Aim. To evaluate the usage of antihypertensive drugs (AHDs) and their combinations in participants aged 35 to74 years with arterial hypertension (AH) in the population-based study ESSE-RF3.Material and methods. Representative samples of the population aged 35 to 74 years from 15 regions of Russia (n=28731) with a response rate over 70% were examined in the ESSE-RF3 study. Therapy received by 9944 participants with AH (with systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg, or when the subject was taking AHDs) was analyzed. Information about AHDs intake (brand name of the drug) was recorded by questionnaire and coded according to International Nonproprietary Names by classes. Statistical analysis was performed using the open-source R 4.1 environment. Comparison of discrete indicators between groups was performed using Fisher’s exact test. The significance level for all tested hypotheses was taken as.05. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of FGBI “NMRC TPM” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, each participant signed an informed consent.Results. Among the patients receiving therapy for AH, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) were used by 38.8% of participants, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) — 31.6%, betablockers (BBs) — 29.0%, сalcium channel blockers (CCBs) — 21.5%, diuretics — 18.6%, 1.1% — outdated AHDs; 8.6% — other groups of drugs. Monotherapy was used by 53.1% of patients, 33.1% of participants received two, and 13.9% received three AHDs. Among participants taking two or more AHDs (including single-pill combinations (SPC)), males most often received the combination of BB+ ACEI and females — BB+ARBs. SPC AHDs were used by 10.3% of those receiving therapy (males: 9.8%, females: 10.6%). Among SPCs, the top three combinations were CCBs + ACEIs (28%), diuretics + ACEIs (27.5%), and diuretics + ARBs (24.4%).Conclusion. The population study ESSE-RF3, based on the survey of a representative sample of the Russian population aged 35-74 years, showed that more than a half of participants with AH receiving therapy were used the monotherapy, only every tenth of those treated received SPC. The problem of insufficient patients’ literacy was indicated — about 1% of patients received outdated AGPs. In addition, 8.6% of patients used non-AHDs for the treatment of AH. For improving the control of AH treatment, it is necessary to increase the adherence of patients to the prescribed therapy and more strict adherence of doctors to the published guidelines for AH treatment.

Проведена оценка уровня генетического разнообразия, вероятности дискриминации неродственных индивидов (PD, power of discrimination) и исключающей способности (PE, power of exclusion) 43 аутосомных STR (D3S1358, TH01, D12S391, D5S818, TPOX, D13S317, FGA, D22S1045, D18S51, D16S539, D8S1179, CSF1PO, D6S1043, vWA, D21S11, SE33, D10S1248, D1S1656, D19S433, D2S1338, D20S1082, D6S474, D12ATA63, D4S2666, D1S1677, D11S4463, D9S1122, D2S1776, D10S1435, D3S3053, D5S2500, D1S1627, D3S4529, D2S1360, D17S974, D3S1744, D9S2157, D17S1301, D8S1132, Penta D, D21S2050, D7S1517, Penta E) в популяциях аварцев из трех районов Дагестана: Шамильского, Тляратинского, Унцукульского. Полученные результаты показали, что для проведения генетической экспертизы в Дагестане, при выборе референсной группы, необходимо учитывать не только этническую принадлежность индивида, но и географическую локализацию. We assessed the level of genetic diversity, power of discrimination, power of exclusion of 43 autosomal STRs (D3S1358, TH01, D12S391, D5S818, TPOX, D13S317, FGA, D22S1045, D18S51, D16S539 , D8S1179, CSF1PO, D6S1043, vWA, D21S11, SE33, D10S1248, D1S1656, D19S433, D2S1338, D20S1082, D6S474, D12ATA63, D4S2666, D1S1677, D11S4463, D9S1 122, D2S1776, D10S1435, D3S3053, D5S2500, D1S1627, D3S4529, D2S1360, D17S974 , D3S1744, D9S2157, D17S1301, D8S1132, Penta D, D21S2050, D7S1517, Penta E) in Avar populations from three regions of Dagestan: Shamilsky district, Tlyaratinsky district, Untsukulsky district. The results emphasized the need to take into account the geographic origin of the individual, and not just his nationality, when choosing reference data during genetic examination in the populations of Dagestan.

