The optimal management for differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) patients with an indeterminate response (IDR) to initial radioactive iodine(RAI) therapy remains a clinical dilemma. This study aimed to compare outcomes between active surveillance and RAI retreatment in IDR patients and to identify predictors of persistent non-excellent response (NER). This retrospective cohort study included 136 DTC patients classified as IDR 6 months after initial RAI therapy. Patients were categorized into a Retreatment Group (n = 18), who received additional RAI treatment, and a Follow-up Group (n = 118), managed with active surveillance. Treatment response was assessed during follow-up. The rate of excellent response (ER) was significantly higher in the Follow-up Group compared to the Retreatment Group (58.47

Pathological TAR DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43) is a defining feature of several neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the mechanism by which TDP-43 pathology disrupts microglial function and drives neuroinflammation remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that cytoplasmically mis-localized TDP-43 exacerbated neuroinflammation, induced cell death, and impaired phagocytic function in microglial cells, primarily through receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 3 (RIPK3)-dependent necroptosis. Pharmacological inhibition of RIPK3 with GSK872 markedly attenuated these pathological effects in vitro. These findings were further corroborated in a murine model with cytoplasmic TDP-43 mis-localization, where GSK872 treatment remarkably alleviated neuroinflammation and restored cognitive deficits. Mechanistically, our findings indicate that the nuclear depletion of TDP-43, resulted from its cytoplasmic mis-localization, impairs its ability to transcriptionally repress the Ripk3 gene, subsequently leading to RIPK3 upregulation and activation of RIPK3-dependent necroptosis. Collectively, our findings establish RIPK3-dependent necroptosis as a critical driver of TDP-43 pathology-mediated neuroinflammation and identified necroptosis as a promising therapeutic target in TDP-43-associated neurodegenerative disorders.

Our study aims to investigate the predictive potential of FDG PET/CT in pediatric patients with NB at the time of recurrence. Pediatric patients with suspected recurrence of NB underwent FDG PET/CT were included in this retrospective study. The clinicopathological data, PET visual analysis data and semiquantitative values (maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of tumor, tumor-to-liver uptake ratio (TLR), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), total lesion glycolysis (TLG)), were analyzed. The Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazard models were applied in the evaluation of the independent prognostic significance of FDG PET/CT. A total of 45 NB patients who underwent FDG PET/CT due to suspected recurrence of NB and got later confirmation of recurrence clinically or pathologically were included in this retrospective study. Among the PET/CT parameters, recurrent primary site TLR cutoff at 5.64 and SUVmax cutoff at 4.10 derived from the receiver operating characteristic curve yielded significant difference (TLR HR = 2.692, p = 0.014; SUVmax HR = 7.698, 0.045) in overall survival (OS). Besides, INSS stage 4, the time from diagnosis to first relapse (TTFR) and recurrence interval were related with shorter survival time in the four established multivariate Cox regression models. FDG PET/CT showed great survival predictable performance in recurrent NB. SUVmax, TLR, INSS stage 4, TTFR and recurrence interval were independent risk factors for overall survival.

Parkinson's disease(PD),the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease,has shown an increasing incidence in recent years,significantly impacting the quality of life of elderly individuals and their families.The onset of cognitive impairment and Parkinson's disease dementia(PDD)are critical milestones in the progression of PD.Imaging examinations,serving as essential detection and evaluation tools for neurodegenerative diseases,have been increasingly applied to PD-related research.Different imaging techniques demonstrate distinct advantages and features in screening cognitive dysfunction in PD.Choosing a reliable imaging method not only maximizes the advantages of the examination,enhancing the sensitivity and specificity in identifying PD patients at risk of cognitive impairment,but also reduces the frequency of examinations and the radiation dose received by patients.This review summarizes the existing findings on imaging markers of cognitive impairment in PD from three aspects,structural imaging,functional imaging,and multimodal techniques.Furthermore,it explores future research directions,aiming to provide powerful imaging support for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of PD.

