Here we present models of hot neutron star (NS) atmospheres consisting of thermonuclear ashes of various chemical compositions. These models are essential for studying thermonuclear flashes in X-ray-bursting NSs in which nuclear-burning ashes are transported to the stellar surface. We consider four different mixtures, each dominated by helium, chromium, iron, or nickel. In addition to the opacity sources previously used in NS atmosphere modeling, we include photoionization from excited ionic states as well as approximately 5000 spectral lines. We also developed a method that enables the simultaneous treatment of Compton scattering and a large number of spectral lines. A key feature of the modeled NS atmospheres is the presence of a layer in the transition region between the optically thin and optically thick parts of the atmosphere where the radiation-pressure force increases significantly. This enhanced force sets an upper limit on the maximum attainable bolometric flux for a given surface gravity and chemical composition. The emergent spectra from the computed atmospheres display pronounced absorption edges, whose energies are determined by the dominant chemical species. We fit the model spectra using a diluted blackbody modified by a single absorption edge, and we investigate how the fit parameters depend on both the relative bolometric flux and the chemical composition of the atmosphere. Finally, we discuss constraints on these models imposed by the properties of X-ray bursts that exhibit absorption edges in their spectra, as observed in the systems HETE J1900.1−2455 and GRS 1747−312.

We report results from a multi-mission observational campaign of the transient X-ray pulsar 2S 1417-624 during its 2025 outburst, using data from NICER, IXPE, and NuSTAR. Phase-averaged and phase-resolved spectroscopy with NICER and NuSTAR reveal that a typical broken power-law model with a high-energy cut-off well describes the broadband spectra. Several spectral parameters, however, show clear and systematic modulations with pulse phase, indicating variations in the physical conditions of the emitting plasma over the neutron star's rotation. IXPE provides the first polarimetric measurements of this source, yielding a phase-averaged polarization degree (PD) of 4.8 ± 1.2

The final stages of outbursts in transient X-ray pulsars (XRPs), which are characterised by a significant decline in the mass accretion rate, provide valuable insight into the physics of the accretion disc and its interaction with the strong magnetic field of the neutron star (NS). In particular, the `propeller effect', or centrifugal inhibition of accretion, has been proposed as a key mechanism governing both the onset luminosity and the timescale of the rapid transition to the quiescent state. In addition, it offers an independent method for estimating the magnetic field strength of the NS. On the other hand, the decrease in the mass accretion rate itself is driven by processes occurring in the accretion flow at larger distances from the NS. Recovering the information encoded in the light curve therefore requires sensitive high-cadence X-ray monitoring capable of capturing the rapid and often unpredictable transition from the accreting regime to the quiescent regime. In this study, we present the results of the first comprehensive monitoring campaign that tracks the entire transition to quiescence in the transient XRP 4U 0115+63 utilising observations by the NICER X-ray telescope. We show that the observed behaviour can be explained by the thermal-viscous disc instability model (DIM), with the emission observed immediately after an outburst possibly arising from the ongoing accretion from the recombined (`cold') disc and the subsequent quiescent emission being produced by the cooling NS. We further applied this model to a larger sample of XRPs encompassing a broad range of physical parameters. Ultimately, our findings indicate that the temporal behaviour of XRPs, including the quiescent state, can be consistently explained within the DIM framework without requiring the propeller effect as the primary mechanism governing the observed transition.

Magnetospheric accretion flows in X-ray pulsars shape their spectra, polarization, and variability. We model the thermal balance of the flow enveloping the neutron star magnetosphere in the sub-critical regime (L ≲ 10^37 erg s^-1), where radiation forces do not control the dynamics and single Compton scatterings dominate. The energy budget includes Compton heating by surface X-rays, compressional (adiabatic) heating in the converging flow, and radiative cooling dominated by free-free emission and contributed also by cyclotron emission. We show that the interplay of these processes leads to efficient cooling of the flow in the inner magnetosphere. We compute the flow temperature profile as a function of luminosity and find that near the stellar surface the temperature can fall to a few tens of eV at L < 10^35 erg s^-1. Under such conditions, the accreting plasma, modelled here as pure hydrogen, is no longer fully ionized. In the strong magnetic fields typical for X-ray pulsars, such temperatures permit partial recombination of electrons and protons into neutral hydrogen. As a result, a significant fraction of the flow becomes weakly ionized, while external illumination ionizes this gas only partially within a geometrically thin layer immediately above the neutron star surface. This implies that magnetospheric accretion at low luminosities proceeds through a partially ionized medium, in contrast to the commonly assumed fully ionized flow.

