a characteristic of the cell metabolic activity. Based on the results obtained, we can conclude that proposed analysis methods allow us to comprehensively characterize the processes occurring with cultured hepatocytes under the influence of CA.

Objective: To identify the morphological patterns of development and prevention of experimental epidural fibrosis based on the shape of the dural sac in the area of laminectomy. Methods: Male Wistar rats aged 4-5 months underwent laminectomy at the level of L6-S1. The animals were divided into two groups with 7 animals per group. In the main group (Group A) the animals were treated with Antiadhesin® gel applied to the wound to prevent the development of epidural fibrosis, while in the group of comparison (Group B), the gel was not applied. Another 7 healthy animals were used as a control group. The animals were taken out of experiment on the 28th day. Histological slides stained with hematoxylin-eosin were used to measure the width and length of the dural sac, its area, perimeter, and calculate its deformity index. Results: In group B at the level of laminectomy, the ratio of the width to length of the dural sac was significantly higher than in the control group (p<0.05), mainly due to the enlarged width, while the length did not change significantly. In group A these parameters did not differ from the control group, which indicated that application of Antiadhesin® prevented formation of a connective tissue scar which could compress the dural sac and cause its deformation. In group A in the area of surgical intervention, granulomas with Pirogov-Langhans cells were detected, both in the soft tissues and in the lumen of the spinal canal. These findings in perioperative tissues might be related to biocompatibility and indicate their reaction to a gel as a foreign body. Conclusion: In clinical practice optimal materials for the prevention of epidural fibrosis are missing. There is an obvious need for further research in order to obtain implants capable of inhibiting and reducing the formation of epidural fibrosis. Keywords: Dura mater, epidural fibrosis, prevention, experiment, laminectomy, Antiadhesin®.

A bright far-red emitting unsymmetrical meso-CF3-BODIPY fluorescent dye with phenyl and pyrazolyl substituents was synthesized by condensation of trifluoropyrrolylethanol with pyrazolyl-pyrrole, with subsequent oxidation and complexation of the formed dipyrromethane. This BODIPY dye exhibits optical absorption at λab ≈ 610–620 nm and emission at λem ≈ 640–650 nm. The BODIPY was studied on Ehrlich carcinoma cells as a lysosome-specific fluorescent dye that allows intravital staining of cell structures with subsequent real-time monitoring of changes occurring in the cells. It was also shown that the rate of uptake by cells, the rate of intracellular transport into lysosomes, and the rate of saturation of cells with the dye depend on its concentration in the culture medium. A concentration of 5 μM was chosen as the most suitable BODIPY concentration for fluorescent staining of living cell lysosomes, while a concentration of 100 μM was found to be toxic to Ehrlich carcinoma cells.

The article is devoted to the problem of prevention of adhesions in cardiac surgery. It was determined that the problem is urgent due to the increase in the number of heart surgeries. The formation of adhesions is a reaction of the body after surgery, which is a stage of healing and partly performs a protective function. Nevertheless, the presence of adhesions violates the mechanical properties of the heart, negatively affects central hemodynamics, complicates the surgeon’s task during repeated surgical interventions and increases the risk of repeated operations.It has been shown that at present, for the prevention of adhesions, researchers tend to use biodegradable barrier materials with biocompatibility and the ability to dissolve after performing the barrier function. The main anti-adhesion agents used in cardiac surgery are membranes and gels. The requirements for an “ideal” agent for the prevention of adhesion were determined: biocompatibility, no irritating effect, no effect on wound healing, suppression of the growth of connective tissue in the pericardium.Conclusions. Until now, none of the funds has all the necessary qualities to prevent adhesion in the pericardium. Therefore, the search for effective methods for the prevention of postoperative adhesions remains relevant for cardiac surgery.