Background. Heart transplantation is currently the treatment of choice for patients in terminal stages of chronic heart failure. The critical shortage of donor organs and the growing need for heart transplantation necessitate the expansion of donor selection criteria, including the estimated ischemia time of the donor heart. Despite numerous studies, the issue remains regarding the safe cold ischemia time; no definite limit to the acceptable preservation time is known and no relevant pathomorphological data are available on the state of the donor heart myocardium at different time parameters. Objective. To comparatively assess the features of cardiomyocyte pathomorphology and expression of protein markers (actin and desmin) in the myocardium of a donor heart prior to the main stage of orthotopic heart transplantation. Methods. The work adopted the design of an observational clinical study, which was prospective in nature. The study used intraoperative myocardial biopsy specimens of the left atrial appendage from donors aged up to 60 years, following cold ischemia of the transplant in Bretschneider solution (Dr. Franz Köhler Chemie GmbH, Germany) lasting up to 240 minutes (Group 1, n = 10) and over 240 minutes (Group 2, n = 7). The nature of pathomorphological myocardial transformation in the left atrial appendage of the donor heart was determined at different cold ischemia times. Histological myocardial sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin according to standard procedures. After that, they were further studied using light and polarization microscopy; the immunohistochemical method was used to analyze the expression of actin and desmin. Morphometry was performed using the ImageJ 1.48v software (USA). In the analysis of actin and desmin amount, the area of DAB(3,3′-diaminobenzidine)-positive products of the immunohistochemical reaction was estimated as a percentage of the image area. The volume density of immunohistochemically detectable actin and desmin was determined using 20 images at a magnification of 40×10. In order to study the intensity of the immune reaction, a semiquantitative method was used, which involved counting the number of cells in 25 randomly selected fields of view. The types of myocardial contracture damage were assessed via polarization microscopy. Results. Patients included in the first and second groups were comparable in terms of mean age and anthropometric indices. The mean age of patients amounted to 50 [44;59] years in Group 1 and 50 [49;50] years in Group 2, р = 0.193. The body mass index was 25 [22;27] in Group1 and 25 [21;31] in Group 2, р = 0.288. Both groups showed male predominance: 8 (80%) in Group 1 and 6 (85.7%) in Group 2, р = 0.256. The comprehensive morphological assessment of ischemic myocardial damage at different cold ischemia times revealed the uniformity and reversibility of changes in cellular structures (in both groups) that take the form of I–II class contractures, lysis changes in individual cardiomyocytes (only in Group 2), preserved immunohistochemical reactions to actin and desmin in both groups at their average intensity and the complete absence of areas showing no reaction to desmin, which gives an idea about the degree of preservation of their macromolecular structure. Conclusion. The obtained study results showed that due to having a balanced elemental composition that determines the metabolic protection of cells and their ionic balance, the Bretschneider solution effectively protects the donor heart during its transportation, with the myocardial cold ischemia lasting up to 240 min and more.

Introduction. The balance of estrogens and progesterone ensures the harmonious development of the uterus during pregnancy: progesterone provides an increase in the number of myocytes, and estrogens – their volume. Hormonal balance achieved through the catabolism of estrogens in the liver plays an important role in postpartum uterine involution. In this regard, liver diseases during pregnancy can disturb the elimination of estrogens, which leads to hyperestrogenism and problems with maintenance of pregnancy, and can also cause impaired uterine postpartum involution. Aim. The study of the expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors in the myometrium of C57Bl/6 mice during pregnancy and the late postpartum period in acute CCl4-induced hepatosis and in its correction with immobilized hyaluronidase (IH). Materials and methods. The experiment was performed on 100 female C57Bl/6 mice. Acute hepatosis was induced on the 13th day of pregnancy by a single intraperitoneal injection of a 50% carbon tetrachloride solution in olive oil at a dose of 0.3 ml/kg. The mice were divided into four groups: group 1 (control) – intact pregnant mice; group 2 – mice with acute toxic hepatosis; group 3 – pregnant mice with induced acute toxic hepatosis and its correction with IH on the 14th day of pregnancy; group 4 – intact pregnant mice receiving IH on the 14th day of pregnancy. In all groups, sampling was carried out on the 18th and 21st days of pregnancy and on the 1st, 10th and 15th days after parturition. The numerical density (Nai) of positively stained nuclei of the receptors in the test area in myocytes was calculated, regardless of the staining intensity. Results. During pregnancy in acute CCl4-induced hepatosis, the expression of progesterone and estrogen receptors in the myometrium does not change and corresponds to that of intact pregnant mice. In animals with acute CCl4-induced hepatosis, in the late postpartum period (up to 15 days), an increased expression of estrogen receptors in the myometrium is noted, with relatively stable expression rates of progesterone. In the correction of acute CCl4-induced hepatosis with IH, the expression of estrogen receptors in the postpartum period decreases and generally corresponds to similar indicators in intact pregnant mice. Conclusion. In acute CCl4-induced hepatosis, the balance of estrogen and progesterone receptors in the myometrium in the postpartum period is disturbed. In the correction of acute CCl4-induced hepatosis with IH, the levels of expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors in the myometrium are normalized which contributes to the completion of postpartum uterine involution.