In this Letter, we report the detection of an absorption-like feature at ∼1.89 keV in Chandra/ACIS spectra of the ultraluminous X-ray source NGC 4861 X–2, based on the deepest observation (ObsID 20992; ∼59 ks). The feature is consistently recovered across independent continuum models and significantly improves the fit statistics. Monte Carlo simulations yield a detection significance of ∼3.5–4.1σ, depending on the adopted continuum, and a blind line scan reveals a single, localized peak at the same energy. The observed properties are consistent with a proton cyclotron resonant scattering feature (CRSF), implying a magnetic field strength of B ∼ (3–4)×1014 G. The spectrum is well described by a multicolor disk blackbody (diskbb) with kTin ∼ 0.8 keV or a strongly curved continuum with a low cutoff (cutoffpl) energy (Ecut ∼ 1.3 keV). The source shows variability confined to the soft X-ray band in the two Chandra observations in which the absorption-like feature is detected. In these observations, a candidate periodic signal at P ≈ 7.4 s is also detected, with a global significance of ∼2.5σ.

Accretion onto strongly magnetised neutron stars is commonly interpreted using quasi-steady models, in which the accretion-column structure adjusts smoothly to the mass inflow rate. The cyclotron line in the X-ray spectrum, whose centroid energy traces the magnetic field strength and thus the height of the line-forming region, provides a key diagnostic of this structure. Whether this simple quasi-steady description remains valid on short dynamical timescales has remained uncertain. Here we show that, during a giant outburst of the X-ray pulsar 1A 0535+262, quasi-periodic hard X-ray flux variations are accompanied by synchronised oscillations of the cyclotron line energy, with amplitudes exceeding those expected from simple accretion-rate fluctuations. The anti-correlation between cyclotron energy and apparent flux provides direct spectral-timing evidence for rapid changes in the line-forming region, which we interpret as geometric reconfiguration of the accretion column. The variability emerges in the luminosity regime where radiation pressure becomes dynamically important. These results reveal limitations of a simple quasi-steady interpretation for this source and suggest that radiation-supported columns can enter intrinsically dynamical states in high-luminosity accreting pulsars.

We present volume-limited samples of cataclysmic variables (CVs) and AM CVn binaries jointly selected from SRG/eROSITA eRASS1 and Gaia DR3 using an X-ray + optical color-color diagram (the "X-ray Main Sequence"). This tool identifies all CV subtypes, including magnetic and low-accretion rate systems, in contrast to most previous surveys. We find 23 CVs, 3 of which are AM CVns, out to 150 pc in the Western Galactic Hemisphere. Our 150 pc sample is spectroscopically verified and complete down to LX = 1.3 x 1029 erg s-1 in the 0.2-2.3 keV band, and we also present CV candidates out to 300 pc and 1000 pc. We discovered two previously unknown systems in our 150 pc sample: the third nearest AM CVn and a magnetic period bouncer. We find the mean LX of CVs to be < LX > approximate to 4.6 x 1030 erg s-1, in contrast to previous surveys which yielded < LX > similar to 1031-1032 erg s-1. We construct X-ray luminosity functions that, for the first time, flatten out at LX similar to 1030 erg s-1. We infer average number, mass, and luminosity densities of rho N,CV = (3.7 +/- 0.7) x 10-6pc-3, rho M=(5.0 +/- 1.0)x10-5M circle dot-1 , and rho LX=(2.3 +/- 0.4)x1026ergs-1M circle dot-1 , respectively, in the solar neighborhood. Our uniform selection method also allows us to place meaningful estimates on the space density of AM CVns, rho N,AM CVn = (5.5 +/- 3.7) x 10-7 pc-3. Magnetic CVs and period bouncers make up 35% and 25% of our sample, respectively. This work, through a novel discovery technique, shows that the observed number densities of CVs and AM CVns, as well as the fraction of period bouncers, are still in tension with population synthesis estimates.