Purpose Astrocyte reactivity is a key pathological feature and potential therapeutic target of Alzheimer's disease (AD), however, the optimal timing of its modulation remains unexplored. This study aims to combine 18F-SMBT-1 based molecular imaging with astrocyte-targeted intervention in 3xTg-AD mice to address this challenge. Methods PET imaging with 18F-SMBT-1 was conducted in 3xTg-AD mice at 4, 6, 10, and 12 months of age, with age-matched wild-type (WT) mice as controls. The standardized uptake value ratio was calculated using cerebellum as the reference region by PMOD software. Immunofluorescence (IF) analysis was used to assess astrocyte reactivity ex vivo. Astrocyte-targeted intervention via Nrf2 overexpression was performed in 4-month-old 3xTg-AD mice using adeno-associated virus vectors. Following intervention, PET imaging with 18F-SMBT-1 was performed to assess astrocyte reactivity, open field test and Morris water maze test were performed to evaluate cognitive function, and IF analysis was used to assess pathological feature of AD. ResultsIn 3xTg-AD mice of different ages, higher uptake of 18F-SMBT-1 was observed in the cortex and hippocampus compared to age-matched WT controls. IF analysis further confirmed the presence of reactive astrocytes activation in 3xTg-AD mice. Both in vivo 18F-SMBT-1 imaging and ex vivo IF analysis identified early-onset astrocyte activation in 3xTg-AD mice. Based on these observations, we implemented early astrocyte-targeted intervention via Nrf2 overexpression at 4 months of age in 3xTg-AD mice. Subsequent in vivo 18F-SMBT-1 PET imaging demonstrated a significant reduction in astrocyte reactivity following this intervention. Our findings also demonstrated that early astrocyte-targeted intervention might delay AD pathological progression in 3xTg-AD mice, as supported by attenuated anxiety-like behavior and ameliorated neuropathological features. Conclusion 18F-SMBT-1 PET imaging served as a diagnostic biomarker for monitoring astrocyte reactivity to guide therapeutic timing decisions, and as a therapeutic response indicator for evaluating treatment efficacy. Early astrocyte-targeted intervention demonstrated significant therapeutic potential. These findings highlighted the translational potential of molecular imaging-guided strategies and astrocyte-targeted therapies in AD.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between dopamine transporter (DAT) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) and the clinical characteristics and rating scales of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. Additionally, we sought to assess the scientific validity and feasibility of integrating 3D-dopaminergic binding parameters into the clinical scoring system for PD. Methods: A total of 75 patients with PD who underwent 11C-methyl-N-2β-methyl ester-3β-(4-fluorophenyl) tropane (11C-CFT) PET/CT from April, 2019 to June, 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical characteristics, including age, sex, and disease duration, as well as the modified Hoehn-Yahr (H-Y) scale, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) parts II and III (II-III), and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores of PD patients during the corresponding time periods were collected. DAT binding parameters and their derived parameters based on plane and 3D images in the neostriatum were analyzed for consistency with plane and 3D parameters, and the correlation between DAT parameters and the clinical features of patients were assessed using SPSS software. Results: The DAT binding parameters derived from 3D images demonstrated good consistency with the plane parameters (p < 0.05). The asymmetry index (ai) of DAT binding parameters based on 3D and plane images showed good consistency in the anterior putamen (p < 0.05). The plane parameters of the anterior and posterior putamen were statistically correlated with the UPDRS II-III score and H-Y score of PD patients (p < 0.05), whereas those of the caudate nucleus were correlated with UPDRS II and MMSE scores. The 3D parameters in the neostriatum showed good statistical correlation with disease duration, UPDRS II-III score, H-Y score, and H-Y stage of PD patients (p < 0.05), and the ai was significantly correlated with MMSE score (p < 0.05). The 3D parameters in the putamen and posterior putamen exhibited significant statistical correlation with the UPDRS II-III score, H-Y score, and H-Y stage in PD patients (p < 0.05). The ai in the putamen showed statistical correlation with UPDRS III and MMSE scores, and the ai in the posterior putamen showed statistical correlation with UPDRS II score (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Quantitative parameters based on plane and 3D images of 11C-CFT PET/CT showed good consistency. Moreover, 3D parameters in the neostriatum had a stronger correlation with activities of daily living, UPDRS motor scores, disease severity and duration, and cognition compared with plane parameters in PD patients.