OBJECTIVE:At the histological and ultramicroscopic level, compare biopsy specimens of donor heart under standard (up to 240 min) and extended (more than 240 min) periods of pharmaco-cold preservation. MATERIAL AND METHODS:Biopsy specimens of the left atrium of donor hearts: group 1 - 8 samples after transportation with pharmaco-cold preservation of the graft in Bretschneider solution (Dr. Franz Köhler Chemie GmbH, Germany) up to 240 min, (Me 140), and group 2 - 5 samples after an extended pharmaco-cold period (more than 240 min; Me 375) were examined using light microscopy of semi-thin sections and transmission electron microscopy, followed by stereological and statistical analysis. RESULTS:A comparative study of the myocardium of donor hearts revealed stereotypical dystrophic changes in cardiomyocytes. Semi-thin sections demonstrated a mosaic pattern of myocardial parenchyma in both groups, caused by contracture and less pronounced lytic changes in myocytes, which were accompanied by stromal edema without statistically significant differences according to stereological studies. Ultrathin sections of the perinuclear zones of cardiomyocytes visualized reduction and focal damage to myofibrils and mitochondria in combination with pronounced autophagy; at the same time, with a shorter duration of the pharmaco-cold period, the stereological indicators of cardiomyocyte organelles indicated a relatively better supply of myofibrils with mitochondria. CONCLUSION:The results obtained suggest a sufficiently high degree of preservation of the tissue and ultrastructural organization of donor hearts with prolonged (more than 240 min) pharmaco-cold ischemia to restore adequate cardiac activity after heart transplantation.

Hyaluronidase increases tissue permeability and diffusion of the extracellular fluid by cleaving hyaluronan, the primary component of the extracellular matrix. Hyaluronidase pegylation (Hyal-PEG) decreases its clearance and enhances biodistribution. The pro- and anticancer activity of Hyal-PEG and a combination of Hyal-PEG with doxorubicin were studied in vitro (morphological analysis of rat glioblastoma 101.8 spheroids) and in vivo (by the survival time of rats after intracerebral transplantation of the tumor and morphological analysis). In the presence of doxorubicin and Hyal-PEG in the culture medium in vitro, spheroids lost their ability to adhere to the substrate and disintegrate into individual cells. Intracerebral transplantation of the tumor tissue with Hyal-PEG did not accelerate glioblastoma growth. The mean survival time for animals receiving transplantation of the tumor alone and in combination with Hyal-PEG was 13 and 20 days, respectively. In one rat with transplanted tumor and Hyal-PEG, this parameter increased by 53%. The survival time of rats receiving systemic therapy with doxorubicin and Hyal-PEG significantly increased (p=0.003). Antitumor effect of therapeutic doses of doxorubicin combined with Hyal-PEG was demonstrated on the model of rat glioblastoma 101.8 in vitro. Hyal-PEG inhibited adhesion of tumor cells, but did not cause their death. Transplantation of Hyal-PEG-treated tumor did not reduce animal survival time. Systemic administration of therapeutic doses of doxorubicin with Hyal-PEG increased survival time of rats with glioblastoma 101.8.

