For the generalized stochastic network the concept of degree of parallelism is entered. The method of determination of this value is offered. It makes the choice of the minimum number of performers of the network at which there is no formation of queues for passing of arcs.

The notion of a generalized network is extended by including the vertices into these networks with non-standard events execution disciplines in order to provide these vertices with possibility to manage dynamic processes of different kind, occurring in the networks. General principles are considered of the constructive describing the design of networks with such vertices, that can be the basis of their statistical analysis.

For a generalized stochastic network with a given multi-dimensional distribution of arcs duration, we propose an analytical and simulation-based procedure to calculate the probability of all critical paths, the distribution function and the first two moments of the project completion time. The procedure employs a specially constructed system of inequalities binding the task completion times.

The first results obtained through the university small satellites program developed at Moscow State University (MSU) are presented. The space environment was investigated aboard two MSU microsatellites designed for scientific and educational purposes, Universitetsky-Tat’yana and Universitetsky-Tat’yana-2. The scientific equipment is described to study charged particles in near Earth space and atmospheric radiations in ultraviolet, red, and infrared optical wavelength ranges. The dynamic properties of fluxes of charged particles in microsatellite orbits are studied and findings are presented regarding specific parameters of solar proton penetration during the geomagnetic disturbances. Experimental results are considered concerning flashes of ultraviolet (UV), red (R), and infrared (IR) radiation that are transient light phenomena in the upper atmosphere. The space educational MSU program developed on the basis of the Universitetsky-Tat’yana projects is reviewed.

Представлены первые результаты реализации программы создания малых университетских спутников, разработанной в Московском государственном университете им. М.В. Ломоносова: исследование космической среды на борту двух научно-образовательных микроспутников МГУ Университетский–Татьяна и Университетский–Татьяна-2. Описаны комплексы научной аппаратуры, предназначенные для изучения заряженных частиц в околоземном космическом пространстве и излучений атмосферы в ультрафиолетовом и красном-инфракрасном оптических диапазонах длин волн. Представлены результаты исследований динамики потоков заряженных частиц на орбитах микроспутников и особенностей проникновения протонов СКЛ во время геомагнитных возмущений. Рассмотрены экспериментальные данные о вспышках ультрафиолетового и красного-инфракрасного излучений – транзиентных световых явлениях в верхней атмосфере. Приведены результаты космической образовательной программы МГУ, созданной на базе проектов Университетский–Татьяна.

The actual problem for prediction of the reliable completion of the user-prescribed complex of interconnected jobs (CIJs)-the collection of interdependent program modules with random times of their realization-is solved in control, parallel computing systems by determining the exact upper estimate of the distribution functions of the time taken to complete the CIJs on condition that the number of computing devices of the system is no less than the coefficient of parallelism of the CIJs. Usually, a rather cumbersome obtaining of similar estimates is replaced by the construction of an aggregate of multiple integrals evaluated by the Monte Carlo method.

Описан комплекс научной аппаратуры установленной на борту научно-образовательного микроспутника МГУ Университетский – Татьяна, предназначенный для изучения заряженных частиц в околоземном космическом пространстве и излучений атмосферы в ультрафиолетовой области спектра. Представлены данные измерений потоков заряженных частиц на орбите микроспутника, рассчитаны спектры и изучена динамика границ проникновения протонов СКЛ во время геомагнитных возмущений 2005 г. Измерены интенсивности ультрафиолетового излучения во всем диапазоне изменения освещенности атмосферы, а также интенсивности полярных сияний в районах Северного и Южного полюсов. Рассмотрены экспериментальные данные о вспышках ультрафиолетового излучения – транзиентных световых явлениях в верхней атмосфере, приводятся примеры осциллограмм их временного развития и их распределение по географическим координатам.

The complex of scientific pay load installed onboard the research and educational Universitetskii-Tatyana microsatellite of Moscow State University is described. The complex is designed to study charged particles in the near-earth space and ultraviolet emissions of the atmosphere. Data of the measurements of charged particle fluxes in the microsatellite orbit are presented, spectra are calculated, and the dynamics of penetration boundaries for protons of solar cosmic rays (SCR) during geomagnetic disturbances in 2005 is investigated. Intensities of the ultraviolet emission are measured in the entire range of variation of the atmospheric irradiation, as well as intensities of auroras in the polar regions of the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The experimental data on flashes of ultraviolet radiation (transient light phenomena in the upper atmosphere) are considered, and some examples of oscillograms of their temporal development and their distribution over geographical coordinates are presented.

Consideration was given to a procedure of approximate forecasting of the execution times of the complexes of interrelated jobs in the multiprocessor computer systems with the Erlangian execution time of each job. This distribution is used as a tool for modeling the normal distribution. The order and parameter of the approximating Erlangian distribution are chosen from the parameters of the normal distribution.

A method of analysis of random processes of change of reachable. labels in nonexponential time stochastic Petri networks with restricted prehistory is developed on the basis of representation of these processes as a set of parallel independent subprocesses, each of Which is a semi-Markov process. The aim of analysis is the computation of the limiting probability distribution of reachable labels. An example is given to illustrate the method.

At the present time, contacting and noncontacting (in particular, optical) diagnostic methods are used for the investigation of condensed combustion products of space system rocket (SSR) engines. All methods have their own merits and shortcomings. We note that in the history of investigating the high-temperature SSR combustion products, an overwhelming majority of the available results from the measurement of dispersed phase characteristics have been obtained using the contacting diagnostic methods.

