The photopolymerization of Langmuir–Schaefer films of symmetrical diacetylene N-arylcarbamate molecules containing different numbers of methylene groups has been studied. UV irradiation of the diyne films led to their effective transition to the stable state of blue phase polydiacetylene. The number of CH2 groups in the molecules affected the efficiency of the transition of the monomer film to the polymer and the polymer chain conjugation length. The scanning electron microscopy of the film morphology revealed a horizontal arrangement of the diyne molecules on substrates in the state of domains, the sizes of which depend on the number of CH2 groups in the molecules.

The photopolymerization of Langmuir-Schaefer films of diacetylene N-arylcarbamate symmetrical molecules containing different numbers of methylene groups in the molecules was studied. The result of diyne films UV irradiation was the effective transition of the films into the stable state of blue phase polydiacetylene. The number of CH2 groups in the molecules affected the efficiency of the monomers film transition into the polymer and the conjugation length of the polymer chains. Studying the morphology of the films using scanning electron microscopy showed the horizontal position of diyne molecules on the substrates in the state of domains, the sizes of which depended on the number of CH2 groups in the molecules.

The conodont zones in the regions of Russia where marine deposits of the Upper Carboniferous (Upper Pennsylvanian) Kasimovian Stage crop out, are characterized and correlated. Conodont-based zonal subdivisions proposed in the General Stratigraphic Scale of Russia (GSSC) are used as a tool for comparison with regional scales of other regions of the world (USA Midcontinent, South China and Western Europe). Some features of the distribution of cosmopolitan and endemic conodont species in different biogeographical areas are analyzed. A similar distribution of zonal species has been established in the basins of the central part of the East European Platform, the South Urals, Donets Basin and in sections of South China. The North American Midcontinent differs in the species composition of conodonts and apparently belongs to a different biogeographic province.

Forty-five radiolarian species were identified from the Upper Sakmarian and Lower Artinskian of the Shosse section, near the village of Donskoe (Orenburg Region, right bank of the Ural River). Analysis of their distribution made it possible to establish the position of the Paratriposphaera crassiclathrata–Quinqueremis arundinea Beds in the uppermost part of the section. Sample 5/44 contains the P1 element of the conodont Sweetognathus aff. asymmetricus with an unusual arrangement of pustules on the platform.

The conditions and specific features of the formation of Langmuir monolayers of symmetric and asymmetric diacetylene N-arylcarbamates and the structural organization of Langmuir–Schaefer films based on them have been studied. The photopolymerization of monolayer solid films of two types of molecules was monitored using absorption spectroscopy; it demonstrated the transition of diyne molecules to the state of blue-phase polydiacetylenes. The efficiency of solid-phase topochemical polymerization reaction in a film of symmetric diynes turned out to be five times higher than in the film of asymmetric diyne molecules. The monolayer surface morphology before and after UV irradiation was studied by scanning electron microscopy.

A system for measuring the spatial distribution of the of beta radiation flux from the radiation source surface has been developed and studied. The principal element of the measuring system is a probe sensor based on scintillation optical fiber, the output optical signal from which is fed to the input of the photon counter and further processed by a microcontroller. Using the numerical modeling method and the Geant4 software libraries, the sensitivity parameters of the sensor element were calculated for the process of measuring the beta radiation flux from the surface of a 63Ni based flat source. The spatial distribution of the yield of beta electrons from a 1 × 1 cm2 source and the dependence of the sensitivity of the probe on the distance to the source were experimentally studied. The experimental data are in good agreement with the results of the model calculation.

Solid topochemical polymerization of Langmuir–Schafer (LS) films of unsymmetrical diyne N-arylcarbamate MeO-4-2 under long-term UV irradiation is studied. The use of an initial solution of diyne molecules in chloroform with an extremely low concentration to form a Langmuir monolayer makes it possible to obtain polydiacetylene films with stable blue and purple polymer phases simultaneously present in the sample. For the first time, the LS film of polydiacetylene efficiently absorbed light in the visible spectral range from 400 to 680 nm.