Aim. To analyze the prevalence of smoking according to the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and their Risk Factors in Regions of Russian Federation-3 (ESSE-RF3) study, and compare these data with the previous two stages. Material and methods. Data from following three cross sections of the ESSE-RF study were used: 2013-2014, 2017, 2020-2022. At the first stage, the prevalence and probability of smoking was assessed according to ESSE-RF3 data in 2020-2022 (n=28628, 35-74 years). At the second stage, an analysis was carried out over time using data from all three ESSE-RF sections (n=43804, 35-64 years). Results. In the overall ESSE-RF3 sample, the prevalence of smoking was 17,0% (men — 27,7%, women — 7,6%). Smoking probability varies significantly by sex, age, education level and income. Over time, the standardized prevalence of smoking increases from 25,0% in 20132014 to 26,2% in 2017, and then decreases to 21,5% in 2020-2022. Women are characterized by the same direction of trends, while men had consistent decrease in prevalence from 41,3 to 37,0 and 34,3%, respectively. The probability of smoking in 2017, relative to 20132014, decreases only in some socio-demographic categories of the population. In 2020-2022, a decrease in the probability of smoking is typical for both the general sample and all subgroups of the population. Conclusion. The results obtained characterize the current situation and time trends of the last decade and contain important information on smoking epidemiology in Russia.

Aim. To study the proportion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) survivors and hospitalization cases of the Russian population for the period 2020-2022, depending on socio-demographic characteristics. Material and methods. The work was performed on random samples of the population aged 35-74 years from 15 regions participating in the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and their Risk Factors in Regions of Russian Federation-3 (ESSE-RF3) study. The examination was carried out from February 2020 to March-April 2022 (n=28718, 47% men). Results. According to a survey of sample participants, the proportion of respondents who had COVID-19 by the spring of 2022 among all surveyed was 26,0%. Among 45-54-year-old respondents, this parameter was maximum (28,0%), while among those aged 65-74-year-old — minimal (22,3%). The following categories of people were more likely to have COVID-19: women (27,9 vs 23,9% of men, p<0,001), persons with higher education (30 vs 22,6% persons without higher education, p<0,001), persons with high income (30,0 vs 24,3% low-income, p=0,002), persons with family (26,6 vs 24,8% single, p<0,001), employed persons (28,4 vs 21,7% non-employed, p<0,001), as well as those living in urban areas (26,5 vs 24,5% country people, p=0,003). But those less likely to have COVID-19 (men, people without higher education, low-income, single, unemployed or rural residents) had more severe disease course. The following categories of people had higher hospitalization rates: men (26,0 vs 20,9% women, p<0,001), patients without higher education (27,1 vs 19,6% those with higher education, p<0,001), non-employed (34,3 vs 18,4% workers), p<0,001) and rural residents (27,2 vs 22,0% of city residents, p<0,001). Hospitalization rate was not associated with the level of income and marital status. However, low-income and single people were more likely to require mechanical ventilation. Conclusion. The results obtained by survey reflect the following population data: the proportion of patients after COVID-19, hospitalization rate and the development of severe acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation among Russians for the period 2020-2022. This can complement the population data demonstrated by state statistics. Special attention from the healthcare system, both during treatment and prevention of COVID-19, requires males, people aged ≥65 years, low-income people, single people (widowers, divorced), unemployed people (pensioners, disabled people, nonemployed), rural residents and people without higher education.

Aim. To analyze the prevalence of anxiety and depression in Russians using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) during the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and their Risk Factors in Regions of Russian Federation (ESSE-RF) study. To study the associations of increased levels of anxiety and depression (HADS-A/ HADS-D ≥8+) with demographic and socio-economic characteristics according to the ESSE-RF3 study.Material and methods. In the ESSE-RF3 study, a representative sample of the population of 15 Russian regions aged 35-74 years was examined with a response >70%. After removing respondents with missing data from the analysis, the final sample was 28716 people. The level of anxiety/depression was assessed by the sum of points <8 — "normal", ≥8 <11 — subclinical, ≥8+ — increased, ≥11 — clinical (high level). The changes in HADS-A/HADS-D over time were studied in a single age range of 35-64 years with the inclusion of materials from the ESSE-RF (2012-2014) and ESSE-RF2 (2017) studies. Statistical analysis was performed using the open-source R environment (version 4.1). Analysis of the association between factors and a binary variable was carried out using the logistic regression method. The significance level for all tested hypotheses was p≲0,05.Results. In the Russian cohort (ESSE-RF3), the average level of anxiety/depression was 4,3±3,7/3,9±3,4, respectively, while the prevalence of subclinical/clinical anxiety and depression was 19,3/6,8% and 15,9/4,5%, respectively. The prevalence rates of HADS-A/HADS-D ≥8 <11 and HADS-A ≥11 in the ESSE-RF and ESSE-RF2 studies were significantly higher (p<0,001) compared with data from the ESSE-RF3 study. Regression analysis of HADS-D ≥8+ in men and women in models (M1 and M2) showed a significant (p<0,001) association with age 55-74 years, with secondary and less than secondary education and income, as well with diseases (men ≥2 and women ≥1) and women living in rural areas (p=0,019).Conclusion. Data analysis showed significant (p<0,001) lower values of the standardized prevalence of anxiety and depression in men and women in ESSE-RF3 compared with the ESSE-RF and ESSE-RF2 studies. The exception were women with HADS-D ≥11, among which its prevalence in ESSE-RF3 did not differ significantly from that in ESSERF2. Regression analysis showed different associations of anxiety and depression with socioeconomic and demographic indicators in men and women.

