ObjectiveTo investigate the incidence of isolated distal deep venous thrombosis (IDDVT) concurrent with pulmonary embolism (PE) in gynecologic inpatients, analyze the risk factors for IDDVT with PE, and establish a nomogram model for IDDVT patients with PE. MethodsA total of 260 patients were diagnosed with IDDVT between December 2017 and November 2020. The incidence of PE in these patients was determined using computed tomography pulmonary angiography. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the related risk factors. On this basis, nomogram risk prediction models were established. ResultsAmong 260 patients with IDDVT, 106 (40.8%) had concurrent PE, of whom 74 (28.5%) experienced silent PE. Univariate logistic analysis demonstrated statistical significance for body mass index (BMI; P = 0.044), glucocorticoid therapy (P = 0.009), hypertension (P < 0.001), and diabetes (P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that these were independent risk factors for IDDVT with PE that retained statistical significance. A nomogram based on these factors was constructed to predict PE in patients with IDDVT. Its receiver operating characteristic (ROC) showed an area under the curve of 0.710 (95% confidence interval 0.642-0.779), with prediction sensitivity of 64.2% and prediction specificity of 76.6%. ConclusionsIn the present study, a high prevalence of PE was found in gynecologic inpatients with IDDVT. Glucocorticoid therapy, hypertension, diabetes, and BMI were independent risk factors for IDDVT patients with PE. Taking these risk factors into account, a nomogram risk prediction model was developed to help facilitate early detection of concurrent PE.

BACKGROUND:Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 have a high incidence of thrombosis that decreases after recovery. When coronavirus disease 2019 is accompanied by diseases prone to thrombosis, risk of post-infection thrombotic events may increase.CASE PRESENTATION:We report a case of digital ischemic gangrene in a 24-year-old Chinese female with systemic lupus erythematosus after recovery from coronavirus disease 2019. The pathogenesis was related to clinical characteristics of systemic lupus erythematosus, hypercoagulability caused by coronavirus disease 2019, and second-hit due to viral infection.CONCLUSION:Patients with autoimmune diseases should remain alert to autoimmune system disorders induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and other viruses. Treatment for these patients should be strictly standardized, and appropriate anticoagulation methods should be selected to prevent thrombosis.

Background: Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU), characterized by delayed wound healing, is a severe complication of diabetes mellitus. A report using single-cell sequencing technology revealed increased chitinase 3 like 1 (CHI3L1)-overexpressing fibroblasts in DFU patients with wound healing. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the role and mechanism of CHI3L1 in wound-healing Methods: DFU model rats were constructed with streptozotocin injection and scald wound formation. Subsequently, the rats were administered with adeno associated virus to overexpress signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) were transfected with recombinant constructs as needed. Moreover, the binding of STAT3 to CHI3L1 was determined through bioinformatics analysis and dual-luciferase reporter assay. The trauma area, pathological changes, cell viability, migration, and protein levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1 alpha), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and STAT3/CHI3L1/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) axis were assessed. Results: STAT3 overexpression significantly reduced trauma area and increased levels of HIF-1 alpha and VEGF and the number of new vessels in DFU rats (p < 0.001). Moreover, overexpression of STAT3 enhanced proliferation, migration, VEGF secretion, and the expression levels of HIF-1 alpha, VEGF, STAT3, CHI3L1, and phosphorylated p38 MAPK (p-p38) in DFU rats and HDFs (p < 0.001). STAT3 might bind with CHI3L1 in HDFs. The effect of CHI3L1 silencing on HDFs was opposite to that of STAT3 overexpression (p < 0.05). However, CHI3L1 silencing reversed the role of STAT3 overexpression (p < 0.001). Conclusion: STAT3 upregulation accelerates wound healing by promoting the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts by activating the CHI3L1/MAPK axis. These findings provide new drug targets for DFU treatment and unveil the underlying mechanism of delayed wound healing in DFU.