Introduction. Heart transplantation is currently the mainstay of treatment for the end-stage chronic heart failure patients. To date, there is no consensus on the time criteria for cold ischemia of the donor heart. Despite a large number of studies, the question about the level of damage of cardiomyocyte cytoskeleton proteins at different terms of cold ischemia remains unresolved; there is no clear time limit of acceptable preservation time and corresponding pathomorphological data on the state of their structure at ischemic and reperfusion damage. Aim. An analysis of pathomorphological characteristics of cardiomyocytes and the expression of E-cadherin, protein from the family of cell adhesion molecules in the myocardium of the donor heart at different terms of cold ischemia. Materials and methods. Intraoperative biopsies of the myocardium of the left atrial appendage of donors aged up to 60 years after cold ischemia with Custodiol solution duration up to 240 min (group 1, n = 10) and over 240 min (group 2, n = 7) were used. Histological sections of the myocardium were stained according to the standard procedure with hematoxylin and eosin. Their further study was carried out by light microscopy, and to assess the E-cadherin expression immunohistochemistry was used. Results. The assessment of cardiomyocyte pathomorphology under conditions of different duration of myocardial cold ischemia revealed homogeneity and reversibility of changes in cellular structures, steady-state expression of the cell adhesion protein, E-cadherin at the sites of intercalated discs in patients of both groups. Conclusion. The results showed that the activity of E-cadherin under cold myocardial ischemia with Custodiol solution for 240 min and over 240 min remains in steady-state, indicating the preservation its macromolecular structure and functional polarity of myocardial muscle cells.

Introduction. Improvements in the quality of diagnosis and early treatment of malignant neoplasms have led to a decrease in the mortality rate. However, chemotherapy-induced toxicity can cause late and long-term side effects, one of which is infertility. At the moment, the mechanisms of damage caused by the toxic effect of drugs designated for the treatment of hematologic malignancies have not been sufficiently studied. Aim. To study the morphofunctional state of the endocrine apparatus of rat testicles after the administration of chemotherapeutic agents. Materials and methods. A case-control study on 50 Wistar rats aged 3 months weighing 270–300 g was performed. The control group (n = 10) consisted of rats which did not receive drugs for the treatment of hematologic malignancies, the experimental group (n = 40) comprised rats which were intraperitoneally administered cyclophosphamide, hydroxydaunorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone (СНОР regimen). Testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels in rats were measured by enzyme immunoassay. The weight of rat testicles was measured, and the testicular mass index was calculated, as well as morphometry of Leydig cells was performed. Results. After a twofold administration of chemotherapeutic drugs (СНОР regimen), on the 14th day, the rats of the experimental group showed a decrease in the weight and mass index of the testicles. Results of morphometry indicated a decrease in the number of endocrine cells, number of medium- and large-size Leydig cells, and an increase in the number of small forms of these cells. Concentration of testosterone in blood plasma decreased. By the 35th day, the studied parameters in the rats of the experimental group corresponded to the controls. Conclusion. A twofold administration of chemotherapeutic drugs (СНОР regimen) on 7th and 14th days in rats was accompanied by a decrease in testicular weight, degenerative and atrophic changes in islets of interstitial (Leydig) cells, and a decrease in testosterone concentration in blood plasma. By the 35th day of the experiment, compensatory and adaptive responses were developing, characterized by the restoration of testicular weight, an increase in the number of medium- and large-size endocrine cells and testosterone level in blood plasma.

Introduction. In all countries of the world, the problem of acute shortage of donor organs is relevant with the constant growth of the need for transplants and the lengthening of the waiting list. In order to potentially increase the amount of donor material and improve the quality of the donor heart with guaranteed successful reperfusion, preservation protocols are being improved. Aim. To perform a comprehensive pathomorphological assessment of the myocardium of the donor heart after transportation for more than 240 minutes in a cooled membrane-stabilizing Custodiol solution. Materials and methods. Using light, polarization, electron microscopy and indirect two-step immunohistochemical method, biopsies of 7 donor hearts transported for transplantation in a cooled Custodiol solution for more than 240 min (333.33 ± 30.69 min) were studied. The age of the donors was 50 [49; 50] years, body mass index was 25 [21; 31], males predominated – 6 ones (85.7%). Results. When examining longitudinal paraffin sections of the myocardium in polarized light, bands of overcontraction and contracture changes in myofibrils were revealed, in rarer fields of vision – small foci of intracellular myocytolysis, confirmed by electron microscopy of cardiomyocytes. Immunohistochemical study demonstrated a moderately pronounced reduction in the expression of sarcomere actin and intermediate filament desmin. Conclusion. The use of Custodiol solution for preserving the donor heart in combination with the cold factor prevents the development of acute ischemia and provides effective protection of the myocardium during transportation for more than 240 minutes.

