The key step of the thermal decomposition of hypophosphites is disproportionation determining the phase composition and morphology of the final products. The distinctive features of the thermal decomposition of hypophosphites are the formation of polyphosphoric acid from ammonium hypophosphite and of red phosphorus from the metal hypophosphites. The thermal decomposition of hypophosphites in air is accompanied by large heat release.

Представлен обзор по специфической токсичности наночастиц по состоянию на 2021 год. Рассмотрены свойства неорганических наночастиц синтетического и антропогенного происхождения, механизм их токсичности и факторы, формирующие специфическую токсичность наночастиц. Рассмотрены структура наночастиц, состояние поверхности и структурирующее действие, определяющие специфическую токсичность. Рассмотрено применение наночастиц в косметологии, медицине а также свойства наночастиц антропогенного происхождения. We present a review of the specific toxicity of nanoparticles as of 2021. Properties of inorganic nanoparticles of synthetic and anthropogenic origin, mechanism of their toxicity and factors forming the specific toxicity of nanoparticles are considered. The structure of nanoparticles, surface state and structuring effect determining the specific toxicity are considered. The application of nanoparticles in cosmetology, medicine as well as the properties of nanoparticles of anthropogenic origin are considered.

The thermal decomposition of calcium hypophosphite (CHP) was studied by synchronous DTA/TGA thermal analysis in the temperature range from 25 °C to 600 °C at a heating rate of 10 deg/min in a nitrogen atmosphere and in an air atmosphere. In nitrogen atmosphere, the decomposition consists of an extensive exo-effect consisting of four consecutive stages with maxima at 368, 386, 400 and 434 °C with a total heat release of 1.51 kJ/g. Upon decomposition in an air atmosphere, an exo-effect with a heat release of 9.01 kJ/g was observed. The thermal decomposition products formed are a porous mass of red-brown color, which can be explained by the formation of an intermediate decomposition product - calcium phosphide. The formation of calcium phosphide is thermodynamically preferable in the interaction of hypophosphite decomposition products - calcium oxide and phosphine.In this connection, it can be assumed that the formation of phosphide, an intermediate product, is caused by the nonequilibrium of the process, kinetic factors and diffusion limitations. Previously, these factors were considered in relation to the processes of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of phosphides.

Термическое разложение гипофосфита кальция изучали методом синхронного термического анализа ДТА/ТГА в диапазоне температур от 25°C до 600 °C со скоростью нагревания 10 град/мин в атмосфере азота и в атмосфере воздуха. В атмосфере азота разложение состоит из обширного экзоэффекта, состоящего из четырех последовательных стадий с максимумами при 368, 386, 400 и 434 °C с суммарным тепловыделением 1,51 кДж/г. При разложении в атмосфере воздуха наблюдается экзоэффект с тепловыделением 9,01 кДж/г.При этом было Экспериментально установлено увеличение массы образца в области 370-400 °С 6 масс.%, что может быть объяснено окислением фосфора. Образующиеся конденсированные продукты термического разложения представляют собой пористую массу красно-коричневого цвета, что может быть объяснено образованием промежуточного продукта разложения - фосфида кальция. Образование фосфида кальция термодинамически предпочтительно при взаимодействии продуктов разложения гипофосфита кальция – оксида кальция и фосфина. Удельная теплота образования оксида кальция в 4,18 раза больше значений удельной теплоты образования фосфида. В связи с этим можно предположить, что образование фосфида, - промежуточного продукта, обусловлено неравновесностью процесса, кинетическим факторами и диффузионными ограничениями, поскольку фосфид кальция термодинамически устойчив до 1000 °С. Ранее эти факторы рассматривались применительно к процессам самораспространяющегося высокотемпературного синтеза фосфидов. К тому же образование оксида кальция и фосфина in suti в процессе термораспада в соответствие с эффектом Хедвала может объяснить высокую скорость образования фосфида кальция и его сохранность. The thermal decomposition of calcium hypophosphite was studied by synchronous DTA/TGA thermal analysis in the temperature range from 25 °C to 600 °C at a heating rate of 10 deg/min in a nitrogen atmosphere and in an air atmosphere. In nitrogen atmosphere, the decomposition consists of an extensive exo-effect consisting of four consecutive stages with maxima at 368, 386, 400 and 434 °C with a total heat release of 1.51 kJ/g. Upon decomposition in an air atmosphere, an exoeffect with a heat release of 9.01 kJ/g was observed. An increase of the sample mass in the region 370-400 °C of 6 wt.% was experimentally found, which can be explained by the oxidation of phosphorus. The formed condensed products of thermal decomposition are a porous mass of red-brown color, which can be explained by the formation of an intermediate product of decomposition - calcium phosphide. Formation of calcium phosphide is thermodynamically preferable in the interaction of calcium oxide and phosphine, the products of decomposition of calcium hypophosphite. The specific heat of formation of calcium oxide is 4.18 times higher than the values of specific heat of formation of phosphide. In this connection it is possible to assume that the formation of phosphide, - an intermediate product, is conditioned by non-equilibrium of the process, kinetic factors and diffusion limitations, since calcium phosphide is thermodynamically stable up to 1000 °С. Previously, these factors were considered in relation to the processes of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of phosphides. In addition, the formation of calcium oxide and phosphine in suti during thermal decay in accordance with the Headwall effect can explain the high rate of calcium phosphide formation and its preservation.