Abstract Background: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) poses a significant risk to patients with severe and critical pneumonia, contributing to increased mortality rates. Early detection of VTE in these patients is crucial for implementing timely interventions and improving outcomes. Method: We conducted a single-centered, retrospective, observational study involving 32 adult patients with severe and critical pneumonia admitted to the intensive care unit of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, China, between January 1, 2020, and February 20, 2023. All patients underwent bilateral lower extremity venous ultrasound and D-dimer testing upon admission. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the relationship between patient mortality and VTE, considering gender, age, time to ultrasound examination, site of thrombus, and D-dimer levels. Results: Among the 32 patients, 21 (65.6%) developed acute venous thrombosis in both lower extremities, with varying degrees of involvement. Notably, 11 (52.3%) of these patients died during the study period. The logistic regression analysis identified standard deviation for D-dimer levels as a significant predictor of patient mortality (P = 0.05), indicating a strong association between elevated D-dimer levels and increased risk of death. Conclusions: Our findings underscore the importance of early detection and management of VTE in severe and critical pneumonia patients. Elevated D-dimer levels, indicative of a hypercoagulable state, were significantly associated with mortality risk in this population. Prompt initiation of anticoagulant therapy upon VTE diagnosis may help mitigate this risk and improve patient outcomes. These results emphasize the need for vigilant monitoring and proactive measures to prevent VTE-related complications in critically ill pneumonia patients. Trial Registration: Retrospectively registered

Purpose: The objective was to determine the effectiveness and safety of paclitaxel-coated balloon angioplasty in hemodialysis patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN). Materials and Methods: The outcomes of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) and treated with drug-coated balloon (DCB) angioplasty were retrospectively evaluated. The effectiveness outcomes were clinical improvement of the Rutherford classification and target lesion revascularization (TLR). Safety outcomes were all-cause mortality and amputation. Results: Ninety-seven patients were treated with DCB angioplasty between December 2018 and December 2020. 87 (63.8±10.1 years) achieved technical success. Most patients had a Rutherford classification of at least grade 4. The mean lesion length was 169.8±73.8 mm, almost all had arterial calcification, and 31.0% had annular calcification. Wounds were present in 73.6% of the target limbs. The mean follow-up in this cohort was 13.4±7.4 months. The wound healing rate was 61.5% at the 12-month follow-up. All-cause mortality during 12 months of follow-up was 35.6%, amputation-free survival was 58.6%, and TLR was observed in 13 (15.3%) patients. At 3 and 12 months of follow-up, the Rutherford grade significantly improved (p<0.001). The Cox proportional hazards model revealed that wounds (hazard ratio [HR]=1.404, p=0.023) and annular calcification (HR=2.076, p=0.031) were independent predictors of amputation-free survival. Conclusions: Drug-coated balloon angioplasty in ESRD patients was effective and safe over the medium term. Wounds and annular calcification were independent predictors of amputation-free survival. Clinical Impact The effectiveness of DCB angioplasty in ESRD patients and the factors affecting major outcome prognosis in this population remain limited. This study contributes valuable insights into the effectiveness and safety of paclitaxel-coated balloon angioplasty for PAD in hemodialysis patients. Medical professionals can now regard DCB angioplasty as a viable treatment. Identifying wound presence and annular calcification as predictors of amputation-free survival equips medical practitioners with a more tailored approach to patient management, potentially resulting in enhanced outcomes and more precise treatment strategies.

目的 探讨不同病因急性肢体缺血的临床特点及误诊原因.方法 对2011 年1 月—2022 年1 月收治的病因诊断错误的急性肢体缺血12 例的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 12 例因急性肢体缺血就诊,均存在我院门急诊及首诊医院病因诊断错误.首诊均诊断为急性肢体动脉栓塞.误诊时间 8～48 h.拟急诊行肢体动脉探查Forgarty导管取栓术.经相关检查等诊断腘动脉瘤合并血栓形成8 例,上肢动脉瘤血栓形成2 例,主动脉夹层1 例,髂股动脉夹层1 例.术前及术中修正手术方案,保肢成功.结论 对于急性肢体缺血诊治需要加强对病因诊断的认知.重视病史、临床查体及术前影像学检查结果判读是减少其误诊误治的关键.