Photoinduced intra- and interlayer electron transfer in Langmuir–Schaefer (LS) films of porphyrin-fullerene (PF) dyad molecules (1 and 10 layers) and in bilayer films of poly(3-hexylthiophene) and PF (PHT/PF) (1 and 10 bilayers) was studied by time resolved Maxwell displacement charge method. The photovoltaic (PV) response resulting from pulsed laser excitation of the sample with 10 LS layers of the PF dyad significantly exceeded the analogous signal from the dyad monolayer. In samples (PHT/PF) × 10, multidirectional electron transfer took place. The voltage (±0.5 V) and built-in potential of the samples significantly affected the PV signals.

Photoinduced polymerization of Langmuir–Schaefer monolayers of four unsymmetrical hydroxyalkadiynyl N -arylcarbamate derivatives, prepared on the basis of diynes solutions with an extremely low concentration, was studied under prolonged UV irradiation. The kinetics of these diacetylene (DA) molecules films transition to the blue phase of polydiacetylenes (PDA) films, which is not characteristic of any other DA alcohol derivatives, has been studied by light absorption spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The structure homogeneity of DA and PDA films was demonstrated. A continuous shift of the optical absorption band of each PDA film to the long-wavelength region of the spectrum during 60 min of UV light irradiation was found. That indicated an increase of the chains conjugation length in blue-phase PDA samples .

Traces of extremely powerful explosive volcanic eruptions are documented in the southern Moscow Syneclise; the eruptions occurred in the Moscovian Age about 309 million years ago in Variscan orogenic regions adjacent to the East European Platform. Interbeds of altered volcanic ash, 5–15 cm thick, can be traced over the distance of tens of kilometers in the sediments referring to the Podolskian and Myachkovian substages of the Moscovian Stage. These interbeds are composed of calcareous clays of montmorillonite composition and contain grains of zircon, apatite, ilmenite, biotite, K-feldspar, and quartz. Two types of K-feldspar (authigenic and volcanic) referring to the sanidine group are identified. U–Pb SIMS dating of pyroclastic zircons from the tuffaceous bed at the boundary between the Podolskian and Myachkovian showed an age of 308.9 ± 2.3 Ma, and 40Ar/39Ar dating of volcanic sanidine at a higher level showed the age of 305.5 ± 2.7 Ma, which agrees well with the available age estimates for the stage boundaries in the Pennsylvanian. Analysis of the Late Paleozoic volcanism in the nearby regions showed that the most likely area where catastrophic explosions took place, with subsequent transportation of volcanic ash to the southern Moscow Syneclise, is the zone of the North Caucasus.

The photoinduced interlayer electron transfer in bilayer Langmuir–Blodgett films has been studied. The samples consisted of a monolayer of partially polymerized diacetylene molecules and a monolayer of phytochlorin-fullerene dyad molecules. The change in the resulting photovoltaic response of the samples over time after the cessation of the optical excitation pulse was analyzed with allowance for the migration of charges along the conjugated polymer chains and the effect of their length on the signal shape and its decay time.

Vectorial charge transfer upon pulsed laser excitation in three-layer Langmuir–Schäfer structures consisting of 100% photoactive molecules of porphyrin-fullerene dyad, phthalocyanine and polythiophene was studied. The behavior of the photovoltaic responses of the structures changed significantly upon selective optical excitation of monolayers. The mechanisms of the vectorial charge transfer in samples depending on the individual components photoexcitation of the structure are discussed.