Supersoft X-ray sources (SSSs) are thought to be accreting white dwarfs (WDs) in close binary systems, with thermonuclear burning on their surfaces. The SSS RX J$0513.9-6951$ in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) exhibits cyclic variations between optical low and high states, which are anti-correlated with its X-ray flux. This behaviour is believed to be the result of the periodic expansion and contraction of the WD due to variations in the accretion rate in the system. We analyse the eight high-resolution XMM and six grating Chandra spectra of RX J$0513.9-6951$ with our grid of model atmosphere spectra of hot WDs computed under the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium. Our aim is to test a contraction model of the source variability by tracking the evolution of the WD properties. We use a recently computed grid of hot WD model atmospheres, spanning a wide range of effective temperatures (Teff=100-1000 kK in steps of $25 kK$) and eight values of surface gravity. The LMC chemical composition of the atmospheres was assumed. The obtained fitting parameters (effective temperature Teff, surface gravity log and bolometric luminosity L) evolve on the Teff - and Teff - L planes. This evolution follows the model tracks of WDs with masses of 1.05-1.15,M_ and thermonuclear burning on the surface. We show that, when the source has a relatively small photospheric radius and is optically bright, it lies below the stable-burning strip with a relatively low bolometric luminosity. Conversely, the fainter optical states correspond to higher bolometric luminosity and larger photospheric radii of the hot WD. RXJ0513 lies within the stable-burning strip during this state. This means that the optical brightness of the system is lower when the WD is larger, more luminous, and illuminates the accretion disc more effectively. These results contradict the contraction model, which predicts the opposite behaviour of the source. We use a model that assumes that the far UV/soft X-ray flux is reprocessed into the optical band due to multiple scattering in the cloud system above the accretion disc. More significant illumination can lead to rarefying of the cloud slab, thereby reducing the reprocessing efficiency and making the source fainter in the optical band.

The Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) observations of accreting X-ray pulsars (XRPs) continue to provide novel insights into the physics and geometry of these sources. We present the first X-ray polarimetric study of the persistent wind-fed XRP 4U 1538-52, based on five IXPE observations totaling 360 ks, conducted in March and October 2024. We detect marginally significant polarization in the combined data set in the full 2--8 keV energy band, with a polarization degree (PD) of 3.0+-1.1% and polarization angle (PA) of -18 degrees. The energy-resolved analysis shows a clear energy dependence of the polarization properties, with a remarkable ~70 degrees switch in PA between low and high energies. Similarly, the pulse phase-resolved spectro-polarimetric analysis reveals different signatures at low and high energies. At low (2--3 keV) energies, the PD ranges between ~2% and ~18%, with the PA varying between -16 and 70 degrees. At higher (4--8 keV) energies, the PD varies between ~3% and ~12%, with a drastically different PA behavior. Fitting the rotating vector model to the pulse phase dependence of the PA at the lower energies, we constrain the geometric configuration of the pulsar. The analysis favors a high spin-axis inclination of >50 which agrees with both previous pulse-phase-dependent spectral fitting of the cyclotron line region and the known high orbital inclination of the binary system. The magnetic obliquity is estimated to be 30 degrees and the spin position angle to be 19 degrees. A sharp switch in PA around 3 keV presents a particular theoretical challenge, as it is not consistent with the right-angle switch that was only seen in one other pulsar Vela X-1.

Polarimetric observations of X-ray pulsars (XRPs) have provided us with the key to unlocking their geometrical properties. Thanks to the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE), the geometries of several XRPs have been determined, providing new insights into their emission mechanisms and magnetic field structures. The polarimetric properties of Vela X-1 have a clear dependence on energy, showing a 90 degrees swing in the polarization angle (PA) between low and high energies. Due to the complex energy-dependent nature of the polarization properties, until now it was not possible to determine the pulsar geometry. In this work we present the results of a detailed analysis of the pulse-phase-resolved polarization properties of Vela X-1 at different energies. By separating the polarimetric analysis into low and high energy ranges, we are able to disentangle the contributions of the soft and hard spectral components to the polarization, revealing the pulse phase dependence of the polarization degree and PA in each energy band. The PA pulse-phase dependence at high energies (5-8 keV) allows us, for the first time, to determine the pulsar geometry in Vela X-1. Based on the fit with the rotating vector model, we estimate the pulsar spin position angle to be around 127 degrees and the magnetic obliquity to be 13 degrees. We discuss two possible scenarios that could explain the 90 degrees swing in the PA between high and low energies: a two-component spectral model and vacuum resonance.