目的 探讨超声引导下射频消融联合点式剥脱术及泡沫硬化剂治疗原发性小隐静脉曲张的临床疗效.方法 收集2019年1月至2022年1月于首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院与中国医学科学院北京协和医学院北京协和医院接受超声引导下射频消融联住点式剥脱术及泡沫硬化剂的24例小隐静脉曲张患者的临床资料,记录患者术后住院时间、下床活动时间、视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分,统计患者术后并发症发生情况,所有患者均于术后2周、1个月、3个月行彩色多普勒超声随访,判断是否复发,使用静脉临床危重程度评分(VCSS)、阿伯丁静脉曲张问卷(AVVQ)、慢性静脉疾病生活质量量表(CIVIQ)评价治疗效果.结果 24例患者平均手术时间为(50±24)min,平均射频消融时间为(2.31±0.12)min,平均射频功率为18 W,每个患者平均有2个点式剥脱切口,术后住院时间为(2.00±1.00)d,下床活动时间为(3.34±1.20)h,术后VAS评分为0～1分.术后2周、1个月、3个月进行彩色多普勒超声随访,90%(27/30)患肢治疗有效;术后3个月超声检查示小隐静脉几乎无血流,10%(3/30)患肢复发.术后,3例患肢血肿,4例淤血,1例皮下硬结,并发症总发生率为33.33%.术后1个月VCSS、AVVQ、CIVIQ评分均明显低于术前,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.01).结论 超声引导下射频消融联合点式剥脱术及泡沫硬化剂对原发性小隐静脉曲张的治疗效果显著,术后患者预后较好,具有较高的安全性.

目的 评估机械血栓清除装置联合药物涂层球囊(DCB)导管治疗股腘动脉支架内再狭窄(FP-ISR)的安全性及中远期疗效.方法 收集2016年6月至2017年7月首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院收治的32例接受机械血栓清除装置联合DCB导管治疗的FP-ISR患者的临床资料,对患者的5年随访数据进行分析.分析患者的术后3、5年原发通畅率和免于临床驱动的靶病变血运重建(CD-TLR)率、手术治疗情况、不同Rutherford分级患者的治疗情况、不良事件发生率、截肢情况、死亡情况及步行障碍调查问卷(WIQ)评分.结果 32例FP-ISR患者的技术成功率和治疗成功率均为100％(32/32),其中,26例患者完成了5年随访.术后5年的WIQ评分为(49.28±24.62)分,踝肱指数(ABI)为(0.77±0.12),分别高于术前的(30.45±21.14)分、(0.45±0.14),差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05).术后3年,原发通畅率为81.5％(22/27),免于CD-TLR率为85.2％(23/27).术后5年,原发通畅率为76.9％(20/26),免于CD-TLR为80.8％(21/26).结论 机械血栓清除装置联合DCB导管治疗FP-ISR具有良好的中远期效果,安全性较高.

目的 对下肢缺血性疼痛患者不同镇痛药物方案的应用情况进行分析,对临床用药提供参考.方法 选取2018年10月1日至2022年10月31日下肢缺血性疼痛住院患者作为研究对象,采用回顾分析法对患者镇痛药物方案进行分析,收集患者基本情况、镇痛药物使用情况、疼痛视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分、不良反应等进行分析.结果 共入组患者71例,按照镇痛方案分阿片类药物组 30 例、阿片类药物+非甾体抗炎药组(NSAIDs)32例和坐骨神经阻滞组9 例.3组患者性别、年龄、病程、合并疾病及吸烟史的比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);坐骨神经阻滞组VAS评分下降值和阿片类药物组、阿片类药物联合NSAIDs组比较,差异有统计学意义(分别为6.667±1.658 vs 3.567±0.817,t=7.716,P＜0.001;6.667±1.658 vs 3.938±0.982,t=6.271,P＜0.001).阿片类药物组和阿片类药物联合NSAIDs组比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).3组不良反应和安全性比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 下肢缺血性疼痛镇痛药物方案有多种模式,相对于单用阿片类药物或阿片类药物联用NSAIDs,坐骨神经阻滞的应用在患者疼痛主诉和VAS评分下降改善明显,不良反应较少,值得临床应用推广.

