The reduction of energy carbon emissions and the increase in the number of vegetation carbon sinks play a crucial role in achieving China's "carbon neutrality". As a megacity, Beijing faces significant pressure to reduce carbon emissions and increase the number of carbon sinks because of its large number of individual buildings, high population density, overcrowded transportation, and enormous amount of human activity. Therefore, calculating and analyzing the carbon emissions, vegetation carbon flux, and spatial distribution in Beijing in recent years provide data that support energy conservation and emission reduction, urban fine management, ecological security pattern planning, and national land spatial planning, and contribute to the high-quality development of the capital. In this study, we applied the C-FIX model, referring to the "2006 IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Guidelines" and the "Provincial Greenhouse Gas Inventory Compilation Guidelines" compiled by China. The statistical yearbooks of different administrative regions in Beijing were referred to in calculating the energy consumption carbon emissions and vegetation carbon flux of Beijing in 2010 and 2020. The results show the following: 1) In 2020, the carbon emissions from energy consumption decreased by 36.78%, with the reduction of industrial energy consumption emissions playing a major role. 2) The demand for energy in residents' daily lives significantly increased from 2010 to 2020, with the majority of the increase concentrated in areas with larger populations and more frequent activities. 3) Forest land in urban centers mostly serves as a carbon source, while in suburban areas, it serves as a carbon sink. The carbon flux of forest land in most areas shows an increasing trend, and the overall quality of forest land is good. 4) Grasslands in urban areas mostly serve as carbon sources, while those in suburban areas serve as carbon sinks. Moreover, the carbon sink capacity in most areas decreases, resulting in poor grassland quality. 5) The carbon absorption by vegetation is lower than the carbon emissions of energy, but the gap is significantly reduced.

t present, there are diverse data sources and mature technologies for the 3D modeling of cities, and 3D modeling is also developing towards component-level and refined modeling. In this study, we combined the needs of refined management in the central area of Beijing and elaborated on the practice of using various point cloud collection devices to carry out multisource point cloud data collection and ultrafine 3D modeling in areas where flight operations are not possible. There are three main areas of innovation: (1) the development of full-element ground acquisition and multisource point cloud joint 3D modeling technology, which solves the technical problems of acquiring all types of ground scanning data, such as those obtained using static, station-, cart-, backpack-, and vehicle-mounted laser scanning instruments, and handheld scanners, as well as multisource point cloud data fusion and modeling; (2) the development of a vehicle-mounted ultrahigh-resolution image acquisition system, which improves the efficiency of the vehicle scanner by increasing the exposure frequency to enhance its travel speed and (3) the use of tools to automatically extract urban components based on point clouds, which improved the efficiency of 3D modeling and achieved the fine-grained modeling of massive components in the region. On the basis of the system platform, the management and implementation of urban component-level information can be achieved.

Illegal construction is not only a hot issue of growing concern to urban residents but also a key problem in daily urban management, which negatively impacts social harmony. This study focuses on the governance of illegal land use and construction (two violations) in urban areas. It addresses the technical challenges of hidden and diverse forms of "two violations", easy recurrence, limited discovery channels, and difficult data collection. It also addresses the issues of weak business connectivity, poor standardization, difficult-to-use land after dismantling, and low utilization rate in the governance of "two violations". In this study, we designed a closed- loop process for urban land spatial governance of "classification, demolition, land vacation, and utilization", studied technologies such as integrated collection and intelligent identification of "star-sky-land network", and coordinated on-site verification of internal and external industries. A spatial governance platform was developed, fundamentally changing the discovery, identification, monitoring, verification, and service modes in the original "two violations" governance work.

The Beijing Urban Master Plan and the Communist Party of China's "Nineteenth National Congress" report both sought to "raise and improve people's living standards" and "build a high-quality and balanced public service system covering urban and rural areas, as well as to achieve full coverage of the quarter-hour community service circle". In this study, we propose a calculation method for increasing the service capacity of community public facilities, starting with the quarter-hour community service circle and taking into account factors such as population density, road network walking time, and facility scale. Public facilities have a 15-min service circle model and a capacity calculation model. The proposed method provided results that are both accurate and reasonable. In addition, this study also compares the difference between the actual population size and the service population size for public facilities within a community service circle within a 15-min walk. In addition, the reasons for the disparity were analyzed so that the deficiencies and shortcomings in community public services could be identified, allowing for an accurate assessment of the facility gaps in community public services and the establishment of a solid foundation for further adjusting and optimizing the function settings of the facilities of the community life service industry and the informed construction of a layout of the space of life service facilities to ensure comprehensive coverage.