We present observations of the accretion-powered X-ray pulsar 4U 1907+09 conducted with the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer, which has delivered the first high-quality polarization measurements of this source. 4U 1907+09 was observed twice during its brightest periods, close to the periastron. We observe a stronger polarization in the first observation, with a phase-averaged polarization degree (PD) of 6.0 +/- 1.6% and a polarization angle (PA) of 69 degrees +/- 8 degrees. The second observation provides weaker constraints on the polarimetric properties, PD = 2.2 +/- 1.6% and PA = 46 degrees +/- 23 degrees, as determined from the spectro-polarimetric analysis. Combining the data from the two observations results in PD = 3.7 +/- 1.1% and PA = 63 degrees +/- 9 degrees. We detect an energy-dependent PA in the phase-averaged analyses with a significance of 1.7 sigma. In the phase-resolved analyses, we observe a potential PA rotation of approximately 90 degrees between adjacent energy bands (4-5 and 5-6 keV) within the single phase bin of 0.25-0.375. We also investigate the influence of short flares on the polarization properties of this source. The results suggest that flares do not significantly affect the energy-phase-dependent PA, implying that the pulsar's geometry remains stable during flare events.

The Be/X-ray pulsar 4U 0115+63 underwent a type II outburst in 2023. After the outburst, similar to the outbursts in 2015 and 2017, the source decayed into a quiescent state. Two out of three XMM-Newton observations conducted after the 2023 outburst confirmed the source to be in a low-luminosity state at a level of L-X similar to 10(33) erg s(-1). X-ray pulsations were detected at approximate to 0.277 Hz in both observations with a pulsed fraction exceeding 50%. The power density spectra show no significant low-frequency red noise in either observation, suggesting that the radiation is not driven by accretion. The energy spectra in this state can be described by a single blackbody component, with an emitting area smaller than the typical size of the polar caps during the accretion phase. Based on the timing and spectral properties, we suggest that the propeller effect is active during the quiescent state, resulting in a total quenching of accretion. We discuss possible mechanisms for the generation of pulsations in this regime and consider the scenario of neutron star crust cooling.

We present the first NuSTAR X-ray observation of EF Eri, a well-known polar system. The NuSTAR observation was conducted in conjunction with NICER shortly after EF Eri entered a high accretion state following an unprecedented period of low activity lasting 26 yr since 1997. NuSTAR detected hard X-ray emission up to 50 keV with an X-ray flux of 1.2 × 10 −10 erg s −1 cm −2 (3–50 keV). Folded X-ray lightcurves exhibit a single peak with ∼65% spin modulation throughout the 3–50 keV band. We found no evidence of quasiperiodic oscillation (QPO) signals at ν = 0.1–100 Hz with an upper limit on the QPO amplitude below 5% (90% confidence limit) at ν ∼ 0.5 Hz where the optical QPO was previously detected. Our 1D accretion column model, called MCVSPEC , was fitted to the NuSTAR spectral data, yielding an accurate white dwarf (WD) mass measurement of M = (0.55–0.63) M ⊙ . MCVSPEC accounts for radiative cooling by thermal bremsstrahlung and cyclotron emission, X-ray reflection off the WD surface, and a previously constrained range of the accretion column area. The derived WD mass range is in excellent agreement with the previous measurement of M = (0.55–0.65) M ⊙ in the optical band. This demonstrates a combination of broadband X-ray spectral analysis and the MCVSPEC model that can be employed in our ongoing NuSTAR observation campaign of other polars to determine their WD masses accurately.