Introduction. The prevalence of acute and chronic liver diseases in pregnant women increases every year, which is associated with a high risk of adverse outcome for the mother and fetus. At the same time, the mechanisms that ensure an increase in uterine mass, structural changes in the myometrium before childbirth and the process of postpartum involution of the uterus to the initial mass, the participation of molecular cellular mechanisms in pregnant women with liver pathology, and ways to correct it remain poorly understood. Aim. The aim of the study was to investigate morphological changes in the myometrium, during pregnancy and the late postpartum period in the myometrium of mice with acute CCl4-induced hepatosis and under conditions of its correction with immobilized hyaluronidase. Materials and methods. The experiment was performed on 200 female pregnant mice of the C57B1/6 line at two months of age. Acute toxic hepatosis was modeled by a single injection of tetrachlormethane. Correction of acute hepatosis was performed on the next day after administration of tetrachloromethane and subsequent days of pregnancy with a single injection of immobilized hyaluronidase. The animals were divided into 4 groups: a group with physiological pregnancy, animals with the immobilized hyaluronidase drug injection; animals with acute hepatosis; animals with acute hepatosis treated with immobilized hyaluronidase. Uterine samples were collected on the 18th, 21st days of pregnancy and on the 1st, 5th, 10th, 15th days after delivery. Results. The volume density (Vv) of myocytes in the state of apoptosis, interstitial cytoplasmic conglomerates, which are products of clasmacytosis, and necrotized myocytes were calculated, as well as the numerical density (Nai) of myocytes with positive expression of the p53 protein. Under conditions of acute hepatosis, structural transformations of the myometrium in the form of an increase in clasmacytosis, necrotized myocytes occur already during pregnancy. The main structural mechanism of the process of postpartum involution of the myometrium of mice in conditions of acute hepatosis in the long-term period of postpartum involution was clasmacyto sis and, to a lesser extent, necrosis of myocytes. The processes of myometrial involution in mice under conditions of acute hepatosis slow down and do not complete by the 15th day of the postpartum period. When correcting acute hepatosis with immobilized hyaluronidase, the volume density of cytoplasmic conglomerates, apoptotically altered myocytes and necrotized myocytes decreases from the 1st to the 15th day of the postpartum period, which indicates the completeness of postpartum uterine involution. Conclusion. Liver damage is accompanied by a change in the metabolism of sex hormones, which leads to an abnormality of the mechanisms of postpartum involution of the uterus, as well as its structural changes before childbirth.

In adult Wistar rats, post-toxic liver cirrhosis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 50% oil solution of CCl4 and peroral administration of 6.5% aqueous solution of ethyl alcohol over 60 days. Histological examination of the liver revealed vacuolar degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes, formation of false lobules, expression of collagens I and III periportally and in interlobular spaces, ascites, and hydrothorax. Then, oxidized dextran with a molecular weight of 40 kDa (2 ml of a 5% aqueous solution) was intraperitoneally injected every fourth day over 30 days. Against the background of treatment with oxidized dextran, the volume density of collagens I and III decreased by more than 2 times, the "collagen-producing" activity of fibroblasts decreased by 47%, and the number of fibroblasts decreased, including by the mechanism of apoptosis. The decrease in the collagen content in the liver of rats treated with oxidized dextran was apparently associated with blockade of collagen assembly due to the aldehyde-aldehyde interaction of tropocollagens and oxidized dextran.