The wetness index (W) was calculated using gridded monthly precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (PET) in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China.Meteorological data from 1991 to 2020 were provided by the Climate Research Unit.The change in W and the factors influencing it were analyzed at regional and urban levels.The results show that (1) W of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region fluctuated greatly year by year.W decreased (p < 0.05) during the years from 1991 to 2000, rose slightly (p < 0.05) from 2001 to 2010, and experienced almost no change in the last decade.(2) In the last two decades, W in some areas of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region increased, probably owing to the increase in precipitation in this area.(3) In the context of climate warming, W values in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and major cities are affected by precipitation, while temperature has little impact on the values.

With the development of sensors like digital aerial cameras and remote sensing and photogrammetry technologies, such as oblique photography and three-dimensional technology, higher resolution and richer data are available for urban land cover extraction, including digital orthophoto maps (DOMs), true digital orthophoto maps (TDOMs), and topographic information.On the basis of highly overlapped oblique photogrammetry, the output of TDOM can solve most of the occlusion problems caused by illumination and observation angles.Making full use of spatial information, especially height, may reduce spectral confusions among urban land covers due to limited spectral resolution in RGB images.We acquired and processed information from TDOM and height data based on aerial sensors and oblique photogrammetry and used a multilevel threshold method combining the vegetation color index, brightness, spatial information, and height to rapidly extract urban land cover information.The method offers a simple and effective way to automatically extract complex land cover information on megacities with no need for training sample selection.This method was evaluated by comparing its results from the area of Beijing with those from the most widely used support vector machine (SVM) and maximum likelihood classification methods through visual inspection and quantitative measures, and this method achieved a better accuracy.

In recent years, China's resource and environmental problems have become increasingly severe, and the pressure on resource constraints has continued to increase. The Chinese government has delineated constraints for spatial planning based on the ecosystem, that is, a "red line for ecological protection", which aims to "control the ecological space" and optimize the ecological environment. The optimized verification of this red line can improve the accuracy of its boundary, ensure habitat integrity, and provide data and methods supporting the protection of the ecosystem. In this study, the problems of verifying the boundary of the ecological protection red line include five major categories and 24 minor categories, such as accuracy problems, current situation problems, contradictions with planning, boundary consistency problems, and integrity problems. Taking Fangshan District, Beijing, China, as an example, based on the results of delineating the ecological protection red line in Fangshan District, we integrated geographical monitoring, land use surveys, high-resolution remote sensing images, small forestry classes, protected areas, road networks, water networks, and 14 types of multi-source data, such as architectural and planning data. On the basis of the idea of clustering, we granulated the types of plaques in the ecological protection red line into three categories, nature reserves, river wetlands, and other protection units, and we assessed multi-source data regarding the specific problems of various types of plaques in the ecological protection red line. We used an adaptive design, using the big data processing mode of red line plaque fragmentation, based on ArcGIS spatial data analysis and processing functions to optimize and verify the red line boundary. We obtained a mapping accuracy of 1:10000 for the ecological protection red line, which is a breakthrough in accuracy. This study provides a base map for ecological protection via the red line management, supervision, and comprehensive implementation of land and space planning. The research method is also applicable to research on optimizing the red line boundary for ecological protection in other regions of the country.

The mobile laser-point cloud measurement system has been widely used in urban high-precision mapping. In some urban spaces with many high-rise buildings and indoor spaces, high-precision point cloud data cannot be directly obtained due to weak or no global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals. We propose a space-constrained mobile vehicle-mounted laser scanning data acquisition plan that can effectively utilize the advantages of ground 3D laser scanning and mobile vehicle-mounted laser scanning. In addition, the plan adopts multi-source point cloud data fusion technology to obtain high-precision complete point cloud data both indoors and outdoors. The validity and reliability of the plan are verified by data acquisition experiments, which provide a useful reference for future high-precision mapping.