Purpose:The metabolic pattern in autoimmune encephalitis (AE) has been frequently reported. Through this semi-quantitative analysis, we aim to explore a practical diagnostic model based on positron emission tomography (PET) for timely diagnosis of pediatric AE with high accuracy. Moreover, we aim to identify factors that affect the prognosis of pediatric AE and explore the utility of PET as a prognostic biomarker. Method:Data were collected from 93 AE patients and 67 non-AE patients (age range: 1-18 years old). Semi-quantitative parameters of 18F-FDG PET imaging were evaluated, including the score of cortical lesion extent and the ratios of lesion-to-basal ganglia and thalamus. The Clinical Assessment Scale in Autoimmune Encephalitis (CASE) was used to rate the disease severity and long-term outcome. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to establish a diagnostic model and analyze predictors. Results:The diagnostic model includes three PET parameters. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the model are 91.4%, 85.1%, and 88.8%, respectively. Participants were followed up for a median of 34 months. Logistic regression analysis indicated that male, initial CASE score >4.5,memory dysfunction, and the ratio of the maximum SUV of the lesion to thalamus (SUVRmaxL/T) < 0.577 are independent factors associated with poor prognosis in AE. We established a prognostic model through these predictors. Conclusion:18F-FDG PET plays a vital role in the diagnosis and prognosis of AE. The PET-based diagnostic model has higher specificity and accuracy than visual analysis. The prognostic model is a useful predictive tool for the long-term prognosis of children with AE.

Purpose This study evaluates the capability of diffusion-based generative models to reconstruct diagnostic-quality renal cortical images from reduced-acquisition-time pediatric 99mTc-DMSA scintigraphy. Materials and Methods A prospective study was conducted on 99mTc-DMSA scintigraphic data from consecutive pediatric patients with suspected urinary tract infections (UTIs) acquired between November 2023 and October 2024. A diffusion model SR3 was trained to reconstruct standard-quality images from simulated reduced-count data. Performance was benchmarked against U-Net, U2-Net, Restormer, and a Poisson-based variant of SR3 (PoissonSR3). Quantitative assessment employed peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity index (SSIM), Fréchet inception distance (FID), and learned perceptual image patch similarity (LPIPS). Renal contrast and anatomic fidelity were assessed using the target-to-background ratio (TBR) and the Dice similarity coefficient respectively. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used for statistical analysis. Results The training cohort comprised 94 participants (mean age 5.16±3.90 years; 48 male) with corresponding Poisson-downsampled images, while the test cohort included 36 patients (mean age 6.39 ± 3.16 years; 14 male). SR3 outperformed all models, achieving the highest PSNR (30.976 ± 2.863, P < .0001), FID(25.687 ± 16.223, P < .001), and LPIPS (0.055 ± 0.022, P < .001). Further, SR3 maintained excellent renal contrast (TBR: left kidney 7.33 ± 2.176; right kidney 7.156 ± 1.808) and anatomical consistency (Dice coefficient: left kidney 0.749 ± 0.200; right kidney 0.745 ± 0.176), representing significant improvements over the fast scan (all P < .001). While Restormer, U-Net, and PoissonSR3 showed statistically significant improvements accross all metrics, U2-Net exhibited limited improvement restricted to SSIM and left kidney TBR (P < .001). Conclusion SR3 enables high-quality reconstruction of 99mTc-DMSA images from 4-fold accelerated acquisitions, demonstrating potential for substantial reduction in imaging duration while preserving both diagnostic image quality and renal anatomical integrity. ### Competing Interest Statement Author C. G. works for RadioDynamic Medical. Authors B. P., N.G. are the stockholders of RadioDynamic Medical. ### Funding Statement This study was funded by Natural Science Foundation of Xiamen 3502Z202373090. ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: The Ethics Committee of Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine gave ethical Approval No. XHEC-D-2025-116 for this work. I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines, such as any relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material, if applicable. Yes All data produced in the present study are available upon reasonable request to the authors.