Introduction. Under conditions of chemical damage to the cornea, its cellular structure is significantly disrupted, requiring emergency highly differentiated regeneration without an expressed proliferative component of inflammation and expansion of immunocompetent cells to gain an antimicrobial potential. For the purpose of pharmacological initiation of these processes, the study of the topical administration of anti-inflammatory enzyme preparations, such as subtilisin and hyaluronidase, is pathogenetically justified. Aim. To study the effect of hyaluronidase and subtilisin, PEGylated (polyethylene glycol – PEG) using the technology of electron beam synthesis on the number of immunocompetent cells in the area of the corneal chemical injury during their subconjunctival and topical administration. Materials and methods. An experimental study of the effect of PEGylated hyaluronidase and subtilisin enzymes, on the cellular composition of the corneal chemical injury was performed on 28 rabbits. Corneal injury was modeled using the Obenberger alkali burn technique. PEG-subtilisin or PEG-hyaluronidase was applied topically or subconjunctivally into the right eye of the animal, depending on the group, the left eye of the animal was used as a control – it was treated with 0.9% NaCl. After the experiment, enucleation was performed. The biomaterial obtained was used to prepare tissue specimens for morphological examination. Results. The total count of cells in the groups of topical and subconjunctival administration of PEG-subtilisin was 43 (40; 52) and 73 (33; 92), and subconjunctival injection of PEG-hyaluronidase – 46 (37; 61), which was higher than the count of cells when using 0.9% NaCl in these groups (p < 0.01) and higher (p < 0.0001) cell numbers in the group of topical administration of PEG-hyaluronidase. The total count of cells with topical application of PEG-hyaluronidase was 15 (13; 16), with topical application of 0.9% NaCl of this group – also 15 (14; 18) (p = 0.38). The neutrophil count with the use of PEG-subtilisin was 1 (1; 2) with topical and 0 (0; 1) with subconjunctival administration, and with the use of PEG-hyaluronidase – 0 (0; 0) both with topical and subconjunctival administration. Conclusion. The administration of PEG-hyaluronidase subconjunctivally and PEG-subtilisin both topically and subconjunctivally leads to an increased migration of immunocompetent cells to the area of the corneal chemical injury, while the migration of neutrophils is insignificant. It is completely absent when PEG-hyaluronidase is injected subconjunctivally. Topical administration of PEG-hyaluronidase does not induce a pronounced cellular response of immunocompetent cells in the area of the corneal chemical injury, and the effect of the application is comparable to that of 0.9% NaCl.

Introduction. The development of liver cirrhosis, regardless of etiology, is based on the process of fibrosis and structural alteration of the organ. Regulation of this process is associated with a high level of TGF-β expression and suppression of apoptosis in hepatocytes. Oxidized dextran (OD) has a high antifibrotic activity and is able to change the functional state of the phagocytic cell, thus preventing the development of fibrosis and stimulating reparative processes in organs with post-toxic hepatosis and liver cirrhosis. Aim. To study the molecular and cellular mechanisms of the effect of OD on the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated proteins during fibrosis and the development of liver cirrhosis in rats with post-toxic hepatosis. Materials and methods. In the experiment, 30 male Wistar rats weighing 280–320 g were used. The animals were divided into 2 groups. In group 1 rats (hepatosis), the post-toxic hepatosis was modeled by administration of a solution of CCl4 and ethyl alcohol. In rats from group 2, the post-toxic hepatosis was modeled in the same way, and OD was administered. The numerical density (Nai) of liver nonparenchymal cells expressing TGF-β (Kupffer cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts) was calculated. The expression of E-cadherin, vimentin, SNAIL + SLUG by fibroblasts and hepatocytes was evaluated. Results. The numerical density (Nai) of hepatocytes expressing vimentin prevailed in the liver of group 1 rats (hepatosis), compared with that of group 2 animals (hepatosis + OD) on the 30th and 60th days. In animals of the 1st (hepatosis) group on the 60th day, a 3-fold lower numerical density of hepatocytes expressing E-cadherin was noted in comparison with that in rats treated with OD (group 2). In animals of the 1st (hepatosis) group on the 30th and 60th days, a 2-fold and 5-fold higher numerical density of hepatocytes expressing SNAIL + SLUG was noted in comparison with that in rats of the 2nd group. The numerical density of fibroblasts expressing vimentin prevailed in the liver of group 2 rats (hepatosis + OD), compared with that of group 1 animals (hepatosis) on day 30. In animals of the 1st (hepatosis) group on the 60th day, a 6-fold higher numerical density of fibroblasts expressing E-cadherin was noted in comparison with that in rats treated with OD (group 2). In animals of the 1st (hepatosis) group on the 30th and 60th days, the numerical density of fibroblasts expressing SNAIL + SLUG was 6 and 7 times higher than in rats treated with OD (group 2). In the liver of animals of the 2nd group (hepatosis + OD), the numerical density of cells expressing TGF-β was lower in comparison with that of animals of the 1st group (hepatosis) by 2.5 times on the 30th day and 3.6 times on the 60th day of the experiment. Conclusion. In post-toxic hepatosis, the expression of TGF-β, SNAIL + SLUG and vimentin proteins increases in liver parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells, contributing to the acquisition of a mesenchymal immunophenotype by cells, which leads to increased profibrotic activity and the development of liver cirrhosis. The use of OD in post-toxic hepatosis reduces the expression of vimentin, TGF-β and EMT-associated proteins in liver parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells, which decreases the severity of fibroplastic processes and prevents the development of liver cirrhosis.