Целью данной работы явилось исследование состава образовавшихся продуктов сгорания гипофосфитов натрия, калия и кальция на воздухе методами синхронного термического анализа (СТА), ИК-спектроскопии с Фурье-преобразованием и рентгенофазового анализа. Установлено, что конденсированными продуктами сгорания гипофосфита натрия являются полифосфат (гексаметафосфат), пирофосфат, и триполифосфат натрия, а также рентгеноаморфная фаза. В случае продуктов сгорания гипофосфита калия обнаружены метафосфат, пирофосфат и триполифосфат калия, а также рентгеноаморфная фаза. В продуктах сгорания гипофосфита кальция обнаружены фазы гидрата дигидрофосфата и полифосфата кальция, а также рентгеноаморфной фазы. На основании данных СТА оценено, что полнота сгорания гипофосфита натрия на воздухе составляет 86,5%, гипофосфита калия – 76,2, а гипофосфита кальция – 86,8%. The purpose of this work was to study the composition of the formed combustion products of sodium, potassium and calcium hypophosphites in air by methods of synchronous thermal analysis (STA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray phase analysis. The condensed combustion products of sodium hypophosphite were found to be polyphosphate (hexametaphosphate), pyrophosphate, and sodium tripolyphosphate, as well as an X-ray amorphous phase. In the case of the combustion products of potassium hypophosphite, potassium metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, and tripolyphosphatewere found, as well as an X-ray amorphous phase. Calcium hypophosphite combustion products showed dihydrophosphate and calcium polyphosphate hydrate and calcium polyphosphate phases as well as X-ray amorphous phase. Based on the STA data, the completeness of combustion of sodium hypophosphite in air was estimated to be 86.5%, that of potassium hypophosphite to be 76.2 %, and that of calcium hypophosphite to be 86.8%.

Целью данной работы явилось исследование влияния дисперсности гипофосфита кальция на морфологию и состав образовавшихся продуктов окисления кислородом воздуха методами синхронного термического анализа (СТА), ИК-спектроскопии с Фурье-преобразованием и рентгенофазового анализа. Установлено фактором, влияющим на тело- и массоперенос в процессах окисления гипофосфита кальция является аморфизация образовавшихся продуктов за счет образования стеклофазы пирофосфата кальция Ca2P2O7. The purpose of this work was to study the influence of calcium hypophosphite dispersity on the morphology and composition of the formed products of oxidation by air oxygen by methods of synchronous thermal analysis (STA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray phase analysis. The factor influencing the body and mass transfer in the processes of calcium hypophosphite oxidation was found to be amorphization of the formed products due to the formation of glass phase of calcium pyrophosphate Ca2P2O7.

