The COVID-19 pandemic exposed critical gaps in our ability to predict viral emergence and trajectory. Moving beyond sequence-dependent surveillance, we introduce V-Reactor Dynamics, a physics-based framework that models host-virus interaction as a synchronized dual chaotic system. At its core is the reactivity parameter (ρ), a measurable quantity derived from viral replication, immune neutralization, and drug interaction cross sections. We show that ρ dictates both intra-host viral load phases, peak (ρ>0), plateau (ρ≈0), and clearance (ρ<0), and, through a scaling law, the Lyapunov Exponent governing population-level transmission dynamics. Retrospectively, the model correctly differentiates SARS-CoV-2's higher transmissibility from SARS-CoV's lethality, accurately forecasts Omicron waves, and quantifies trade-offs between lockdown intensity and socioeconomic cost. Crucially, V-Dynamics enables pre-outbreak prediction via in vitro measurement of viral reaction cross sections, offering a pathway to proactive pandemic defense. By integrating quantum-mechanical interaction models with chaos theory across scales, this framework provides a quantitative roadmap for anticipating, controlling, and ultimately preempting future viral threats.

The Moon provides a unique environment for investigating nearby astrophysical events such as supernovae. Lunar samples retain valuable information from these events, via detectable long-lived “fingerprint” radionuclides such as ^60Fe . In this work, we stepped up the development of an accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) method for detecting ^60Fe using the HI-13 tandem accelerator at the China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE). Since interferences could not be sufficiently removed solely with the existing magnetic systems of the tandem accelerator and the following Q3D magnetic spectrograph, a Wien filter with a maximum voltage of ± 60 kV and a maximum magnetic field of 0.3 T was installed after the accelerator magnetic systems to lower the detection background for the low abundance nuclide ^60Fe . A 1 m thick Si _3 N _4 foil was installed in front of the Q3D as an energy degrader. For particle detection, a multi-anode gas ionization chamber was mounted at the center of the focal plane of the spectrograph. Finally, an ^60Fe sample with an abundance of 1.125 × 10^-10 was used to test the new AMS system. These results indicate that ^60Fe can be clearly distinguished from the isobar ^60Ni . The sensitivity was assessed to be better than 4.3 × 10^-14 based on blank sample measurements lasting 5.8 h, and the sensitivity could, in principle, be expected to be approximately 2.5 × 10^-15 when the data were accumulated for 100 h, which is feasible for future lunar sample measurements because the main contaminants were sufficiently separated.

We introduce an extension to the conventional variation after projection (VAP) method, in which wave functions of different spin states projected from a shared intrinsic wave function are first varied simultaneously. Then a second variation is carried out for each individual state starting from the obtained intrinsic wave function. This novel algorithm enables the efficient extraction of a rotational band from chaotic non -rotational states by adopting only one Slater determinant, which can not be reached by the conventional VAP method. Some examples including the heavy deformed nuclei in the jj 56 model space have been calculated. The calculated results show that this new method could be a useful tool to systematically study the collective rotational states in heavy deformed nuclei. Furthermore, the present method holds potential for probing significant correlations, such as octupole correlations, within nuclear structures.

The variation after projection (VAP) method is expected to be an efficient way of obtaining the optimized nuclear wave functions, which can be as close as possible to the exact shell model ones. However, we found that there are two additional problems that may seriously affect the convergence of the VAP iteration. The first problem is the existence of irrelevant projected basis states. At a VAP iteration, the Hill-Wheeler (HW) equation is composed of all updated projected basis states. If one of these projected basis states does not mix with a calculated wave function of interest, which is obtained by solving this HW equation, it is likely that this basis state will never mix with this wave function even after the VAP iteration converges. The other problem is the poor orthonormality among the projected basis states, which seriously affects the accuracy of the calculated VAP wave function. In the present work, solutions for these two problems are proposed, and examples are presented to test the validity. With the present solutions, the most important projected basis states can be reliably obtained, and the fully optimized VAP wave functions can be accurately and efficiently calculated.