An important role in a number of different clinical manifestations of HIV infection is played by the pathology of the skin and mucous membranes. Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a multifocal malignant tumor of vascular origin with a predominant lesion of the skin and involvement of internal organs. Prior to the development of the HIV epidemic, KS was considered a rare tumor. Under conditions of increasing immunosuppression, HIV-associated KS tends to have a more severe course, generalization, and is accompanied by damage to visceral organs, leading to the death of patients. The authors demonstrate a clinical case of generalized KS with lesions of the skin, mucous membranes and internal organs (lungs) in a patient with HIV infection. The pulmonary form of KS is rare, but often leads to death.

Introduction. Due to the acquisition of resistance to antibiotics by pyogenic microbiota, the problem of local (medicinal) treatment of wounds has become more acute. Aim. Evaluation of the medicinal properties of Bioseptin ointment in vivo on a model of a purulent incised skin wound of research animals. Materials and object of the research. Bioseptin ointment was developed by LLC “Research Center”. The active principle of the ointment is a microbial association: bacteria Baсillus subtilis strain VKPМ B-7048 and Bacillus licheniformis strain VKPМ B-7038, which has high antagonistic activity against a wide range of pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms. As an auxiliary component of the ointment, a dense nutrient medium is taken, used for growing cultures of B. subtilis and B. licheniformis in the process of obtaining a specific batch of ointment. The ointment is a combination preparation for topical use. The wound-healing effectiveness of the ointment was assessed in two groups (20 mice each) of healthy non-inbred mice with a body weight of 16 and 20 g of ICR colony of both sexes from the nursery State Scientific Center for Virology and Biotechnology “Vector” of Russian Federal State Agency for Health and Consumer Rights. The control group was a group of mice treated with the reference ointment Iruksol (20 mice per group). A model of a purulent wound in animals of these three groups was obtained by infecting incised skin wounds with a mixture of bacterial cells P. aeruginosa and S. Aureus. Treatment of mice was continued until their incised skin wounds healed. Every day, mice in all groups were assessed for wound area, percentage reduction in wound area (WAR) according to L.N. Popova’s method, rate of wound contraction, motor activity, appetite, dynamics and nature of wound healing. Every 3 days, changes in body weight were assessed, laboratory blood tests and histomorphological examination of the incised skin wound were performed. To obtain tissue samples, animals, according to the observation period were removed from the experiment by euthanasia using the method of cervical dislocation. Tissue samples excised from the wound and blood samples were examined on days 3, 6, 9, and 12 after skin wound formation. Samples for light microscopy were prepared and stained according to the methods. Viewing of preparations and microphotography was carried out on a Jenaval light microscope (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany). All data were processed statistically using Microsoft Excel and STATISTICA. Results and discussion. It was shown that almost until the end of treatment of purulent wounds in all groups of experimental animals with the control ointment Iruksol and Bioseptin ointment, negative dynamics of body weight was observed due to the expressed toxic effect of the purulent wound on the body of the research animals. The results of a blood test for hematological and biochemical parameters in the body of research animals of all three groups revealed changes characteristic of the development of a local infectious process and intoxication. Evidence was established of faster healing of purulent wounds in animals of groups 1 and 2 treated with Bioseptin and Iruksol ointments, respectively, compared to animals of group 3 (with a severe superinfected purulent wound). Moreover, complete visually observed wound healing in group 2 occurred in less than 9 days, in control group 1 and experimental group 3 on the 12th day of observation. Histomorphological study demonstrated the restoration of the structure of the skin in the wound as an organ with all its derivatives already on the 9th day in groups 1-2; in group 3 with a burdened purulent wound, complete restoration of the epidermal defect was not noted. Conclusion. Bioseptin ointment is promising as a drug for effective topical use in the treatment of infected wounds; the ointment has a significant antimicrobial effect. The microbial association (Bacillus subtilis strain ВКПМ B-7048 and Bacillus licheniformis strain ВКПМ B-7038) which is part of the Bioseptin ointment, promotes the cleansing of wounds, their granulation and faster healing compared to the control ointment Iruksol. The use of Bioseptin ointment for the treatment of complicated purulent wounds has been shown to be promising.