Populations of the indigenous ethnic groups of Northern Eurasia are of considerable interest for population genomics, both because they have been relatively poorly studied with the use of modern genomic technologies and owing to the specificity of their gene pools that developed in various genetic-demographic conditions. We used genotype data on 242 179 autosomal SNPs of 876 individuals to search for regions with runs of homozygosity of more than 1 Mb. For Siberian populations, the number of runs of homozygosity and their total length was higher than for other populations of Northern Eurasia.

Выявлен вклад тюркского по происхождению компонента в генофонд различных этносов Дагестана и Северного Кавказа, который присутствует не только у тюркоязычных популяций, но и у соседних с ними. В горных популяциях Дагестана, в отличие от равнинных, тюркский компонент практически полностью отсутствует. The contribution of Turkic genetic component to the gene pool of various ethnic groups of Dagestan and the North Caucasus, which is present not only in Turkic-speaking populations, but also in neighboring ones, is revealed. In the mountain populations of Dagestan, unlike the plains, the Turkic component is almost completely absent.

Анализ геномных данных (~ 907 750 аутосомных SNP) позволил оценить уровень инбридинга на основе идентификации регионов высокой гомозиготности (FROH) в выборке из 518 человек 23 коренных народов Дагестана. В результате, в популяциях коренного населения Дагестана количество и суммарная длина ROH, а также коэффициент FROH показывают значительное разнообразие как внутри, так и между исследованными популяциями. У гинухцев, гунзибцев, ахвахцев, бежтинцев и цезов наблюдаются одни из самых высоких значений коэффициента инбридинга (FROH>1,5 млн п.н.) по сравнению с остальными мировыми популяциями. The genomic data analysis (~907750 autosomal SNPs) allowed us to estimate the inbreeding level based on the analysis of runs of homozygosity (Froh) in the group of 518 people from 23 indigenous Dagestan peoples. As a result, the number and total length of ROH, as well as the FROH coefficient, show a significant diversity in the indigenous Dagestan populations both inside and between them. One of the highest values of the inbreeding coefficient (FROH> 1.5Mb) is observed for the Ginukhs, Gunzibians, Akhvakhs, Bezhtins, and Tsez, as compared with the other world populations.

The structure of the gene pool of the indigenous population of Dagestan belonging to Andi language group of Nakh-Dagestani language family using STR markers was investigated. We used DNA population samples representing Andi, Akhvah, Bagulal, Botlikh, Godoberi, Karata, Tindi and Chamalals. All of the pairs of the compared samples demonstrated no statistically significant differences between the different population. The main features of the gene pool of the peoples of Dagestan are relatively high genetic diversity and a low level of genetic differentiation between ethnic groups.

The structure of the gene pool of the indigenous population of Dagestan belonging to Dido language group of Nakh-Dagestani language family using Y-chromosome markers was investigated. We used DNA population samples representing Dido, Gunzibs, Bezhtins and Ginukhs. J1 was identified the most frequent haplogroup in all populations. Most of the pairs of the compared samples demonstrated no statistically significant differences between the different population. In populations of Dido linguistic group extremely low genetic diversity was due to the predominance of haplogroup J1. In different populations strong effects of the founder were observed.

Allele-frequency distributions for gene polymorphisms associated with autoimmune and allergic diseases, as well as the regulation of immunoglobulin E and cytokines levels, were studied in 26 populations of Northern Eurasia. There was no significant correlation between the values of average expected heterozygosity by 44 gene polymorphisms and climate or geographic factors. Population groups exhibited clustering according to their geographic location. The degree of genetic differentiation among populations and the selective neutrality of gene polymorphisms were also assessed. The results demonstrate substantial genetic diversity and differentiation of human populations by the genes studied.

Seventeen population groups within the Russian Federation were characterized for the first time using a panel of 15 genetic markers that are used for DNA identification and in forensic medical examinations. The degree of polymorphism and population diversity of microsatellite loci within the Power Plex system (Promega) in Russian populations; the distribution of alleles and genotypes within the populations of six cities and 11 ethnic groups of the Russian Federation; the levels of intra- and interpopulation genetic differentiation of population; genetic relations between populations; and the identification and forensic medical characteristics of the system of markers under study were determined. Significant differences were revealed between the Russian populations and the U.S. reference base that was used recently in the forensic medical examination of the RF. A database of the allelic frequencies of 15 microsatellite loci that are used for DNA identification and forensic medical examination was created; the database has the potential of becoming the reference for performing forensic medical examinations in Russia. The spatial organization of genetic diversity over the panel of the STR markers that are used for DNA identification was revealed. It represents the general regularities of geographical clusterization of human populations over various types of genetic markers. The necessity to take into account a population's genetic structure during forensic medical examinations and DNA identification of criminal suspects was substantiated.