目的 探讨局部麻醉下大隐静脉射频消融联合硬化剂注射与大隐静脉主干高位结扎联合透光旋切治疗老年大隐静脉曲张的安全性和有效性.方法 收集2020年5月至2022年1月于首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院就诊的157例老年大隐静脉曲张患者(176条患肢)的临床资料,按照手术方式的不同将其分为射频组和高位结扎组,其中,射频组76例患者84条患肢,采用局部麻醉下大隐静脉主干射频消融术+小腿浅静脉泡沫硬化剂注射+局部小切口点状抽剥;高位结扎组81例患者92条患肢,采用全身麻醉或腰部麻醉下大隐静脉主干高位结扎剥脱术+局部浅静脉透光旋切术.统计两组患者的手术相关指标,评估两组患者围手术期并发症发生情况,比较两组患者术后3、12个月静脉临床严重程度评分(VCSS),评估患者静脉曲张术后恢复情况.术后12个月,通过复查彩色多普勒超声评价射频组患者的大隐静脉主干再通情况.结果 两组患者的手术成功率均为100％,射频组患者术后即可下地活动,而高位结扎组则需至少卧床6 h.射频组患者术中出血量小于高位结扎组患者,住院时间短于高位结扎组患者,但射频组患者手术时间长于高位结扎组患者,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05).两组患者深静脉血栓形成(DVT)、浅静脉炎及感染的发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P﹥0.05).两组患者术后随访的VCSS均低于本组术前,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05);但两组患者VCSS比较,差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05).射频组患者中64条患肢完成了12个月下肢血管彩色多普勒超声检查,大隐静脉主干的总闭合率为87.5％(56/64).结论 射频消融联合泡沫硬化剂注射加点式剥脱术治疗老年大隐静脉曲张患者安全可行,创伤小,恢复快,围手术期并发症少.

患者男，49岁，因右下肢间歇性跛行2月余入院。该患者2个月前无明显诱因，行走或跑步运动后出现右小腿疼痛麻木，休息后可缓解，症状反复出现，现跛行距离约200 m，无静息痛。入院查体：右下肢股动脉搏动正常，腘、足背和胫后动脉无法触及搏动。入院前超声检查：右侧股浅、腘、胫后和腓动脉流速减低，频谱形态改变，三相波消失。CT血管三维成像示：右侧腘动脉P1段重度狭窄，腘动脉后外侧受压。膝关节MRI示：腘动脉后外侧见一类圆形异常信号影，边界清晰，T2WI高信号，大小1.7 cm×2.5 cm，长约3.1 cm（图1）。初步诊断：腘动脉陷迫综合征（popliteal artery entrapment syndrome，PAES）、腱鞘囊肿（ganglion cyst，GC）。硬膜外麻醉下行右侧腘动脉解压+囊肿切除术。术中见腘动脉被股二头肌肌腱长头远端内侧面的肌腹内囊肿压迫，囊壁表面光滑，质韧，内容物为淡黄色胶冻样。囊肿切除后行术中超声示腘动脉流速、三相波恢复正常，结束手术。术后病理符合腱鞘囊肿的病理特征。术后4个月随访，右侧股、腘、足背和胫后动脉搏动正常，下肢血管超声检查未见明显异常。

OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to compare the efficacy of customized graduated elastic compression stockings (c-GECSs) based on lower leg parameter models with standard GECSs (s-GECSs) in patients with chronic venous disease (CVD). METHODS:In this randomized, single-blind, controlled trial, 79 patients with stage C2 or C3 CVD were assigned to one of two groups: c-GECSs or s-GECSs. The primary outcome was change to Venous Insufficiency Epidemiological and Economic Study Quality of Life (VEINES-QOL) scores at months 1, 3, and 6 as compared with baseline. Secondary outcomes included compliance with wearing ECSs, interface pressure at the smallest circumference of the ankle (point B) and the largest circumference of the calf (point C), and calf volume (CV). RESULTS:There were 13 pairs of s-GECS and 2 pairs of c-GECS that showed pressure values higher than the standard at either point B or C. The c-GECSs were significantly superior to s-GECSs in terms of score improvement at all three time points (month 1, 8.47 [95% confidence interval (CI), 7.47-9.45] vs 5.89 [95% CI, 5.00-6.78]; month 3, 9.60 [95% CI, 8.47-10.72] vs 6.72 [95% CI, 5.62-7.83]; month 6, 7.09 [95% CI, 5.93-8.24] vs 3.92 [95% CI, 2.67-5.18]; P < .0001). Besides, at month 1, the mean daily use time of the c-GECS and s-GECS groups was 10.7 and 9.5 hours, respectively (P < .05). Correlation analysis indicated a negative relationship between local high pressure and daily duration in the s-GECS group (rpb = -0.388; n = 38; P < .05). Variances in pressure were greater in the s-GECSs group. The c-GECSs showed advantage in maintaining pressure. Both c-GECSs and s-GECSs effectively reduced CV (mL), with no significant differences between groups (month 1, 90.0 [95% CI, 71.4-108.5] vs 85.0 [95% CI, 65.6-104.2]; month 3, 93.8 [95% CI, 69.7-117.8] vs 85.9 [95% CI, 65.5-106.2]; month 6, 70.8 [95% CI, 46.5-95.2]) vs 60.8 [95% CI, 44.1-77.5]). CONCLUSIONS:The c-GECSs based on individual leg parameter models significantly improved VEINES-QOL scores and provided stable and enduring pressure as compared with s-GECSs for patients with stage C2 or C3 CVD. Although both c-GECSs and s-GECSs effectively reduced CV, the superior fit and comfort of c-GECSs improved patient compliance. Hence, c-GECSs are a viable alternative for patients who have difficulty tolerating s-GECSs.

Abstract Background Arterial thrombosis of the lower extremities is a common emergency in vascular surgery that can easily lead to amputation due to acute limb ischemia if not managed promptly. Arterial thrombosis of lower extremities is often associated with atherosclerosis, but some rare conditions, such as polycythemia vera, can also induce thrombosis. Polycythemia vera is prone to thrombosis because of its special pathological features. In addition, the thrombus sites are common in brain blood vessels and coronary arteries. Conversely, thrombosis occurring in the lower limbs is rare. Case presentation: A 44-year-old man with an about 20 years history of hypertension and smoking presented to the emergency department and transferred to department of vascular surgery after low molecular weight heparin administered due to acute thrombosis of lower extremities in May 2019. Laboratory tests revealed that his hemoglobin and hematocrit levels elevated, and a diagnosis of chronic polycythemia was considered. At that time, the patient’s thrombosis was not connected to polycythemia. After discharge, the patient was advised to visit the hematology department for further diagnosis confirmation. However, the patient did not comply. In August 2019, the patient was admitted to the hospital for the second time due to arterial thromboembolism in the left lower limb. After discharge, the patient completed a bone marrow biopsy and genetic testing and was diagnosed with polycythemia vera. Unfortunately, the patient has suffered from arterial thrombosis of lower limbs in September 2019, November 2019, December 2019, and October 2022 because of the non-standard treatment. Conclusions It is important to determine the etiology of patients with arterial thrombosis of lower extremities especially recurrent thrombosis as well as pay attention to some rare causes that can induce thrombosis. Standard treatment is vital for patients to prevent recurrent thrombosis when there are some specific etiologies as in our present case.