a single organ, without a clear division into segments. The problem of intestinal anastomotic leakage has not yet been resolved, and its proportion is from 3.4 to 15.3%, with a mortality rate of up to 18.6%. Identification of the anatomical features of different segments of the small intestine and their contents is of practical importance in surgery in terms of prevention of complications. Aim. Identification of morphological features of different segments of the small intestine and their microbiota. Materials and methods. An examination of 26 samples of the small intestine during autopsy was performed. The morphological features of the small intestine, its intraluminal microbiota composition, as well as leukocyte infiltration of the intestinal wall were studied at different distances from the ligament of Treitz. Results. The morphological characteristics of the small intestine are both individual (length) and common (changes in venous architectonics and a gradual decrease in intestinal diameter in the caudal direction). The number and cellular composition of leukocytes in the wall of the small intestine are approximately the same, which provides equal immunological protection regardless of the distance from the ligament of Treitz. The concentration of microbial communities and their qualitative composition change at different lengths of the small intestine, with a gradual increase towards the terminal segment. Changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of the microbiota in the intestinal lumen do not lead to changes in the leukocyte reaction. Conclusion. When planning and performing a surgical operation, it is necessary to take into account the presence of different volumes and species composition of the bacterial load, as well as the morphological characteristics of different segments of the small intestine.

We studied granuloma formation and its outcomes in BCG-induced granulomatosis in the liver of mice of different age periods treated with oxidized dextran. Newborn C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with BCG vaccine on the first day of life (group 1) or BCG vaccine solution on first day of life and oxidized dextran on the second day of life (group 2). Analysis was carried out on 3, 5, 10, 28, and 56 days of life. After injection of BCG vaccine, granulomas in the liver appeared starting from the day 28. In mice treated with oxidized dextran, granulomas on day 28 were smaller and less numerous than in group 1 animals. In BCG granulomatosis, fibroplastic processes in the liver develop mainly at the site of granulomas. Injection of oxidized dextran under conditions of BCG granulomatosis reduced the manifestations of fibrosis in the liver.

Chronic gastric ulcer is a rare disease in childhood. The article presents data on the epidemiology and etiology of the disease in children, describes the case of a chronic gastric ulcer complicated by penetration into the liver, perforation, development of abdominal sepsis, with a fatal outcome in a 7-year-old girl.

Introduction Cirrhosis of the liver is one of the leading problems of modern medicine in Russia and the world, the incidence of which tends to increase at the present time, and mortality among liver diseases with cirrhosis reaches 47%.The purpose of the work is to evaluate the significance of metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors in the formation of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in the outcome of chronic hepatosis of mixed toxic etiology and the use of OD in the experiment.Materials and methods In Wistar rats of group 1, posttoxic chronic hepatosis was induced by injections of 50% CCl4 oil solution intraperitoneally and 6.5% aqueous solution of ethyl alcohol per os for 60 days. Animals of the 2nd (experimental) group – against the background of the injections of toxic factors from the 30th day of the experiment, for the next 60 days intraperitoneally injected 2 ml of 5% aqueous solution of oxidized dextran (Mr 40 kDa). The numerical density of Kupfer cells, expressing MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 was studied in the liver.Results From the 60th day, group 1 rats developed cirrhosis of the liver with the formation of false lobules. With the injections of oxidized dextran, the number of Kupfer cells expressing MMP-2, MMP-9 was up to 2 times less than in group 1 rats. The numerical density of Kupfer cells expressing TIMP-1 in group 2 rats was 3 times higher on day 60 than in group 1 rats. In group 2 rats, by the 90th day, a decrease in the number of Kupfer cells expressing MMP-2, MMP-9 by 2 times, and TIMP-1 by 3 times was observed.Discussion OD in chronic toxic hepatosis has an antifibrotic effect that prevents the formation of liver cirrhosis, due to both the processes of collagen degradation in the extracellular matrix under the influence of MMP-2, MMP-9, and associated with a violation of the collagen assembly process, apparently due to the “blockade of the assembly” of tropocollagens by aldehyde-aldehyde bond with oxidized dextran.Conclusion The use of OD in chronic toxic hepatosis prevents the formation of liver cirrhosis in the experiment due to increased processes of collagen degradation in the extracellular matrix under the influence of MMP-2, MMP-9.