Interpretability and reproducibility remain major challenges in applying deep neural network (DNN) to neuroimaging-based diagnosis. This study proposes a radiomics-guided dual-channel deep neural network (RDDNN) to improve feature transparency and enhance clinical understanding in the classification of Parkinsonian syndromes. In this bi-centric study, we analysed two independent cohorts comprising 1,275 patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (IPD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), alongside 223 healthy controls from Huashan Hospital and 90 patients with IPD, MSA, and PSP (34IPD, 17MSA, 39PSP) from the University Hospital Munich. It is a re-analysis of well-studied Chinese and German cohorts of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose Positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) imaging of parkinsonian patients and the FDG scans were of 10-min static acquisition at 60 min post FDG injection and normalized against whole brain activity. The RDDNN model combines local features extracted via dilated convolutional networks and global features derived from Transformer-based self-attention networks. Model performance was evaluated using classification metrics and compared to radiomics and DNN approaches. The model’s outputs were also compared with nuclear medicine specialists’ visual assessments to assess interpretability and time efficiency. Furthermore, SHapley Additive Explanations (SHAP), Layer-wise Class Activation Mapping (Layer-CAM), and Rollout Attention Map (RAM) were employed to evaluate which features played the most critical roles in the model’s final classification decisions after supervised training, and to examine how both networks spatially corresponded to known brain connectivity regions. In the internal blind-test cohort, the RDDNN achieved high accuracy (AUC = 0.99, accuracy = 0.98). SHAP and correlation analyses jointly indicated complementary information across channels, some of which were clinically interpretable. In the external cohort, the model maintained robust performance (AUC = 0.94, accuracy = 0.81), with consistent feature patterns across populations. The model significantly reduced evaluation time compared to nuclear medicine specialists’ readings (p < 0.001), and the heatmaps showed disease-specific activation in anatomically relevant regions for IPD, MSA, and PSP. The RDDNN framework provides a clinically interpretable and reproducible DNN solution for classifying Parkinsonian disorders. By integrating radiomics and attention-based modeling, it enhances lesion localization, supports clinical decision-making, and offers performance comparable to human specialists—while substantially improving diagnostic efficiency.

131I therapy is clinically unfeasible for anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), due to lack of active targets and ATC’s resistance to radiation. Novel radionuclide-labeled targeted nano-drug delivery systems have exhibited the potential of prominent tumor imaging and remedy. Capitalizing on recent research achievements in nanotechnology and nuclear medicine, we sought to develop a radiolabeled nano-drug, which could specifically accumulate in ATCs via tumor-selective targeted delivery system and which could treat the tumors with both targeted and radionuclide therapeutics. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and mutant P53 expressions were positive in 80

Astrocyte reactivity is a common feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD), with reactive astrocytes traditionally subdivided into neurotoxic or neuroprotective phenotypes. It's crucial to transform neurotoxic reactive astrocytes to neuroprotective phenotypes for the treatment of AD, particularly during the progression of the disease. In this study, we evaluated the role of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in facilitating the phenotype transformation of reactive astrocytes in vivo and in vitro by overexpressing Nrf2 in hippocampal astrocytes of 3xTg-AD mice using adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, as well as treating neurotoxic reactive astrocytes with dimethyl fumarate (a Nrf2 activator). We also evaluated the therapeutic effect of astrocyte-specific Nrf2 in 3xTg-AD mice with coexpression of Aβ and tau pathologies. Our findings indicate that Nrf2 could facilitate the conversion of neurotoxic reactive astrocytes to neuroprotective phenotypes in vivo and in vitro. AAV-mediated astrocyte-specific Nrf2 expression improved cognitive function, reduced Aβ and tau pathologies, rescued the loss of neurons and synapses, and ameliorated neuroinflammation in 3xTg-AD mice. These findings highlighted the role of Nrf2 in modulating reactive astrocyte phenotypes and suggested the potential for utilizing AAV to target astrocyte-specific Nrf2 as a promising therapeutic strategy for AD.

