Sorghum is an important multi-purpose economic crop in dryland in China. In the context of its wide production area, complex ecological conditions, and diverse cultivation methods, it is very imperative to establish an evaluation index system for ecological adaptability of sorghum variety, which is of significance for guiding variety selection and planting planning. Through literature research, production research and expert questionnaire, the hierarchical structure of the index system of variety ecological adaptability evaluation was constructed by using analytic hierarchy process, and the Delphi method and orange office software were used to design the questionnaire,the expert WeChat group was used to investigate the relative importance of each index, then the SPSSAU priority chart method was used to calculate the weight of each index. According to repeated consultation, the scoring principles and standards of various indicators were determined, and based on the comprehensive score, the ecological adaptability of sorghum varieties was divided into three categories: adaptation（≥ 90 points）, relatively adaptation（76～89 points） and non-adaptation（≤ 75 points）. According to the established evaluation method, six representative varieties was comprehensively scored and evaluated in 6 regions. It concludes that the results are proved to be in line with the reality.

高粱籽粒有粳(非糯)、糯之分,我国传统名酒如茅台、五粮液等,均以糯高粱为主要原料,快速鉴别高粱的粳糯对种质鉴定、糯高粱育种和原料采购均具有重要意义.现有高粱粳糯的鉴定方法主要有染色法和蒸煮法等,但均存在鉴定效率不高的问题,影响糯高粱育种进程.本研究在前人基础上,经过反复试验,总结出如下4种适合不同情形的高粱粳糯快速鉴别方法,即刀切法、籽粒捣碎开水糊化法、冷水捣碎染色法和田间花粉染色法.综合利用这4种方法,可使鉴定效率大大提高;同时,还讨论了 4种鉴定方法在育种中的应用前景,探讨了4种鉴定方法的适用性和鉴定效率.

青海、甘肃两省地处我国四大牧区之内,涵盖祁连山草原、甘南草原两大草原,有天然草场 5000 余万 hm2,主要分布在甘南高原、祁连山—阿尔金山山地一带,不仅是少数民族聚居地区和甘肃、青海传统的畜牧业生产基地,也是长江、黄河和许多内陆河的发源地,是涵养水源、保持水土和防风固沙的重要生态屏障.为了提高各个典型农牧区饲草供应能力和优质特色畜产品的产出能力,促进西北高原牧区现代草牧业的可持续发展,中国农业科学院作物科学研究所、中国科学院西北高原生物研究所、甘肃省定西市农业科学研究院、青海现代草业发展有限公司、甘肃民祥牧草有限公司、青海省畜牧兽医科学院合作,共同组建了典型农牧区草牧业发展模式与草畜一体化的技术集成和示范研究团队,在中国农业科学院科技创新工程和青海省科技成果转化专项 - 前补助项目的支持下,围绕不同生态类型区草牧业发展的技术需求,以共性和特色关键技术研发为基础,在地处黄土高原农牧交错区的甘肃省定西市和地处青藏高原的青海省湟源、湟中县、海西以及海东粮改饲地区,建立小黑麦良种繁育基地,并在甘南和青海省海南、黄南、海北等地区进行小黑麦品种与配套栽培技术集成,示范推广粮饲兼用型小黑麦.

玉米株高、开花期、产量、品质等性状与环境中的光密切相关.隐花色素是一类蓝光和近紫外光的受体,主要参与植物的光形态建成及动、植物的生物钟调控.通过研究玉米隐花色素基因对不同光处理的表达模式,可为进一步研究其对玉米光形态建成的作用奠定基础.本研究采用RT-PCR技术克隆了玉米ZmCRY1b和ZmCRY2基因;利用生物信息学相关网站和软件对其编码蛋白的结构域及氨基酸进行了系统发育分析;利用qRT-PCR分析了玉米自交系B73中ZmCRY1b和ZmCRY2基因在不同组织、以及响应不同光质及长日照和短日照处理的转录丰度.研究发现,玉米与拟南芥、水稻和小麦的CRY蛋白有相同的结构域及较高的氨基酸序列的一致性,表明它们具有相似的功能.ZmCRY1b和ZmCRY2基因主要在玉米的叶片中表达;二者能迅速响应各种持续光质、黑暗到不同光质转换及长日照和短日照处理,且ZmCRY1b在各种处理下的转录丰度均高于ZmCRY2,可能暗示ZmCRY1b在玉米中功能更强.以上研究结果表明,ZmCRY1b和ZmCRY2基因均能有效地响应各种光质和光周期处理,并在玉米的光形态建成中发挥重要作用.本研究为进一步探明ZmCRY1b和ZmCRY2基因的功能及其在玉米品种改良中的应用提供了研究基础.