The variation after projection (VAP) method is expected to be an efficient way of getting the optimized nuclear wave functions, so that they can be as close as possible to the exact shell model ones. However, we found there are two additional problems that may seriously affect the convergence of the VAP iteration. The first problem is, if a randomly selected projected basis state does not mix with a VAP wave function in the VAP calculation, then it is likely that this basis state will never mix with the VAP wave function even after the VAP iteration converges, which means such selected projected basis state is useless. The other problem is the poor orthonormality among the projected basis states that seriously affect the accuracy of the calculated VAP wave function. In the present work, solutions for these two problems are proposed and some examples are presented to test the validity. It turns out that, with the present solutions, the most important projected basis states can be reliably obtained and the fully optimized VAP wave functions can be accurately and efficiently calculated.

We propose a simple algorithm to further improve the previous variation after projection (VAP) wave functions for low-lying nonyrast states. We attach a weight factor to each calculated energy; then, the sum of these weighted energies is minimized. It turns out that a low-lying nonyrast VAP wave function can be further optimized when the weight factor for the corresponding energy is far larger than the other ones. Based on the improved WVAP wave functions, the energy-variance extrapolation method is applied to estimate the exact shell model energies. The calculated results for nuclei in the

The axial-shape asymmetry of yrast states in $^{246--256}\mathrm{Fm}$ is studied by performing the projected total-energy surface (PTES) calculations, which consider the beyond-mean-field effects associated with the restoration of rotational symmetry and shape variation at the same time. The results show a large elongation deformation but also a considerable large triaxiality for their ground and high spin states, the triaxial deformation $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\approx}{11}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ in average. In comparison, the TRS calculations have also been performed for these nuclei, and the results show a well-established axial quadrupole shape in their ground states. The presence of the significant triaxial deformation can be attributed to the beyond-mean-field effects generated by the angular-momentum projection. The axial asymmetric shape for the yrast states of nuclei with $Z=100$, suggested by the present variation after projection (VAP) calculations, indicates that the triaxial degree of freedom may also play a significant role in other transfermium and even superheavy nuclei. The present PTES calculations have well reproduced the available experimental energies of the ground-band states and predict the rest yrast states up to spin 30 in each nucleus. The calculated yrast bands of $^{246--256}\mathrm{Fm}$ present the back bending phenomenon at about the state ${18}^{+}$, caused by the alignment excitations of the two quasiparticle neutrons of $\ensuremath{\nu}{j}_{15/2}[743]7/2$ or of $\ensuremath{\nu}{h}_{11/2}[761]1/2$. It is worth confirming the predicted band structures by the future spectroscopic experiments in the transfermium nuclei for the study of the single-particle structure in the superheavy mass region.

We present a comprehensive introduction in our newly developed Variation After Projection (VAP) calculations for the low-lying nuclear states. First, we discussed the VAP calculation with a fully JTA-projected wavefunction for the ground state in even-even nucleus. This leads to the conclusion that the spin projection plays a key role in obtaining a good shell model approximation. With this conclusion, we simplified the VAP with a time-odd Hartree-Fock mean field, on which only spin projection is required. Due to the time reversal symmetry breaking, this VAP now can be applied to the yrast states in all kinds of nuclei. It turns out that our VAP yrast energies as well as the corresponding VAP wavefunctions are very close the exact ones from the full shell model calculations. Such good approximation encourages us to extend the VAP calculations further to the non-yrast nuclear states. For this purpose, we proposed a new algorithm in our VAP based on the Cauchy's interlacing theorem. This theorem ensures that the sum of the calculated lowest projected energies with the same quantum numbers can be safely minimized. After minimization, all the calculated states can be determined simultaneously. Again, all the calculated VAP energies are very close to the exact shell model results. Recently, we have added the parity projection into the VAP, and the yrast states with both parity in 12C have been calculated in the psd model space. This time, we still have good shell model approximation for both parity states. Finally, we should point out that the present algorithm should be applicable to the low-lying states in different quantum many-body systems.