Cerebral glucose hypometabolism has been consistently associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). With extensive efforts to eliminate AD pathologies, including the removal of amyloid-β ​(Aβ) plaques and hyperphosphorylated Tau, strategies aimed at restoring glucose metabolism in the brain regions most affected by AD are believed to have significant clinical implications. In this study, we demonstrated that glucose hypometabolism preceded neuronal death in triple-transgenic AD (3xTg-AD) mice, likely attributable to reduced expression of glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT1) or glucose transporter type 3 (GLUT3). Furthermore, we observed aberrant activation of the integrated stress response (ISR) pathway in AD models, with Aβ and Tau phosphorylation contributing to the activation of the ISR and subsequent reduction in GLUT1/3 expression. Inhibiting ISR activation by utilizing the ISR inhibitor ISRIB can effectively restore GLUT1/3 expression in both in vitro and in vivo models. Importantly, ISRIB treatment improved cognitive function and brain glucose metabolism in 3xTg-AD mice. Our findings suggest that targeting the ISR pathway to restore GLUTs expression may be a potential therapeutic strategy for AD.

To evaluate the diagnostic performance of 18F-FDG PET/CT parameters for T-lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL), with particular emphasis on the “vasculature cast” sign, for distinguishing T-LBL from other pediatric anterior mediastinal malignancies. Pretreatment 18F-FDG PET/CT scan of 60 patients (≤ 21 years) with anterior mediastinal tumors were retrospectively analyzed. Diagnostic performance of the imaging parameters was compared between T-LBL and nonT-LBL groups. Intra- and interobserver agreement for vasculature cast sign was assessed. The vasculature cast sign was present in 15/24 T-LBL cases, with high specificity (97.2

OBJECTIVE:BRAFV600E correlates with high-risk features and poor response to chemotherapy in pediatric Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). This study aimed to evaluate the role of 18F-FDG PET/CT in risk stratification and to explore the relationship between 18F-FDG uptake and BRAFV600E mutation in LCH. METHODS:Pretreatment 18F-FDG PET/CT scans from 114 newly diagnosed pediatric LCH were retrospectively analyzed. The associations between imaging findings and clinico-pathological parameters were investigated. RESULTS:PET/CT imaging led to a change of disease stratification in 47 (41.2 %) patients. The most common additional organs detected by PET/CT were lymph nodes and thymus. Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were associated with upstaging [Odds ratio (OR): 2.737, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 1.193-6.276, p = 0.017]. LCH lesions showed significantly higher SUVmax in patients with elevated CRP levels compared to those with normal levels (10.2 ± 4.7 vs. 7.3 ± 3.6, p = 0.001). BRAFV600E status was tested in 70 patients. Lower 18F-FDG uptake (SUVmax: 8.2 ± 3.3 vs. 10.8 ± 4.9, p = 0.019) was observed in mutated-BRAFV600E. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that SUVmax ≤ 10.6 (OR: 6.868, 95 % CI: 1.751-26.946, p = 0.006), absence of thymus involvement (OR: 11.849, 95 %CI: 1.907-73.635, p = 0.008) and CRP ≥ 15.0 mg/L (OR: 8.062, 95 % CI: 1.538-42.263, p = 0.014) significantly correlated with BRAFV600E mutation. CONCLUSIONS:PET/CT identifies extra-osseous diseases in about 40% of patients, especially those with elevated CRP levels. Moreover, 18F-FDG PET/CT findings were significantly associated with BRAFV600E mutation status, although wide CIs warrant cautious interpretation.

With the sustained growth of the economy and significant changes in social demographics, the issue of elderly-related diseases has increasingly drawn attention, particularly. Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as a representative disease of neurodegenerative diseases, has become a major challenge, affecting the health and quality of life of the elderly population severely. In recent years, the incidence, prevalence and mortality rates of AD have increased in China, imposing substantial economic burdens on families, society and the entire healthcare system. To proactively address this challenge and respond to the national ‘Healthy China Action’ initiative, leading experts from authoritative institutions jointly authored the China Alzheimer Report 2025. Building on previous editions, this report updates epidemiological data on AD in China, thoroughly analyses the latest economic burdens of the disease and comprehensively evaluates the current status of AD diagnosis and treatment services, as well as the allocation of public health resources in our country. Its release reflects China’s progress in AD research and prevention, underscores societal concern for elderly health and aims to provide scientific guidance and data support for AD prevention, diagnosis and treatment. It also facilitates academic exchanges and cooperation, enhancing public awareness and promoting active participation in elderly healthcare, towards achieving ‘healthy ageing’ in China.

Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney is a rare primary renal malignancy in children and its differentiation from other renal tumors, particularly Wilms’ tumor, poses significant diagnostic challenges. Notably, clear cell sarcoma of the kidney is associated with a poorer prognosis than Wilms’ tumor, making the preoperative presumptive diagnosis critical for optimizing surgical resection and appropriate chemotherapy regimens. We conducted a feasibility study to evaluate the diagnostic utility of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) in distinguishing clear cell sarcoma of the kidney from Wilms’ tumor. This study included 19 patients diagnosed with clear cell sarcoma of the kidney and 84 patients with Wilms’ tumor. Among these, 11/19 patients with clear cell sarcoma of the kidney and 28/84 patients of Wilms’ tumor displayed positive findings on 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging, which were subsequently validated as tumor lesions by histologic examination, conventional imaging, or clinical follow-up. A retrospective analysis of the imaging features of clear cell sarcoma of the kidney and Wilms’ tumor lesions on 18F-FDG PET/CT scans was conducted. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were performed to determine the optimal cutoff of the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) for diagnostic prediction. The mean SUVmax for all lesions of clear cell sarcoma of the kidney was significantly lower than that of Wilms’ tumors (3.9 vs. 7.4; P<0.001). When analyzed separately, primary lesions (3.6 vs. 6.6; P=0.042) and metastatic lesions (4.0 vs. 7.8; P=0.011) both had lower SUVmax in clear cell sarcomas of the kidney compared with Wilms’ tumors. ROC curve analysis revealed a cutoff SUVmax of 4.3, which effectively supported the diagnosis of clear cell sarcoma of the kidney over Wilms’ tumor, with a sensitivity of 75.0

F-18-FDG PET/CT was performed in a 1-year-old girl who had a heterogeneous mass in the right abdominal cavity revealed by abdominal ultrasound. A heterogeneous mass with internal necrosis, cystic changes, and hemorrhage in the right kidney, accompanied by a slight increase of FDG uptake, was observed in FDG PET/CT. Malignant renal tumor was considered, and Wilms tumor was preferentially suspected. However, the mass was demonstrated as clear cell sarcoma of the kidney by histopathological examination.

To evaluate the association between metabolic response on 18F-FDG PET/CT and long-term survival in children with neuroblastoma (NB). A total of 39 consecutive children with newly diagnosed stage 4 NB undergoing both 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging at baseline and after chemotherapy were retrospectively analyzed. The associations between metabolic parameters, including SUVmax of the lesion with the most intense 18F-FDG uptake at baseline (SUVb), after chemotherapy (SUVe), and the percentage change between SUVb and SUVe, and long-term survival were evaluated. With a median follow-up of 56 months, 22 patients who had achieved complete resolution on PET (no residual 18F-FDG uptake higher than the surrounding backgrounds) after chemotherapy had superior 5-year overall survival (OS) (73.6

Peripheral inflammation could constitute a risk factor for AD. This review summarizes the research related to peripheral inflammation that appears to have a relationship with Alzheimer's disease. We find there are significant associations between AD and peripheral infection induced by various pathogens, including herpes simplex virus type 1, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, human immunodeficiency virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Helicobacter pylori, and Toxoplasma gondii. Chronic inflammatory diseases are also reported to contribute to the pathophysiology of AD. The mechanisms by which peripheral inflammation affects the pathophysiology of AD are complex. Pathogen-derived neurotoxic molecule composition, disrupted BBB, and dysfunctional neurogenesis may all play a role in peripheral inflammation, promoting the development of AD. Anti-pathogenic medications and anti-inflammatory treatments are reported to decrease the risk of AD. Studies that could improve understanding the associations between AD and peripheral inflammation are needed. If our assumption is correct, early intervention against inflammation may be a potential method of preventing and treating AD.

ABSTRACT:18 F-FDG PET/CT was performed in a 1-year-old girl who had a heterogeneous mass in the right abdominal cavity revealed by abdominal ultrasound. A heterogeneous mass with internal necrosis, cystic changes, and hemorrhage in the right kidney, accompanied by a slight increase of FDG uptake, was observed in FDG PET/CT. Malignant renal tumor was considered, and Wilms tumor was preferentially suspected. However, the mass was demonstrated as clear cell sarcoma of the kidney by histopathological examination.