локуса AcP1. Концентрация этого гена в обеих популяциях оказалась на одинаковом уровне и составила для Карабудахкента 0.031 и для Доргели 0.032. Показатели частот аллелей полиморфных локусов AB0, Rhesus, P, Lewis, Kell, HP, GC, C3, TF, 6-PGD, GLO1, ESD, ACP, за исключением PGM1, у кумыков согласуются со средними значениями для остальных коренных народов Дагестана и Кавказа и всей Европейской историко-этнографической провинции, но имеют расхождения по сравнению с данными для народов Казахстана и Средней Азии, а также для Сибири и Дальнего Востока. Таким образом, в работе показана бльшая генетическая близость кумыков, по данным о классических маркерах генов, к остальным коренным этносам Дагестана, чем к народам тюркоязычного мира. Анализ соответствия наблюдаемых и ожидаемых фенотипов по правилу Харди–Вайнберга выявил близкое к ожидаемому, при случайных сочетаниях аллелей, генетическое состояние в популяциях кумыков по сравнению с изученными нами другими коренными народами Дагестана. Можем предположить, что такое состояние обусловлено практическим отсутствием у них случаев инбредных браков при сохранении внутриаульной эндогамии. льшая генетическая близость кумыков, по данным о классических маркерах генов, к остальным коренным этносам Дагестана, чем к народам тюркоязычного мира. Анализ соответствия наблюдаемых и ожидаемых фенотипов по правилу Харди–Вайнберга выявил близкое к ожидаемому, при случайных сочетаниях аллелей, генетическое состояние в популяциях кумыков по сравнению с изученными нами другими коренными народами Дагестана. Можем предположить, что такое состояние обусловлено практическим отсутствием у них случаев инбредных браков при сохранении внутриаульной эндогамии.

We analyzed 40 single nucleotide polymorphism and 19 short tandem repeat Y-chromosomal markers in a large sample of 1,525 indigenous individuals from 14 populations in the Caucasus and 254 additional individuals representing potential source populations. We also employed a lexicostatistical approach to reconstruct the history of the languages of the North Caucasian family spoken by the Caucasus populations. We found a different major haplogroup to be prevalent in each of four sets of populations that occupy distinct geographic regions and belong to different linguistic branches. The haplogroup frequencies correlated with geography and, even more strongly, with language. Within haplogroups, a number of haplotype clusters were shown to be specific to individual populations and languages. The data suggested a direct origin of Caucasus male lineages from the Near East, followed by high levels of isolation, differentiation, and genetic drift in situ. Comparison of genetic and linguistic reconstructions covering the last few millennia showed striking correspondences between the topology and dates of the respective gene and language trees and with documented historical events. Overall, in the Caucasus region, unmatched levels of gene-language coevolution occurred within geographically isolated populations, probably due to its mountainous terrain.

This study is a part of long-term investigations devoted to the analysis of the gene pool of Dagestan ethnic groups. The phenotype (in %), gene, and haplotype frequencies in Kumyk ethnic group are reported. A total of 39 alleles and six haplotypes of 14 loci (AB0, Rhesus, P, Levis, Kell, HP, GC, C’3, TF, 6PGD, GLO1, ESD, ACP, and PGM1) of immunobiochemical genetic marker systems were examined. Rare haplotypes of the Rhesus system were identified, including CDE in the Karabudakhkent population with the frequency of 0.030, and Cde and cdE in the Dorgeli population with the frequencies of 0.034 and 0.38, respectively. Similarly to the other ethnic populations of Dagestan examined, Kukyk populations carried rare, albeit typically “Caucasoid” gene ACP1 c of the AcP1 locus. The frequency of this allele in the two populations was similar, constituting 0.031 for Karabudakhkent and 0.032 for Dorgeli. In Kumyks, allele frequencies of the AB0, Rhesus, P, Lewis, Kell, HP, GC, C′3, TF, 6PGD, GLO1, ESD, ACP, but not PGM1, systems were similar to the mean allele frequencies at these loci observed in the other ethnic groups from the Dagestan, Caucasus, and the whole European historical ethnographic province. At the same time, the allele frequency values obtained were different from those for the populations of Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Siberia, and the Ruswsian Far East. Thus, the results obtained for classical genetic markers indicate that Kumyks are genetically closer to the indigenous populations of Dagestan than to Turkic-speaking populations. Analysis of the fit of the observed phenotype frequencies to the Hardy-Weinberg expectations showed that compared to other indigenous populations of Dagestan examined, in Kumyks the genetic state of the population upon random allele association was close to equilibrium. Probably, this state was determined by practical absence of the consanguineous marriages upon preservation of intra-aul endogamy.