The thermal decomposition of calcium hypophosphite is studied using simultaneous differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis (DTA/TGA) in the temperature range from 25 to 600°C, with a heating rate of 10°C/min, under both a nitrogen atmosphere and an air atmosphere. In the nitrogen atmosphere, the decomposition consists of a broad exothermic effect, comprising four consecutive stages with peaks at 368, 386, 400, and 434°C, and a total heat release of 1.51 kJ/g. In the air atmosphere, the decomposition shows an exothermic effect with a heat release of 9.01 kJ/g. During the decomposition in air, researchers experimentally observe an increase in the sample weight by 6 wt

Методом синхронного термического анализа исследован процесс взаимодействия перхлората калия с гипофосфитом кальция до температуры 600 °C. Установлено, что взаимодействие протекает через две экзотермические стадии в 3,55 и 1,97 кДж/г. Термическое разложение смеси состоит из двух стадий – после фазового перехода перхлората калия на первой стадии происходит его частичное взаимодействие с образованием фосфида кальция, который потом затем во второй стадии окисляется при температуре плавления перхлората калия. Методами оптической микроскопии и рентгенофазового анализа изучен состав образовавшихся конденсированных продуктов. Установлено, процесс взаимодействия смеси гипофосфита кальция с перхлоратом калия происходит в две стадии, сопровождается выделением аэрозоля фосфорной кислоты и хлорида калия, при этом образуется конденсированная фаза из фосфатов кальция и хлорида калия. The process of interaction of potassium perchlorate with calcium hypophosphite up to a temperature of 600 °C was studied using the method of simultaneous thermal analysis. It was found that the interaction proceeds through two exothermic stages of 3.55 and 1.97 kJ/g. The thermal decomposition of the mixture consists of two stages - after the phase transition of potassium perchlorate in the first stage, its partial interaction occurs with the formation of calcium phosphide, which is then oxidized in the second stage at the melting point of potassium perchlorate. The composition of the resulting condensed products was studied using optical microscopy and X-ray phase analysis. It has been established that the process of interaction of a mixture of calcium hypophosphite with potassium perchlorate occurs in two stages, accompanied by the release of an aerosol of phosphoric acid and potassium chloride, and a condensed phase of calcium phosphates and potassium chloride is formed.

Изучался состав продуктов сгорания в воздухе при атмосферном давлении гипофосфита кальция Ca(H2PO2)2 c окислителями — нитратами либо нитритами натрия или калия. Синтез проводился с целью получить двойной фосфат состава Na(K)CaPO4. Готовились смеси порошков с нулевым кислородным балансом, для этого при необходимости вводили дополнительное количество нитрата аммония. Фазовый состав конденсированных продуктов сгорания исследовали методом рентгенофазового анализа. Смеси устойчиво горели при атмосферном давлении с выделением аэрозоля P4O10. Продукты сгорания представляли собой оплавленные частицы белого цвета размером до 1 мм. В конденсированных продуктах сгорания обнаружены двойные фосфаты NaCaPO4, Na2CaP2O7, K2CaP2O7, KCaPO4 и пирофосфаты кальция Ca2P2O7. The composition of combustion products of calcium hypophosphite Ca(H2PO2)2 with sodium or potassium nitrates or nitrites as oxidizers in air at atmospheric pressure has been studied. Synthesis was carried out to obtain double phosphate of the composition Na(K)CaPO4. Mixtures of powders with zero oxygen balance were prepared using, if necessary, an additional amount of ammonium nitrate. The phase composition of condensed combustion products was studied by X-ray powder analysis. The mixtures burned stably at atmospheric pressure releasing P4O10 aerosol. The combustion products were melted white particles up to 1 mm in size. In condensed combustion products were found to contain the double phosphates NaCaPO4, Na2CaP2O7, K2CaP2O7, and KCaPO4 and calcium pyrophosphates Ca2P2O7.

This review focuses on the latest advancements in combustible components of solid rocket fuel and explores the potential use of hydrides, nitriles, and tetrazoles as its components.