[Objective] To study the functions of phytochrome C genes in seedling de-etiolation and flowering regulation in maize (Zea mays L.),two phytochrome C genes of maize (ZmPHYC1 and ZmPHYC2) were selected from the NCBI database and analyzed by bioinformatic methods.The transcription abundances of two ZmPHYC genes was analyzed in different tissues and in response to light qualities,transitions from the dark to different light conditions,photoperiod treatment (long day and short day) by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR).[Method] B73 inbred line was used in this study,the full length ORFs of two ZmPHYC genes were cloned by RT-PCR.The proper clones were sequenced and analyzed by bioinformatics software.The transcription abundances of two ZmPHYC genes in different tissues and in response to light treatments was detected using qRT-PCR.[Result] Both the full length ORFs of ZmPHYC1 and ZmPHYC2 contained 3408 nucleotides and encoded two polypeptides with 1135 amino acid motifs,and their molecular weight was 126.14 kD and 126.07 kD,respectively.Two ZmphyC proteins were able to be further divided into six domains:Per (period circadian protein)-Arnt (Ah receptor nuclear translocator protein)-Sim (single-minded protein) (PAS),cGMP-stimulated phosphodiesterase (GAF),phytochrome (PHY),PAS-related domain (PRD) containing two PAS,His Kinase A domain (HisKA),Histidine kinase-like ATPases (HATPase_c),while ZmphyC2 lacked a PAS in PRD domain.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the two ZmphyC proteins belonged to the same branch with phyC proteins from other graminaceous species,especially with the phyC proteins from sugarcane and sorghum.qRT-PCR assays showed that both ZmPHYC1 and ZmPHYC2 belonged to tissue-specific genes and highly expressed in roots and leaves.The transcription abundances of the both genes were very high under blue and white light conditions.Both ZmPHYC1 and ZmPHYC2 displayed similar expression patterns during transitions from the dark to different light conditions.The transcription abundances of the both genes went dramatically up at 0.5 h after transitions from the dark to far-red,red,blue,or white light.And then they quickly dropped and waved below their own levels in the dark.Both ZmPHYC1 and ZmPHYC2 were also able to respond to long-day or short-day treatments.During long-day treatment,they likely had one peak in either light or dark period.During short-day treatment,they showed different expression patterns,the peak of ZmPHYC1 happened at 6 h after conversion to dark period,while ZmPHYC2 occurred at 2 h after conversion to light period.[Conclusion] ZmphyCl protein kept six domains,while ZmphyC2 lacks a PAS in PRD domain.The transcription abundances of the both PHYC genes were tissue-specific in maize.Similar expression patterns of ZmPHYC1 and ZmPHYC2 genes in response to different light treatments suggest that they both might keep redundant functions.Since the transcription abundances of ZmphyC1 were higher than these of ZmphyC2,ZmphyC1 might have more important role in seedling responding to light than ZmphyC2,which may be due to the existence of different functions in maize.Both ZmPHYC1 and ZmPHYC2 respond to light and photoperiod treatments,suggesting that they are involved in seedling de-etiolation and flowering time control in maize.Thus their roles in crop improvement are worthy of more exploration in the future.

Winter freezing injury is one of the major natural disasters in wheat production. The effect ofVRN1genes on cold hardness was analyzed with phenotypic data and the allelic variations of VRN-A1,VRN-B1,VRN-D1in 71 wheat varieties grown in Yellow-Huai-Hai River Valley region. The results indicated that the cold hardiness of wheat was correlated with other stress toler-ances, and strong cold hardiness was found in most varieties showing good salinity tolerance, drought tolerance or water-saving fea-ture in production and the National Variety Regional Trial. VRN1 is a critical locus in the genetic network of wheat cold hardiness. The presence of the dominant geneVRN1was often accompanied with a significant decrease in cold hardiness, and weak cold hardi-ness was usually detected in the varieties with two or threeVRN1 genes. Coexistence of recessive genes vrn-A1,vrn-B1, andvrn-D1 was found to be an indispensable prerequisite for strong cold hardiness. Therefore, thevrn-A1vrn-B1vrn-D1 genotype is suggested in wheat production and variety improvement in the northern part of Yellow-Huai-Hai River Valley region of China.

区域试验是小麦新品种从选育到大面积应用推广过程中的重要中间环节,是鉴定和评价新品种产量、适应性、抗逆性和品质等性状及新品种宣传和示范推广的重要平台.根据多年承担区域试验工作的经验,提出区域试验工作应注意的事项.

前人研究表明,我国一些小麦地方品种籽粒休眠性强,穗发芽抗性好,可能受1～2对主效基因控制。本文利用小麦（Triticum aestivum）2个重组自交系群体（RILs,万县白麦子/京411,万县白麦子/中优9507）进行2点4年的田间试验,以期发掘控制我国小麦地方品种（万县白麦子）籽粒休眠的主效QTL位点。通过复合区间作图进行分析,分别在3AS和3BL染色体上鉴定出2个主效QTL,前者分布在Xbarc57和Xbarc294标记区间（在2个RILs群体中遗传距离分别为5.8和8.5cM）,在多年多点的实验中可解释25.6%～48.3%的表型变异;后者分布在Vp1和Xwmc446标记区间,在万县白麦子/中优9507群体中的遗传距离为8.1cM,可解释23.5%～37.8%的表型变异。上述研究表明,我国小麦地方品种万县白麦子籽粒强休眠特性主要受Qsd.ahau-3A、Qsd.ahau-3B这两个主效基因控制,在不同环境中表现出较好的遗传稳定性。可通过聚合育种的方法获得籽粒休眠性强、穗发芽抗性好的小麦新品种。

In order to understand the genetic effect of vernalization gene Vrn-1,the effect of vernalization treatment on development of 15 wheat cultivars was studied,and the allelic composition of the Vrn-1 gene in 5A,5B and 5D genomes in above cultivars were analyzed using the sequence-specific PCR.The results indicated that there is significantly difference in heading stages of genotype with different Vrn-1 allele combinations.The genetic effect of three dominant Vrn-1 alleles is follows: Vrn-A1Vrn-D1Vrn-B1:the vernalization genes have additive effects,the presence of a dominant Vrn-1 allele in any genotype confers spring growth habit,whereas the presence of recessive alleles in the homozygous state confers winter growth habit.Therefore,the winter-spring character of cultivars can be confirmed according to the combination of vernalization genes.