Objective To discuss the relationship between the renal pelvis, ureter and their adjacent structures and organs; and to explore the significant anatomical symbols and their clinical significances. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data and the anatomical data of 8 corpses. The following contents were observed: the relationship between the renal pelvis/ureter above the plane of the lower renal lobe and the renal vessels, the relationship between the ureter at the plane of the lower renal lobe and the lower renal lobe, psoas major muscle and surrounding vessels, the relationship between the lower renal lobe to the ureter at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebrae and psoas major muscle, genital vessels, genitoformal nerve. Results Between the renal hilus and the lower renal lobe, the renal pelvis and ureter ambulated from posterior to anterior and lied in front of the kidney at the level of the lower renal kidney, and the angle of anterior tilt was 0～12 degrees, averagely 8.6 degrees. Among the 16 kidneys of the 8 corpses, there were 13 cases in which ramification vessels of the renal arteries and veins set off the second level of vessels at the place within 1 cm away from the renal hilus, 2 cases within 1～2 cm and 1 case more than 2.7 cm. the posterior branch of the second level vessels entered the kidney from behind the renal pelvis, therefore the second level vessels did not enter or depart from the renal hilus according to the position relationship of the renal arteries, veins and renal pelvis. The incidence that the ureter intercrossed the genitoformal nerve was 75%(6/8). The intercrossing point lied in the 2～3 cm from the forth to the fifth lumbar vertebra. The distances between the intercrossing point and the lateral side of the psoas major muscle in the left side and right side were 1.73±0.81 cm and 1.76±0.53 cm respectively. Above the intercrossing point, the incidence that the ureter lies at the lateral side of the genitoformal nerve is about 83.3% (5/6). Conclusion This study on the anatomy of the renal pelvis and ureter provides anatomical guides to carry out minimally invasive laparoscopic surgeries of the renal pelvis and ureter.