This article describes the effect of organic acids and ultrasound on the physiological and biochemical properties of yeast, which was used to obtain biologically active peptides. The research featured brewer’s yeast S. cerevisiae W-34/70 cultivated in 11% beer wort. A mix of Krebs cycle acids served as an activator. It included succinic, malic, fumaric, citric, and oxaloacetic acids (1:1:1:1:1). The concentration of the Krebs cycle acids was 1 × 10−10 M/L at 1% to the suspension volume. The ultrasound treatment had an intensity of 10 W/m2 and lasted 3–10 min. The combined effect increased the fermentation activity of the yeast by 98%. The activity of individual biocatalysts of constructive and energy metabolism rose by 108–330%, while that of proteolysis enzymes increased by 15% in comparison with the samples exposed to individual factors. The stimulation increased the rate of amine nitrogen consumption by the yeast. The amount of accumulated amino acids was larger by 80% than in the control, and that of protein larger by 7%. The maximal content of the synthesized protein was reached 1–2 h earlier. The combination of chemical and physical factors intensified the biosynthesis of protein and its intermediates during yeast processing, thus facilitating the subsequent extraction of biologically valuable components.

The review focuses on the latest advancements in chlorine-free oxidizers for solid rocket propellants as of January 1, 2023. The properties and applications of phase-stabilized ammonium nitrate, ammonium dinitramide, and compounds with trinitromethyl and trinitroethyl groups as high-density explosive materials, plasticizers, and components of solid rocket propellants are discussed. Formulations of rocket propellants containing these components, along with their physicomechanical properties, ballistic characteristics, and chemical stability indicators, are presented.

Currently, there is an objective need to create fortified food products that allow not only to provide the body with energy, but also to replenish the deficiency of essential nutrients. A generalization of the information published by Rospotrebnadzor and the Institute of Nutrition of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences indicates a deficiency in the diet of Russians of vitamins C, group B and β-carotene and minerals, including calcium and iron, regardless of the season of the year. The identified deviations lead to a violation of the immune status, a decrease in the body’s resistance to infections, and other unfavorable environmental factors, leading to an increase in the level of morbidity and a decrease in working capacity. The main unfavorable climatic factor that the population of the Far Eastern region has to face is low freezing temperatures. Adaptation to cold exposure is a complex process that requires a long period and may be accompanied by functional disorders and morphological changes in body tissues. In connection with the above, the problem of increasing the adaptive capabilities of a person to unfavorable environmental factors by means of correcting daily nutrition, providing the body with essential macro- and micronutrients, which is important in the prevention of possible diseases, is of particular importance. This study is aimed at assessing the effect of Schisandrachinensis extract on the adaptive capacity of rats in conditions of chronic and general cold. It was found that the extracts obtained from the fruits of Schisandra chinensis are characterized by a high content of biologically active substances. In experiments with determining the duration of running on the treadmill, a distinct act-protective effect was observed with the introduction of Schisandra chinensis extracts at a dose of 150 mg/day, against the background of reduced resistance to physical activity due to cold exposure. It was found that exposure to cold significantly reduced the swimming resistance of rats on all days of the study. The introduction of Schisandra chinensis extract into the diet led to an increase in resistance to fatigue and an increase in the duration of swimming on all days of the experiment. Conclusions: in this experimental model, a gradually increasing effect of increasing the physical performance of rats was demonstrated with prolonged (28 days) intake of the developed drinks, which coincides with the literature data on a number of other adaptogens and indicates the presence of cumulative properties of biologically active substances of Schisandra extract.

The changes that occurred with the detonation nanocarbon after ultrasonic treatment in the cavitation mode in a hydrophobic medium were studied. Optical microscopy showed the wave nature of particle size dynamics. It was established by scanning electron microscopy tenfold enlargement of the size of carbon particles to a size of 2 x 20 mu m. These particle coarsening data were confirmed by X-ray phase analysis. This method allows one to get asymmetric particles of the so-called onion carbon of irregular shape. This shape is associated with the growth of particles fixed on the surface of the glass substrate.