The article presents the results of a study of the concept of a distributed calorimetric fiber dosimeter based on the effect of stimulated–Brillouin scattering. The sensor design comprises one or several thermally insulated spherical sensing elements made of a material with a high γ-radiation attenuation coefficient fixed with a certain distance on an optical fiber. The change in the temperature of the sensor due to interaction with ionizing radiation is monitored using a stimulated Brillouin scattering analyzer, which allows temperature measurement over the entire length of the optical fiber at distances of up to several tens of kilometers. The results of model calculations of the efficiency of spherical sensor elements made of various materials are presented. The sensitivity range of the proposed dosimeter is estimated and the results of a preliminary experiment on the interaction of the sensor with γ-radiation are given. It is shown that the working range of the dosimeter is approximately 130 Gy/h–700 kGy/h.

Bilayer Langmuir-Schaefer films of blue-phase polydiacetylenes of three alcohol derivatives of unsymmetrical diynylic N -arylcarbamates are studied. It is found that a decrease or an increase in the number of methylene groups in the hydrophobic part of the diyne molecule by one unit followed by prolonged (to 80 min) UV irradiation of the film leads to either a gradual transformation of the blue polymer to the purple one or to a maximum increase in the conjugation length of the polymer chain of the blue polymer.

When developing long-life radioisotope sources of electricity for various applications (space industry, medicine, nano- and microsystem technology, cryptography, and telecommunications), an important problem lies in determining the temperature range of their reliable operation. The effect of negative and positive temperatures in the range from –60 to +60°C on the output parameters of radioisotope electricity sources based on double energy conversion is studied. It is shown that the open-circuit voltage of a radioisotope source changes four times in the indicated temperature ranges. In this case, the highest power delivered to the load is implemented at a temperature of about 0°C. The effect of temperature on all stages of energy conversion is analyzed. The investigations show that a significant decrease in the open-circuit voltage and the shape of the power-output curve are determined by two mechanisms: a decrease in the luminous intensity of radioluminescent sources of light (the temperature quenching of luminescence) and a decrease in the efficiency of photoconverters. Moreover, in the range of negative temperatures (from –60 to 0°C), the decrease in the efficiency of photoconverters is expressed only slightly, and the main contribution to the change in the output parameters of the sources is introduced by the temperature quenching of luminescence in the source of light. In the range of positive temperatures, both processes have a significant effect on reducing the output voltage and power. The developed radioisotope electrical-power sources based on double conversion can be used in electronic equipment operating at lower temperatures, for example, under Far-North conditions.

Donor-acceptor dyad monolayers with opposite molecule orientations are grown using the Langmuir-Blodgett and Langmuir-Schaefer methods. The effect of the ‘built-in’ potential on photovoltaic responses of samples is shown. The directed charge transfer is studied during pulsed optical excitation in structures containing dyad, phthalocyanine, and polymer. The relative sensitivity of structures upon light absorption reaches 240 V·cm 2 ·mJ −1 .

РаЗРаБоТКа ТеХНоЛоГИИ ПРоИЗВоДСТВа ТРИХЛоРИДаЛЮТеЦИЯ-177: ИНЖеНеРНЫе аСПеКТЫ 1 Новиков С.Г., 1 Беринцев а.В., 1 алексеев а.С., 1 Светухин В.В., 1 Жуков а.В., 1 Фомин а.Н., 1 Кузнецов Р.а., 2 Городецкий В.Г., 2 Карболин П.В., 2 Предеина М.а

Radiolarians of Leugeonidae Yang et Wang, 1990, which represent a morphologically distinctive group of spherical radiolarians of the Spumellaria order, were found for the first time in Crimea and reliably confirm the Jurassic age of the finding. The nodules, which host the Jurassic radiolarians, were collected by A.S. Alekseev in 1983 in the terrigenous sequence of the Lozovskaya tectonic zone. The radiolarian assemblage in the nodules includes Levileugeo ordinarius Yang et Wang, Triactoma jonesi Pessagno, Pseudocrucella aff. prava Blome, Paronella kotura Baumgartner, P . ex gr. mulleri Pessagno, and Praeconocaryomma sp. The Levileugeo genus is easily identified due to its unique hexagonal element, which is typical only of the Jurassic, in particular, Upper Bajocian–Lower Tithonian radiolarians.