About 1% of giant stars 1 have anomalously high Li abundances ( A Li ) in their atmospheres, conflicting directly with the prediction of standard stellar evolution models 2 . This finding makes the production and evolution of Li in the Universe intriguing, not only in the sense of Big Bang nucleosynthesis 3 , 4 or the interstellar medium 5 , but also for the evolution of stars. Decades of effort have been put into explaining why such extreme objects exist 6 – 8 , yet the origins of Li-rich giants are still being debated. Here, we report the discovery of the most Li-rich giant known to date, with a very high A Li of 4.51. This rare phenomenon was observed coincidentally with another short-term event: the star is experiencing its luminosity bump on the red giant branch. Such a high A Li indicates that the star might be at the very beginning of its Li-rich phase, which provides a great opportunity to investigate the origin and evolution of Li in the Galaxy. A detailed nuclear simulation is presented with up-to-date reaction rates to recreate the Li enrichment process in this star. Our results provide tight constraints on both observational and theoretical points of view, suggesting that low-mass giants can internally produce Li to a very high level through 7 Be transportation during the red giant phase.

We have implemented a new variation after projection (VAP) calculation based on the Hartree-Fock (HF) mean field.Due to the time reversal symmetry breaking of the mean field,the present VAP can be naturally extended to the yrast states in odd-A and odd-odd nuclei as well as the yrast states in the even-even nuclei.With the new VAP code,we calculated the yrast states in 24Mg,25Mg,26Mg and 26Al.All the calculated VAP energies are very close to the Shell Model(SM) ones.This clearly shows that the spin projection is very important in achieving a good approximation to the full shell model.

金星南先生是上海青浦人,也是我心中敬爱的一位学业上的长者,一位为人上的长者.金星南是理论物理学家和计算数学家,我国核科学领域计算数学的开拓者,为中国核事业的建立和国防尖端科学技术的发展作出了重要贡献. 热血归国,开创核科研新领域 金星南1941年毕业于上海大同大学数学系.1946年考入燕京大学研究生院,攻读研究生.1947年公费赴法国,在斯特拉斯堡大学从事核物质理论研究,师从伊奉(J.Yvon)、格洛杰茨基(Gorodetsky)从事数学-核物理研究,1949年获博士学位.新中国成立后,金星南放弃了法国优厚的待遇和良好的研究条件,怀着满腔报国热情,从法国马赛乘船抵达香港,又由香港坐一条英国船辗转回到天津,1950年终于回到了祖国首都北京.金先生于1950年参加筹建中国科学院近代物理研究所(现中国原子能科学研究院的最前身),所址在东皇城根甲42号.

Experimental data of the β--decay half-lives for the nuclei with atomic number between 20 and 190 are investigated.We have systematically studied the shell effects and pairing effects on β--decay half-lives versus the decay energy Q and nucleon numbers (Z,N).An empirical formula has been proposed to calculate the β--decay half-lives of neutron-rich nuclei.The empirical formula is simple and has relatively few parameters.Experimental β--decay half-lives of the neutron-rich nuclei are well reproduced by the new formula.In addition,the extrapolating capacity of this formula has been checked with the very recent experimental data from RIKEN.The predicted half-lives for r-process relevant nuclei with the current formula can be served as the reliable input of r-process model calculations.

95Zr(n,γ)96Zr cross section is important for the study of stellar evolution and heavy elements nucleosynthesis because the reaction is the only way to produce the 96Zr in Asymptotic giant branch stars.The direct measurement of 95Zr(n,γ)96Zr is very difficult due to the short half-life of 95Zr,64 days.The surrogate ratio method was carried out to measure 95Zr(n,γ)96Zr cross sections.We measured the 94Zr(18O,16Oγ)96Zr and 90Zr(18O,16Oγ)92Zr reactions and obtained the γ-decay probability ratio of compound nuclei 96Zr* and 92Zr*.The 95Zr(n,γ)96Zr cross section is determined by the obtained ratio multiplying the known 91Zr(n,γ)92Zr cross section at En =0～8 MeV.

The beyond-mean-field effects on nuclear triaxiality are studied by applying the projected total energy surface (PTES) calculations to the light tungsten isotopes W170-178, which have been well described as prolate rotors within the mean-field approximation. The present PTES calculations have well reproduced the experimental energies of the yrast states and the available experimental transition quardrupole moment (Q(t)) in function of spin. In particular, the results present a considerable large triaxiality for their ground states, with an average triaxial deformation gamma similar to 15 degrees. For a comparison, the total Routhian surface calculations have also been performed for these nuclei, the results show a well-established axial quadrupole deformation in their ground states. The presence of the significant triaxial deformation can be attributed to the beyond-mean-field effect as the angular momentum projection. This effect is therefore essential for a variety of mean-field approaches since it is only associated with the necessary restoration of the rotational symmetry in the laboratory frame, which is spontaneously broken in the intrinsic frame.