Objective Compression therapy with the use of graduated compression stockings (GCSs) is a common treatment strategy for chronic venous disease (CVD). However, there is no uniform and objective standard to assess adherence to the use of GCSs. The aim of this study is to develop and validate a GCS Compliance Scale (GCSAS) to fill gaps in internationally recognized comprehensive scales and provide a useful tool for future research. Methods The items included in the GCSAS were based on a review of the literature and open-ended interviews with experts, who screened the initial items using an item-level content validity index. Then, pilot tests were conducted three times with 50 participants. After exclusion of redundant and cross-loading items by exploratory factor analysis, 290 subjects were recruited to evaluate the reliability and validity of the proposed GCSAS. Analyses included internal consistency, test–retest reliability, split-half reliability, construct validity, criterion validity, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. Results The final GCSAS consisted of 17 items and 5 dimensions. The results of the exploratory factor analysis indicated that the variances of each factor explained were 22.03%, 14.85%, 14.74%, 14.16%, and 13.35%, and all 5 factors explained 79.13% of the variance among the 17 items. The factor loadings of all items were >0.7. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the indices were adequate. A significant positive correlation was found between the GCSAS and the Venous Insufficiency Epidemiological and Economic Study - Quality of Life questionnaire scores (r = 0.76, p < 0.001). The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.90, test–retest reliability was 0.81, and split-half reliability was 0.92. Conclusions The GCSAS showed good validity and reliability to assess compliance with the use of GCSs among patients with CVD.

Atherosclerosis is a chronic lipid-driven inflammatory response of the innate and adaptive immune systems, and it is responsible for several cardiovascular ischemic events. The present study aimed to determine immune infiltration-related biomarkers in carotid atherosclerotic plaques (CAPs). Gene expression profiles of CAPs were extracted from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the CAPs and control groups were screened by the "limma" package in R software. Immune cell infiltration between the CAPs and control groups was evaluated by the single sample gene set enrichment analysis. Key infiltrating immune cells in the CAPs group were screened by the Wilcoxon test and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression. The weighted gene co-expression network analysis was used to identify immune cell-related genes. Hub genes were identified by the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to assess the gene's ability to differentiate between the CAPs and control groups. Finally, we constructed a miRNA-gene-transcription factor network of hub genes by using the ENCODE database. Eleven different types of immune infiltration-related cells were identified between the CAPs and control groups. A total of 1,586 differentially expressed immunity-related genes were obtained through intersection between DEGs and immune-related genes. Twenty hub genes were screened through the PPI network. Eventually, 7 genes (BTK, LYN, PTPN11, CD163, CD4, ITGAL, and ITGB7) were identified as the hub genes of CAPs, and these genes may serve as the estimable drug targets for patients with CAPs.

OBJECTIVE:Measurement of lower limb volume in patients with chronic venous disease (CVD) is necessary for assessing severity at the time of diagnosis and evaluating response to therapy administered. Existing methods have some limitations in clinical application and accuracy. The study aimed to investigate the reliability and validity of a three-dimensional laser scanner (3DLS) in measuring the lower limb volume of patients with CVD. METHODS:A total of 30 patients with CVD (mean age, 55.6 ± 8.07 years; mean body mass index, 24.61 ± 1.87) were recruited in a vascular surgery clinic. The lower limb volumes of all participants were measured using the 3DLS and circumferential method (CM). Statistical analysis was conducted to compare the 3DLS and CM. RESULTS:There was a strong correlation between the CM and 3DLS method (r2 = 0.9065). The 3DLS had a high intraoperator and interoperator reliability. A Bland-Altman plot showed satisfactory agreement between the two methods. The 3DLS demonstrated greater bilateral limb differences than CM. CONCLUSIONS:There was satisfactory agreement between the two investigated methods. The 3DLS method was confirmed to be accurate, repeatable, and rapid in measuring the lower limb volume in patients with CVD and is, therefore, suitable for clinical use.

Intramuscular ganglion cyst (IMGC) is a very rare lesion with an unidentified pathogeny that originates within the muscle. We encountered a case of 49-year-old man who complained of intermittent claudication in the right lower limb for 2 months. An intramuscular ganglion cyst in the biceps femoris muscle was diagnosed and located by Computed tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which compressed the popliteal artery and resulted in ischemia in the right lower limb. Six months after surgical resection, there was no recurrence of the cyst and the popliteal artery was patency. We describe this case with a review of the relevant literature.

Aortic dilation disease, represented by aortic dissection and aortic aneurysm, is the most dangerous disease in vascular surgery. The pathogenesis of this disease is not very clear. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology can study cell heterogeneity and identify new cell states and populations at the single cell level, which provides a new tool for studying the occurrence and development mechanism of aortic disease.