The evolution of liposomes after their introduction into a model polymer gel based on acrylamide is studied. Liposomes containing the polymerizable monomer in the internal aqueous phase are obtained. This monomer has been polymerized with formation of microsphere polymer particles coated with a phospholipid double layer. Both types of liposomal polymer preparations obtained can be useful for the creation of new systems of controlled drug release and new types of immunological aids.

A primary culture of cells derived from uninvolved and atherosclerotic intima of human aorta was used to elucidate the role of cyclic nucleotides in atherogenesis. The cells cultured from fatty streaks and atherosclerotic plaques had a 2- to 8-fold lower cyclic AMP level and a 1.5- to 2-fold higher level of cyclic GMP compared with those of a grossly normal intima. Medial cells cultured from nonlesioned and atherosclerotic aortic segments showed no differences in the cyclic nucleotide concentrations. Reduction of the intracellular cyclic AMP with 2′-deoxyadenosine or a cyclic GMP elevation with its dibutyryl derivative, or liposomes containing cyclic GMP stimulated the uptake of [3H]thymidine and protein synthesis in the cells cultured from unaffected intima. On the contrary, a rise of the intracellular cyclic AMP caused by adenylate cyclase activators, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, and liposomes containing cyclic AMP inhibited cell proliferation and protein synthesis. Elevation of the intracellular cyclic AMP stimulated the hydrolysis of lipids which led to reduction of lipid levels in the cells cultured from atherosclerotic lesions. The results of this study corroborate the existence of a relationship between the alterations of intracellular cyclic nucleotide levels and the metabolic disorders occurring in atherosclerosis.

Die Makromolekulare Chemie, Rapid CommunicationsVolume 8, Issue 9 p. 457-460 Article Polymerization of liposome-encapsulated hydrophilic monomers Vladimir P. Torchilin, Corresponding Author Vladimir P. Torchilin Institute of Experimental Cardiology, USSR Cardiology Research Center, 121552 Moscow, USSRInstitute of Experimental Cardiology, USSR Cardiology Research Center, 121552 Moscow, USSRSearch for more papers by this authorAlexander L. Klibanov, Alexander L. Klibanov Institute of Experimental Cardiology, USSR Cardiology Research Center, 121552 Moscow, USSRSearch for more papers by this authorNikolay N. Ivanov, Nikolay N. Ivanov Institute of Experimental Cardiology, USSR Cardiology Research Center, 121552 Moscow, USSRSearch for more papers by this authorHelmut Ringsdorf, Helmut Ringsdorf Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, J.J.-Becher-Weg 18-20, D-6500 Mainz, Federal Republic of GermanySearch for more papers by this authorBernhard Schlarb, Bernhard Schlarb Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, J.J.-Becher-Weg 18-20, D-6500 Mainz, Federal Republic of GermanySearch for more papers by this author Vladimir P. Torchilin, Corresponding Author Vladimir P. Torchilin Institute of Experimental Cardiology, USSR Cardiology Research Center, 121552 Moscow, USSRInstitute of Experimental Cardiology, USSR Cardiology Research Center, 121552 Moscow, USSRSearch for more papers by this authorAlexander L. Klibanov, Alexander L. Klibanov Institute of Experimental Cardiology, USSR Cardiology Research Center, 121552 Moscow, USSRSearch for more papers by this authorNikolay N. Ivanov, Nikolay N. Ivanov Institute of Experimental Cardiology, USSR Cardiology Research Center, 121552 Moscow, USSRSearch for more papers by this authorHelmut Ringsdorf, Helmut Ringsdorf Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, J.J.-Becher-Weg 18-20, D-6500 Mainz, Federal Republic of GermanySearch for more papers by this authorBernhard Schlarb, Bernhard Schlarb Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, J.J.-Becher-Weg 18-20, D-6500 Mainz, Federal Republic of GermanySearch for more papers by this author First published: September 1987 https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.1987.030080907Citations: 35AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume8, Issue9September 1987Pages 457-460 RelatedInformation

The effect of the synthetic polycation polydimethylaminoethylmethacrylate on liposome permeability was studied. Liposomes were prepared from pure dipalmitoylphosphatidyl-choline with the addition of dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid. Poly electrolyte can form electrostatic complexes with liposomes, thereby changing their permeability for liposome-entrapped 6-carboxyfluorescein. The presence of charged lipids in the liposomal membrane facilitates complex formation and increases permeability changes in pH-dependent fashion. The maximal permeability increase was observed during the first 15–30 min of poly electrolyte-liposome interaction. The mechanism of liposome permeability changes was suggested assuming charged phospholipid cluster formation on the liposome surface under the action of poly electrolyte.

We have incorporated antibodies against fibronectin or laminin into liposomes and studied their interaction with insoluble forms of these antigens. The antibodies, after modification by palmitoylchloride, were incorporated into the lipid bilayer by the cholate dialysis method. The antibodies in the liposomes recognized their specific antigen with little reaction to the alternative attachment protein or to albumin (<2%). The binding of antibody‐containing liposomes to insoluble antigen was inhibited by soluble antibodies to the respective antigens but not by antibodies to other antigens. The affinity constant of the liposome‐antibody complex with the antigen was estimated at 1–10 × 10−9 M liposomes. Thus, antibodies in liposomes retain their reactivity and specificity, and the reaction constant is comparable to that observed for immune complexes.