3D modeling of the indoor environment is essential for urban applications such as indoor navigation, emergency simulations, floor planning, and building construction.With the development of laser scanning sensors, 3D laser scanners can quickly obtain high-density, highprecision 3D coordinates and attribute information, which brings significant advantages in collecting 3D information on indoor scenes.Many studies have been published on the fast reconstruction of 3D models based on point cloud data obtained by various types of laser scanning sensors.In this paper, we review state-of-the-art automated 3D indoor modeling technologies.The 3D modeling standards for indoor environments are introduced, and data acquisition based on laser scanning sensors and characteristics of point clouds are discussed.Indoor object classification and indoor room segmentation are also examined in detail.The 3D indoor reconstruction methods (i.e., line-based, plane-based, and volume-based) are systematically introduced and the advantages and disadvantages of these methods are presented.Future research directions in this field are discussed and summarized.This review can help researchers improve current approaches or develop new techniques for 3D indoor reconstruction.

It is of great significance for coordinated development to analyze the urban expansion process and urban connection characteristics of urban agglomeration.We studied urban expansion extraction and urban connection analysis methods for urban agglomeration based on remote sensing satellite sensors of thematic mapper (TM), enhanced thematic mapper (ETM+), operational land imager (OLI) and visible infrared imaging radiometer suite (VIIRS), and urban area extraction and multidata analysis technologies.Using the relevant materials of domestic land cover data and nighttime light data combined with population and economic data, we analyzed urban agglomeration characteristics of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, which is one of the most important urban agglomeration areas in China.The expansion characteristics of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region from 2000 to 2021, as well as urban connection characteristics and their changes among the cities, and the three axes of Beijing-Tianjin, Beijing-Baoding-Shijiazhuang, and Beijing-Tangshan-Qinhuangdao were studied.The results show that: (1) the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region expanded largely during 2000-2021 and the comprehensive development gap narrowed.(2) A development trend has occurred around Beijing marked by an obvious border construction feature.The expansion speed of the capital metropolitan area was faster in the east and north and weaker in the southwest.(3) The connection of the three development axes was significantly strengthened since 2017, with two cores of Beijing and Tianjin.Some problems of uneven urban connection and uncoordinated development were noted in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and some suggestions have been addressed.

With the development of the census and monitoring of national geographical conditions in China, the availability of information has sharply increased.Progress in data mining methods and social application tools has provided a way for solving the problems of low resource allocation and high uncertainty in decision-making regarding planning.To relieve non-capital functions and serve the healthy development of the Beijing Metropolitan Area, we propose a new model of self-adaptive cellular automaton based on ensemble learning (EL-CA).The method is based on the data collected by monitoring geographical conditions and is guided by complex geocomputing that simulates city-scale evolution in Beijing.A comparison of predicted and real data for Beijing in 2015 demonstrated that the predictions made by the EL-CA model proposed significantly outperformed those by traditional cellular automaton (CA) models based on empirical statistics.Data on the geographical conditions in Beijing in 2007 and 2015 were employed in model simulation and training to predict the scale of the city in 2023.The urban agglomeration points in Beijing tended to be dense, the overall construction land tended to be saturated, and the growth rate of land use areas slowed.Results from the model also established that the construction land in Beijing is close to saturation from a quantitative perspective, and the potential urban expansion hotspots in the future are mainly concentrated in the Tongzhou District, the Daxing District, the Fangshan District, the south side of the fourth and fifth ring roads, and the southwest side of Pinggu District.These results can provide decision-makers in urban planning with supporting data and support Beijing to relieve Beijing of functions nonessential to its role as China's capital.

针对传统的测量技术无法满足超高复杂结构建设的要求,根据超高层建筑工程的特点和难点,通过对我国范围内的超高层建筑施工测量技术的总结,本文研发了新仪器设备并提出了超高层标高高精度自动传递工艺方法,探索了一套我国"千米"超高层建筑精密施工测量的关键技术.结合GNSS定位技术与智能化全站仪等多项新技术,获得高质量高精度测量基准、精确施工控制点及快速高精度的监测点位,将GNSS技术应用于超高层建筑施工监测是精密工程测量的突破,应用前景广阔.

介绍了"多测合一"的发展背景以及面临的房屋建筑面积计算规则不一致问题,详细分析了两个相关国家标准在面积计算规则方面的不一致性及其影响,给出了3种解决方案:统一的建筑面积测算规则;依旧使用两个传统的建筑面积测算规则和折中的建筑面积测算规则.建议第一种规则在地方标准推广成功的基础上再大面积全国推广.给出了第1、3两种解决方案的一个实际算例,并进行了实际对比.