Early diagnosis of malignant neoplasms is ensured by the quality, accessibility and continuity between medical institutions in the organization of the lifetime pathoanatomical diagnostics of biological material. Improving medical information systems with the involvement of the lifetime pathoanatomical diagnostics in the process of informatization of regional health care, developing mechanisms for documenting, storing and electronic exchange of personal medical information between medical institutions in the Novosibirsk region, is the main task of the system for organizing this type of diagnostics. The urgency of solving this problem is due to the shortage of personnel in the pathoanatomical services, the distance barriers between medical specialists and pathologist; need to ensure the formation of a created system for the exchange of medical documentation. The article presents the experience of using the functionality of the components of the Medical Information System of the Novosibirsk Region (MIS NR) in a regional state budgetary healthcare institution to form a unified information environment, integrate approved accounting forms and ensure efficient workflow in the course of lifetime pathoanatomical diagnostics. The aim of this research is to study the possibilities of additional functionality of the components of the MIS NR, implemented by the employees of the Center for Informatization of Medical Information Analytical Center, to identify the advantages of using the developed functions in optimizing the workflow during the lifetime pathoanatomical diagnostics of biopsy (operative) material, in the formation of a regional Integrated electronic medical record.

Introduction. Tubercular granulomatosis in newborns and children is much less common than in adults, and especially its visceral forms, including hepatic lesion. Oxidized dextran enhances the production of oxygen radicals, cytotoxic and bactericidal potential of phagocytes, accelerates the process of phagolysosomal fusion and elimination of the pathogen, reducing the granulomatous inflammatory process in organs. Aim. To study morphological changes in the liver of mice from the neonatal period to adulthood with the BCG vaccine administration and use of oxidized dextran. Materials and methods. Mice of the C57B1/6 line (200 animals in total) were divided into 4 groups: mice from the 1st (intact) group were injected with 0.02 ml/kg of 0.9% sodium chloride solution on the first day after birth. Mice from the 2nd group on the 2nd day after birth were injected with a solution of oxidized dextran with a molecular mass of 40 kDa. Mice from the 3rd group were injected with a solution of the BCG vaccine of 0.02 ml/kg on the first day after birth. Mice of the 4th group were injected with a solution of the BCG vaccine of 0.02 ml/kg, on the second day after birth – a solution of oxidized dextran with a molecular mass of 40 kDa. Results. The numerical density (Nai) of granulomas in the liver progressively increased from 28th to 56th day of the experiment in mice of the 3rd and 4th groups by 13.5 times. However, in mice of the 4th group, the number of granulomas was 1.4 times less than in mice of the 3rd group. The diameter of granulomas in the liver in mice of the 4th group was smaller on the 28th and 56th days in comparison with the same indicator in mice of the 3rd group by 2 times and 1.3 times, respectively. In mice of the 4th group, the volume density (Vv) of degenerated hepatocytes from 3rd to 5th day was 8 times lower compared to the same indicator in mice of the 3rd group, on the 10th and 28th days – 1.7 and 1.2 times, respectively. Vv of foci of hepatocyte necrosis in mice of the 4th group did not differ from that in mice of the 1st (intact) and 2nd (control) groups in all periods of observation, and was less on the 3rd and 56th days in comparison with the same indicator in mice of the 3rd (BCG) group by 3 times. On the 28th and 56th days of the experiment, mice from the 3rd and 4th groups showed an increase in the Nai of binuclear hepatocytes and hepatocytes with mitoses in comparison with the same indicator in mice of the 1st and 2nd groups. In mice of the 4th group, the number of binuclear hepatocytes, reflecting the reparative regeneration of hepatocytes, was 1.8 times greater than in mice of the 3rd group on the 28th and 56th days. Conclusion. Granulomas formation (the number and diameter of granulomas) in the liver of mice with the administration of the BCG vaccine and use of oxidized dextran was less marked in comparison with animals not treated with oxidized dextran, which indicates the effective elimination of the pathogen in phagocytes. Destructive changes (degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes) in the liver parenchyma of mice with the injection of the BCG vaccine and subsequent use of oxidized dextran are significantly reduced, while the processes of reparative regeneration in the liver parenchyma of mice are activated, which is due to the hepatotropic action of oxidized dextran.