Discovery of pulsations from a number of ultra-luminous X-ray (ULX) sources proved that accretion onto neutron stars can produce luminosities exceeding the Eddington limit by several orders of magnitude. The conditions necessary to achieve such high luminosities as well as the exact geometry of the accretion flow in the neutron star vicinity are, however, a matter of debate. The pulse phase-resolved polarization measurements that became possible with the launch of the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) can be used to determine the pulsar geometry and its orientation relative to the orbital plane. They provide an avenue to test different theoretical models of ULX pulsars. In this paper we present the results of three IXPE observations of the first Galactic ULX pulsar Swift J0243.6+6124 during its 2023 outburst. We find strong variations in the polarization characteristics with the pulsar phase. The average polarization degree increases from about 5% to 15% as the flux dropped by a factor of three in the course of the outburst. The polarization angle (PA) as a function of the pulsar phase shows two peaks in the first two observations, but changes to a characteristic sawtooth pattern in the remaining data set. This is not consistent with a simple rotating vector model. Assuming the existence of an additional constant polarized component, we were able to fit the three observations with a common rotating vector model and obtain constraints on the pulsar geometry. In particular, we find the pulsar angular momentum inclination with respect to the line of sight of i(p)=15 degrees-40 degrees, the magnetic obliquity of theta(p) = 60 degrees-80 degrees, and the pulsar spin position angle of chi(p)approximate to-50 degrees, which significantly differs from the constant component PA of about 10 degrees. Combining these X-ray measurements with the optical PA, we find evidence for at least a 30 degrees misalignment between the pulsar angular momentum and the binary orbital axis.

Recent observations of X-ray pulsars (XRPs) performed by the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) have made it possible to investigate the intricate details of these objects in a new way, thanks to the added value of X-ray polarimetry. Here we present the results of the IXPE observations of SMC X-1, a member of the small group of XRPs displaying super-orbital variability. SMC X-1 was observed by IXPE three separate times during the high state of its super-orbital period. The observed luminosity in the 2-8 keV energy band of L similar to 2x10(38) erg s(-1) makes SMC X-1 the brightest XRP ever observed by IXPE. We detect significant polarization in all three observations, with values of the phase-averaged polarization degree (PD) and polarization angle (PA) of 3.2 +/- 0.8% and 97 degrees +/- 8 degrees for Observation 1, 3.0 +/- 0.9% and 90 degrees +/- 8 degrees for Observation 2, and 5.5 +/- 1.1% and 80 degrees +/- 6 degrees for Observation 3, for the spectro-polarimetric analysis. The observed PD shows an increase over time with decreasing luminosity, while the PA decreases in decrements of similar to 10 degrees. The phase-resolved spectro-polarimetric analysis reveals significant detection of polarization in three out of seven phase bins, with the PD ranging between similar to 2% and similar to 10%, and a corresponding range in the PA from similar to 70 degrees to similar to 100 degrees. The pulse-phase resolved PD displays an apparent anti-correlation with the flux. Using the rotating vector model, we obtain constraints on the pulsar's geometrical properties for the individual observations. The position angle of the pulsar displays an evolution over time supporting the idea that we observe changes related to different super-orbital phases. Scattering in the wind of the precessing accretion disk may be responsible for the behavior of the polarimetric properties observed during the high-state of SMC X-1's super-orbital period.

We present the first X-ray spectropolarimetric results for Cygnus X-1 in its soft state from a campaign of five IXPE observations conducted during 2023 May-June. Companion multiwavelength data during the campaign are likewise shown. The 2-8 keV X-rays exhibit a net polarization degree PD=1.99%+/-0.13% (68% confidence). The polarization signal is found to increase with energy across IXPE's 2-8 keV bandpass. The polarized X-rays exhibit an energy-independent polarization angle of PA=-25.7+/-1.8 deg. East of North (68% confidence). This is consistent with being aligned to Cyg X-1's AU-scale compact radio jet and its pc-scale radio lobes. In comparison to earlier hard-state observations, the soft state exhibits a factor of 2 lower polarization degree, but a similar trend with energy and a similar (also energy-independent) position angle. When scaling by the natural unit of the disk temperature, we find the appearance of a consistent trendline in the polarization degree between soft and hard states. Our favored polarimetric model indicates Cyg X-1's spin is likely high (a* above ~0.96). The substantial X-ray polarization in Cyg X-1's soft state is most readily explained as resulting from a large portion of X-rays emitted from the disk returning and reflecting off the disk surface, generating a high polarization degree and a polarization direction parallel to the black hole spin axis and radio jet. In IXPE's bandpass, the polarization signal is dominated by the returning reflection emission. This constitutes polarimetric evidence for strong gravitational lensing of X-rays close to the black hole.