生态保护红线是一种新型区域生态管控制度体系,是党中央、国务院在新时代做出的一项重大决策.针对生态保护红线存在边界不规则、生产建设用地扣除偏差、精度和现势性不足等问题,基于遥感影像和GIS技术,提出了生态保护红线校核技术路线,制定了5个一级类、24个二级类的生态保护红线优化调整指标体系;提出了多源数据融合、三条控制线协调、红线边界优化、勘界定标、数据建库等数据管理和更新技术流程,并阐明生态保护红线在城市规划建设和生态环境保护中的应用.可为其他城市生态保护红线的校核、优化和调整提供参考.

生态保护红线指在生态空间范围内具有特殊重要生态功能、必须强制性严格保护的区域,是保障和维护国家生态安全的底线和生命线.划定并严守生态保护红线是生态文明建设的重中之重.党的十八大报告提出,建设生态文明,是关系人民福祉、关乎民族未来的长远大计,必须树立尊重自然、顺应自然、保护自然的生态文明理念,把生态文明建设放在突出位置,努力建设美丽中国.党的十九大把"美丽"纳入到建设社会主义现代化强国的价值目标体系当中,并进一步提出了生态文明体制改革思想,把生态文明有机融入五个文明体系中.建设一个天蓝、地绿、水清、空气清新的美丽中国,是全社会的共同愿景和迫切期待.

减量提质是城市发展到一定阶段后的必然要求.针对在治理城市病过程中存在的数据不够丰富、方法不够创新、挖掘不深入、监测不够及时等问题,制定了"全、细、实"的城市空间信息监测内容与指标体系,构建了复杂环境下的城市空间监测数据获取、处理、质检、展示等技术体系,提出了基本、综合、专题"三位一体"的统计分析体系,并创建了社会化应用的软件体系、产品体系和应用模式.成果能够提升城市治理能力、精细化管理水平,可为其他城市提供借鉴和参考.

划定并严守生态保护红线是国家的战略要求,为保证北京市生态保护红线精准落地,本文在北京市生态保护红线划定成果的基础上,开展边界优化校核研究,在整合地理国情监测数据、地形图数据、土地利用调查数据、高分辨率遥感影像数据、林业小班数据等多源数据的基础上,对北京市生态保护红线边界校核内容进行创新性的分级分类,提出了对自然保护区、河流湿地、其他单元的边界优化校核处理方法,并基于ArcGIS平台,针对北京市生态保护红线精度、现势性、完整性、协调性及边界一致性情况进行分析校核及优化,使生态保护红线达到1∶1万成图精度,实现红线精准落图、落地。该研究为北京市生态保护红线的落地、钉桩、管控及全面落实国土空间规划用途管制提供了基础底图,研究方法同时适用于全国其他地区的生态保护红线边界校核研究。

针对保障生态保护红线精准落地、服务国土空间规划问题,该文基于北京市生态保护红线评估工作实践,以国土空间规划为视角,提出生态保护红线成效评估指标,分析了北京市生态保护红线校核前后边界规则程度、地表覆盖以及与自然保护区协调程度的变化.研究结果表明,北京市生态保护红线校核后边界复杂程度降低;房屋建筑区、构筑物、人工堆掘地、铁路与道路、种植土地均有所减少,荒漠与裸露地表基本没有变化,林草覆盖、水域明显增加;自然保护区各功能分区面积都有所增加.在今后生态保护红线动态更新过程中要全面掌握空间规划需求,推进"多规合一"实施,实现全市"一张图".

介绍了"多测合一"政策的出台背景,汇总了国家和省级层面"多测合一"的政策文件和主要内容,总结了政策出台以来全国范围的主要学术活动,归纳了省级层面"多测合一"的技术标准及其特点,罗列了国内主要的多测合一商品化软件,展示了国内各地典型多测合一管理信息系统,报告了取得的主要学术成果.对已开展的"多测合一"工作进行了评价,提出了改进"多测合一"工作的6条建议.

从2014年7月1日到2018年6月30日,我国开展了第二次全国地名普查工作.该研究通过标准制定、专利申请、软件研制、外业地名普查与质检、地名地址建库和开展应用推广等技术手段重点解决了地名地址的规范化以及地名地址的提取,全国及特大城市范围的地名地址普查建库,地名地址普查成果转化以及在物流、公安、测绘的应用,对地名文化、地名管理、地名标志的研究四方面问题,为第二次全国地名普查提供了较为全面的技术支持.