С целью расширения ассортимента продуктов и напитков здорового питания производители рассматривают возможность привлечения нового функционального сырьевого источника, в том числе зернового. К сожалению, в некоторых случаях зерновые культуры, отличающиеся повышенным содержанием функциональных веществ, не имеют возможности быть использованными в пищевых технологиях ввиду технической сложности их переработки. Данная проблема может быть устранена специфическим подходом к проращиванию труднообрабатываемого зерна. В исследовании показана возможность совершенствования технологии солода посредством применения химической обработки зерна на одной из стадий солодоращения. Целью работы являлось исследование возможности использования биологически активных веществ в виде комплекса органических кислот из цикла Кребса на стадии замачивания зерна, способствующего ускорению развития зерна и биохимических превращений, получению солода с требуемым химическим составом. В качестве объектов исследования выбраны ячменный, пшеничный, ржаной неферментированный, овсяный и соевый солода. В процессе солодоращения контролировали изменение ферментативной активности зерна, в готовом солоде - качественные показатели традиционными методами, используемыми в пивобезалкогольной отрасли. Результаты проведенных исследований показали эффективность органической обработки зерна, отражающейся в накоплении гидролитических ферментов повышенного уровня – в среднем на 10-20 % относительно необработанного зерна (в готовом солоде). Кроме этого данная обработка позволяет снижать концентрацию нежелательных соединений в нетрадиционных злаках, тем самым делая их перспективными в пищевых технологиях. Органическая обработка злаков позволяет получить высококачественный солодовенный продукт.

A lot of practical applications of nanoparticles assume a technological stage of introduction of particles into liquid. Meanwhile, particles could have a poor wettability. Nanostructural agglomerates contain micro- and nanopores filled with air. External impact is necessary to defragment these agglomerates. Ultrasonic treatment is often used for these purposes. Ultrasonic impact can break the agglomerate to original particles and can serve coagulation and growth of the sizes of the agglomerate. We have found the criterion of the leading mechanism (fragmentation or agglomeration) at ultrasonic processing of suspensions of nanodiamond in this work. Dynamics of the change of particles' sizes at ultrasonic processing is considered theoretically and experimentally.

This paper investigates the effect of organic acids Krebs - cycle intermediates (citric, alpha-Ketoglutaric, succinic, malic and oxalic acids) - taken in concentrations from 10(-9) to 10(-15) M on the growth of pure Pseudomonas aeruginosa, its developmental stages, heredity and multiplication. It is established that ultra-small concentrations of the Krebs cycle intermediates do stimulate the growth of P. aeruginosa. Nanopreparations based on the Krebs cycle acids with their concentrations ranging from 10(-9) to 10(-12) M are shown to exhibit the highest growth-stimulating action. In an experiment aimed at investigating a joint action of Krebs cycle intermediate nanopreparations and herbicides, a synergistic effect of increased herbicide phytotoxicity was revealed. The propensity of the P. aeruginosa strain to accelerated reproduction under the influence of a stimulating agent is not preserved in its third generation. It is determined that the stimulation of P. aeruginosa growth has limit values for each concentration and is of a cyclical character. A nanopreparation with a concentration of 10(-11) M is shown to exhibit the highest stimulating action.

Possibility of application of methods of scanning electron microscopy and the combined method of thermal analysis including differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetry to identify the authenticity of dried whole and nonfat milk has been studied. Three samples of dried whole milk and two samples of skimmed milk powder were used as the objects of study. When using scanning electron microscopy particles of elongated shape with a size from 100 to 400 microns have been detected in three samples. Using the reaction with Lugol's reagent the presence of starch has been revealed in these samples. When using the method of differential thermal analysis an identification index of milk powder is an endoeffect at 200 °C associated with thermal decomposition of lactose. It is possible to determine a mass fraction of starch in the sample of milk powder when comparing the value of endoeffect of thermal decomposition of dehydrated amylose and amylopectin for a sample and starch. The studies have found adulteration caused by adding starch in 60% of samples of skim and whole milk powder.