Experimental data of β −-decay half-lives of nuclei with atomic number between 20 and 190 are investigated. A systematic formula has been proposed to calculate β −-decay half-lives of neutron-rich nuclei, with a particular consideration on shell and pair effects, the decay energy Q as well as the nucleon numbers (Z, N). Although the formula has relatively few parameters, it reproduces the experimental —decay half-lives of neutron-rich nuclei very well. The predicted half-lives for the r-process relevant nuclei obtained with the current formula serve as reliable input in the r-process model calculations.

黄祖洽先生是著名理论物理学家、核物理学家、教育家,我国氢弹研制的探路先锋,我国战略核武器物理问题研究的主要负责人之一,他和彭桓武先生同称为中国核反应堆理论和设计的奠基人.黄祖洽先生为中国核科学事业、战略核武器理论研究和设计立下了不朽功勋.可以说,如果没有像于敏和黄祖洽为代表的卓越的理论先行工作,我国“两弹”的研制就不会那么快,“两弹”的质量也不会那么高.

Based on existence of the octupole deformation in the intrinsic states, the experimentally observed four rotational bands in [Formula: see text]Ba have been well reproduced by the reflection asymmetric shell model (RASM) calculations. Through the analysis of the calculated RASM wave functions, the intrinsic configuration of the observed rotational bands has been assigned as the octupole deformed neutron [Formula: see text] orbit, which is just located below the [Formula: see text] shell gap. The calculated results supported the ground state octupole deformation and the purity of the simplex quantum numbers [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text]Ba. In addition, the calculated [Formula: see text] values are in agreement with experimental data, and further support the octupole deformation in [Formula: see text]Ba.

Atomic nuclei are usually deformed except for a few magic nuclei which are spherical in shape. Modern nuclear experiments have discovered that some nuclei may have a pear-like shape, with reflection asymmetry. According to theory, other nuclei may also have a pyramid-like shape with tetrahedral symmetry, but this new nuclear symmetry has not yet been discovered experimentally. This paper aims to explain the formation mechanism of the tetrahedral symmetry as well as give a theoretical description based on the symmetry and symmetry-breaking of a quantum strong interaction many-body system. The basic ways to search for tetrahedral nuclei and recent experimental developments are also discussed.

The issue of the existence of reflection asymmetry in Ba-145 has stood for the past 30 years without a common conclusion. The recent experimental data show a number of low-lying rotational bands with alternative parities, providing more strict constraints on the relevant modeling. With a proper octupole deformation, all the observed six rotational bands in Ba-145 have been well reproduced by the reflection asymmetric shell model (RASM). The three octupole deformed neutron single-particle orbitals just above the octupole shell gap 88, with K = 1/2, K = 3/2, and K = 5/2, respectively, dominate the intrinsic configurations of the observed bands. Based on the analysis of the calculated RASM wave functions, the assignments for the observed bands have been given. The experimental yrast band (Delta I = 1) presents a simplex inversion at around the 11/2(-) state where the simplex staggering phase changes. This phenomenon may be explained in the framework of the RASM as from the change of the dominate intrinsic configuration, induced by the band mixing. The present results strongly support the appearance of the reflection asymmetry in the ground and low-lying states of Ba-145.

The lifetimes for the states of magnetic dipole band in 106 Ag have been measured using the Doppler-shift attenuation method via the reaction of 100 Mo( 11 B, 5 n ) 106 Ag at a beam energy of 60 MeV. The reduced transition strengths of the magnetic dipole band, the B ( M 1)/ B ( E 2) ratios together with the signature of the level energy as a function of angular momentum for the positive parity states of 106 Ag show that a drastic change of excitation mode, that is, from electric rotation to magnetic rotation, occurs within one unit of spin at around I π = 12 + . Theoretical calculations based on the triaxial projected shell model consistently reproduce the experimental data and provide an explanation on the nature of observed phenomena such that the dynamical drift of the rotational axis suddenly from the principal axis to the tilted one, along the positive parity bands of 106 Ag.