Для решения задачи оценки внешней нагрузки на российскую часть р. Иртыш со стороны водосбора использована модель ILLM, учитывающая вклад точечных и рассредоточенных источников в формирование нагрузки. Модель позволяет рассчитывать вынос примесей с водосбора с учетом влияния гидрологических факторов и удержания химических веществ водосбором и его гидрографической сетью. Для обеспечения модели необходимой входной информацией выполнена классификация подстилающей поверхности с использованием снимков со спутников PROBA-V и Sentinel-2. Собраны и проанализированы данные о содержании биогенных элементов (N и P) и микроэлементов (Cu и Zn) в природных (почвенных и речных) водах изучаемой территории. На основе обработки материалов о деятельности более 800 сельскохозяйственных предприятий оценено поголовье скота, внесение органических и минеральных удобрений, а также рассчитано поступление общего азота и общего фосфора в гидрографическую сеть. По результатам моделирования выполнена оценка внешней нагрузки (включающей диффузную составляющую) биогенными элементами (азотом и фосфором) и металлами (медью и цинком) как для всей российской части бассейна р. Иртыш, так и для семи его подбассейнов, в том числе для рек Тобол, Ишим, Омь и Конда. Оценен вклад трансграничной нагрузки на вынос рассматриваемых химических веществ в замыкающих створах трансграничных рек. Показано, что соотношение вклада различных составляющих внешней нагрузки в вынос изменяется в зависимости от водности года. To solve the problem of assessing the external load on the Russian part of the Irtysh River from the catchment, the ILLM model was used. It takes into account the contribution of point and diffuse sources to the formation of the load and makes it possible to calculate the removal of impurities from the catchment. The model takes into consideration the influence of hydrological factors and chemical retention by the catchment and its hydrographic network. In order to provide the model with the necessary input information, classification of the underlying surface types has been performed using PROBA-V and Sentinel-2 satellite images. Data on the content of nutrients (N and P) and trace elements (Cu and Zn) in soil and river waters of the studied territory were collected and analyzed. Based on the processing of materials on the activities of more than 800 agricultural enterprises, the number of livestock, and organic and mineral fertilizer inputs were estimated, and the total nitrogen and total phosphorus inputs to the hydrographic network were calculated. The external load (including the diffusive component) of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and metals (copper and zinc) was assessed for both the entire Russian part of the Irtysh basin and for seven of its sub-basins, including the Tobol, Ishim, Om and Konda rivers. According to the calculation results, the contribution of the transboundary load to the outflow of the considered chemicals in the outlet sections of the transboundary rivers was evaluated. It is shown that the ratio of the contribution of different components of the external load to the outflow varies depending on the water content of a year.

The ILLM model was used to solve the problem of assessing the external load on the Russian part of the Irtysh River from the catchment. It takes into account the contribution of point and diffuse sources to the formation of the load and makes it possible to calculate the removal of impurities from the catchment. The model takes into consideration the influence of hydrological factors and chemical retention by the catchment and its hydrographic network. In order to provide the model with the necessary input information, the underlying surface types have been classified using PROBA-V and Sentinel-2 satellite images. Data on the content of nutrients (N and P) and trace elements (Cu and Zn) in soil and river waters of the studied territory have been collected and analyzed. Based on the processing of materials on the activities of more than 800 agricultural enterprises, the number of livestock and organic and mineral fertilizer inputs are estimated and the total nitrogen and total phosphorus inputs to the hydrographic network are calculated. The external load (including the diffusive component) of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and metals (copper and zinc) is assessed for both the entire Russian part of the Irtysh basin and for seven of its subbasins, including the Tobol, Ishim, Om, and Konda rivers. According to the results, the contribution of the transboundary load to the outflow of the considered chemicals in the outlet sections of the transboundary rivers is evaluated. It is shown that the ratio of the contribution of different components of the external load to the outflow varies depending on the water content of a year.

We examine the conflict situations in the international river and lake basins of Asia as engendered by the water factor. The situations are all separated into four varieties, such as the territorial-border, water-use, water-ecological, and natural-resource types. Furthermore, they are grouped together by their time of origin and manifestations as well as by the methods of overcoming them. We carried out a mapping of them. Examples of situations and of lines of attack on the problems are provided. Experience of cooperation of the countries on joint governance of water management in the Asian basins is outlined. It is shown that the basin concept necessitates establishing uniform management rules for the catchment watershed as a system.