The eROSITA telescope array aboard the Spektrum Roentgen Gamma (SRG) satellite began surveying the sky in December 2019, with the aim of producing all-sky X-ray source lists and sky maps of an unprecedented depth. Here we present catalogues of both point-like and extended sources using the data acquired in the first six months of survey operations (eRASS1; completed June 2020) over the half sky whose proprietary data rights lie with the German eROSITA Consortium. We describe the observation process, the data analysis pipelines, and the characteristics of the X-ray sources. With nearly 930 000 entries detected in the most sensitive 0.2-2.3 keV energy range, the eRASS1 main catalogue presented here increases the number of known X-ray sources in the published literature by more than 60%, and provides a comprehensive inventory of all classes of X-ray celestial objects, covering a wide range of physical processes. A smaller catalogue of 5466 sources detected in the less sensitive but harder 2.3-5 keV band is the result of the first true imaging survey of the entire sky above 2 keV. We present methods to identify and flag potential spurious sources in the catalogues, which we applied for this work, and we tested and validated the astrometric accuracy via cross-comparison with other X-ray and multi-wavelength catalogues. We show that the number counts of X-ray sources in eRASS1 are consistent with those derived over narrower fields by past X-ray surveys of a similar depth, and we explore the number counts variation as a function of the location in the sky. Adopting a uniform all-sky flux limit (at 50% completeness) of F0.5-2 keV > 5 x 10(-14) erg s(-1) cm(-2), we estimate that the eROSITA all-sky survey resolves into individual sources about 20% of the cosmic X-ray background in the 1-2 keV range. The catalogues presented here form part of the first data release (DR1) of the SRG/eROSITA all-sky survey. Beyond the X-ray catalogues, DR1 contains all detected and calibrated event files, source products (light curves and spectra), and all-sky maps. Illustrative examples of these are provided.

A large energy-dependent X-ray polarization degree is detected by the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) in the high-soft emission state of the black hole X-ray binary 4U 1630–47. The highly significant detection (at ≈50 σ confidence level) of an unexpectedly high polarization, rising from ∼6% at 2 keV to ∼10% at 8 keV, cannot be easily reconciled with standard models of thin accretion disks. In this work, we compare the predictions of different theoretical models with the IXPE data and conclude that the observed polarization properties are compatible with a scenario in which matter accretes onto the black hole through a thin disk covered by a partially ionized atmosphere flowing away at mildly relativistic velocities.

We present a comparative analysis of photometric observations of the cataclysmic variable TT Ari in its bright state, obtained by the TESS orbital observatory in 2021 and 2023 and by ground-based amateur telescopes in 2022. The light curves from 2021 and 2022 are dominated by modulations with a period slightly shorter than the orbital one (negative superhumps), 0.13292 and 0.13273 d respectively. In 2023, much stronger modulations appeared on a much longer time scale of a few days with an amplitude of up to 0.5 mag, compared to 0.2 mag in 2021. The negative superhump variability with the period of 0.1338 d was also found in the 2023 observations, but the significance of these negative superhumps is much lower than in the previous seasons. Less significant additional modulations with a period exceeding the orbital one (positive superhumps) were detected in 2021 and 2022. Their periods were 0.15106 and 0.1523 d, respectively. We also found a previously unnoticed periodic signal corresponding to the orbital period of 0.13755 d in the TESS observations in 2021. Theoretical models of tidal precession of an elliptical disk predict a decrease in the precession period (and an increase in the positive superhumps period) with increasing disk radius, which is consistent with the observed photometric behavior of the system. It enables us to estimate the mass ratio of the components in TT Ari to be q in the range 0.24-0.29. The tilted disk precession model predicts a period of nodal precession whose value is in general agreement with observations.

Spectro-polarimetric signatures of accretion disks in X-ray binaries and active galactic nuclei contain information on the masses and spins of their central black holes, as well as the geometry of matter in proximity to the compact objects. This information can be extracted by means of X-ray polarimetry. In this work, we present a fast analytical ray-tracing technique for polarized light (ARTPOL) that helps us to obtain the spinning black hole parameters from the observed properties. This technique can replace the otherwise time-consuming numerical ray-tracing calculations for any optically thick or geometrically thin accretion flow. For the purposes of illustration, we considered a standard optically thick, geometrically thin accretion disk in the equatorial plane of the Kerr black hole. We show that ARTPOL proves accurate for dimensionless spin parameter a ≤ 0.94 with a speed that is over four orders of magnitude faster than direct ray-tracing calculations. This approach opens up broader prospects for direct fittings of the spectro-polarimetric data from the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer.