A series of (2S,4S)-4-amino-N-arylpyroglutamic acids was first obtained by the nucleophilic substitution of bromine atom in dimethyl (2S,4RS)-4-bromo-N-phthaloylglutamate under the action of primary arylamines, followed by the separation of diastereomers and removal of protecting groups by acidic hydrolysis. These compounds were studied for anti-platelet and antithrombotic activity in experiments in vitro and in vivo. Some compounds were identified as exhibiting a significant effect on platelet function, which was manifested in slowing down the process of thrombus formation in the model of arterial and deep vein thrombosis. It was established that the most efficient compound is (2S,4S)-4-amino-N-(4-fluoro-phenyl)pyroglutamic acid, with its effect being comparable to that of acetylsalicylic acid.

The genus Vaccinium includes almost 500 species, among which there are economically important species of cranberries V. macrocarpon Ait. and V. oxycoccos L., lingonberries V. vitis-idaea L., bilberries V. myrtillus L. and blueberries V. uliginosum L., V. angustifolium Ait., V. corymbosum L., V. virgatum Ait. Despite the fact that many of these species were actively used by humans in medicine and food, their active selection began in the 20th century, in connection with which a classification of the genus according to morphological characters was developed. Many of these data remain relevant to the present day. The development of the ideas of molecular phylogeny prompted a revision of the old classification, identifying a number of difficulties that do not allow one to unambiguously determine phylogenetic relationships within the genus. Today, the genus includes 33 sections, while the species composition of the sections and the evolutionary relationships between them remain controversial. This review discusses various approaches to the study of the structure of the genus Vaccinium: from classical to phylogenomic, the main results of using these approaches and their prospects.

The comparicon of diagnostic possibilities of x- ray computer tomography and magnetic resonance tomography in detecting disseminated sclerosis and its evolution is performed. Demyelinizating foci in the second examination method are revealed twice as often than in the first examination method at the expense % of the double relaxation. Selection of the treatment tactics and prediction of disseminated sclerosis determine various forms of its course.

Starting from dimethyl (2S,4RS)-4-bromo-N-phthaloylglutamate, a series of (2S,4S)-4-amino-N-arylpyroglutamic acids has been obtained. It has been found that 4-amino-N-(4-bromophenyl) and 4-amino-N-(4-aminophenyl) pyroglutamic acids exhibit a pronounced anxiolytic effect in the Elevated plus maze and Vogel conflict tests in rats. 4-Amino-N-(4-methylphenyl), 4-amino-N-(4-bromophenyl), 4-amino-N-(4-aminophenyl), and 4-amino-N-(2,3-dimethyl-5-oxo-1-phenyl-3-pyrazolin-4-yl) pyroglutamic acids exhibited nootropic properties in the Passive avoidance and Extrapolation escape tests.

Opsoclonus is irregular chaotic eye movements, accompanied by impaired gaze fixation, oscillopsia and associated visual impairment. It is combined with myoclonus of the extremities, trunk, change in gait. It occurs in many pathological conditions, most often in oncological and post-infectious diseases. The rarity and uncommonness of the clinical manifestations of the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, as well as the poor awareness of doctors about this pathology, cause diagnostic difficulties and errors. This report presents the case of a 49-year-old patient, who developed unsteadiness when walking, opsoclonus, myoclonus, startle syndrome, exaggerated startle response 3 weeks after an acute intestinal infection. The diagnostic errors made were analyzed. The diagnosis Post-infection autoimmune encephalitis was proposed and substantiated. Paraneoplastic opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome was excluded by prospective observation of the patient for 6 years. High efficiency of glucocorticoid treatment was noted.

The most common cause of neurovascular conflict (NVC) is the compression of the sensory portion of the trigeminal nerve root by artery or vein directly at the brainstem. This results in local demyelination manifested as the classic trigeminal neuralgia. The motor portion of the trigeminal nerve is affected less commonly. The authors describe a case history of a 26-year-old man with a verified NVC of the motor portion of the trigeminal nerve. At the onset, the disease manifested as intense pain paroxysms in the left side of the face preceded by a masseter muscle spasm that was accompanied by lockjaw and tongue biting (hemimasticatory spasm). Shortly after disease onset, facial hemiatrophy with local scleroderma developed. The diagnosis of NVC with the compression of the motor portion of the trigeminal nerve accompanied by hemimasticatory spasm and Parry-Romberg syndrome was verified by brain FIESTA MRI and needle EMG. Later on, these symptoms spontaneously regressed. Concepts of hemimasticatory spasm and facial hemiatrophy are discussed. The rarity of this condition, lack of information on the compression of the motor portion of the trigeminal nerve in NVC, unusual disease onset, and presentations make this issue interesting for a wide range of experts. KEYWORDS: neurovascular conflict, hemimasticatory spasm, facial hemiatrophy, Parry-Romberg syndrome, trigeminal neuralgia, trigeminal nerve, local scleroderma, oromandibular dystonia. FOR CITATION: Matveeva T.V., Kazantsev A.Yu., Aleskerova A.B., Gaifutdinov R.T. Neurovascular conflict with the compression of the motor portion of the trigeminal nerve: hemimasticatory spasm and Parry-Romberg syndrome. Case report. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2021;5(10):668–673 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-10-668-673.

Agrobacterium mediated transformation in nature is the cause of the development of diseases: crown galls and hairy roots. These neoplasms are transgenic tissues on a non-transgenic plant. However, in nature, full-fledged GMOs arise, containing agrobacterial transgenes in every cell and transmitting them in a series of sexual generations. These plants are called naturally transgenic plants or natural GMOs. Over the past 3 years, the list of natural GMO species has been significantly expanded. Due to this, it became possible to make certain generalizations and more substantively discuss the possible evolutionary role of this phenomenon. The presented mini-review is devoted to the generalization of data on the possible functions of genes of agrobacterial origin in plant genomes.

Extreme values of wind speed were studied based on the highly detailed ERA5 dataset covering the central part of the Kara Sea. Cases in which the ice coverage of the cells exceeded 15% were filtered. Our study shows that the wind speed extrema obtained from station observations, as well as from modelling results in the framework of mesoscale models, can be divided into two groups according to their probability distribution laws. One group is specifically designated as black swans, with the other referred to as dragons (or dragon-kings). In this study we determined that the data of ERA5 accurately described the swans, but did not fully reproduce extrema related to the dragons; these extrema were identified only in half of ERA5 grid points. Weibull probability distribution function (PDF) parameters were identified in only a quarter of the pixels. The parameters were connected almost deterministically. This converted the Weibull function into a one-parameter dependence. It was not clear whether this uniqueness was a consequence of the features of the calculation algorithm used in ERA5, or whether it was a consequence of a relatively small area being considered, which had the same wind regime. Extremes of wind speed arise as mesoscale features and are associated with hydrodynamic features of the wind flow. If the flow was non-geostrophic and if its trajectory had a substantial curvature, then the extreme velocities were distributed according to a rule similar to the Weibull law.

Deep cerebral venous thrombosis is a rare pathology and hard to diagnose cause of the acute cerebrovascular diseases. Commonly, the veins of Galen and Rosenthal affected by the non-isolated deep cerebral venous thrombosis are described in most of the publications. The article presents a clinical case of an extremely rare isolated deep cerebral venous thrombosis in a female patient aged 31 years with a burdened obstetric history and thrombophilia. The disease onset started with increasing hypertension headache, congestive changes in the fundus, cerebellar and pyramidal signs. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed a pattern of a multi-focal brain lesion. Thus, the primary diagnosis of «multiple sclerosis» was established, so the patient received pulse therapy. Differential diagnosis was conducted with systemic connective tissue diseases. Regression of headaches, of changes in the fundus, dynamic neuroimaging data, and the results of hematology test made it possible to diagnose «deep cerebral venous thrombosis». During the anticoagulant therapy, there was a positive dynamics: the foci significantly regressed according to MRI data, the patient became pregnant and delivered a healthy child. The article describes the characteristics of MRI images on deep cerebral venous thrombosis, which can be used to diagnose this patholo gy. KEYWORDS: deep cerebral venous thrombosis, сerebral venous sinus thrombosis, thrombophilia, coagulopathy, infertility, headache, multiple sclerosis. FOR CITATION: Matveeva T.V., Ibatullin M.M., Gaifutdinov R.T. et al. Isolated deep cerebral venous thrombosis. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2020;4(9):595–600. DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2020-4-9-595-600.

In the Arctic (mainly in its European sector) there is statistically detectable seasonal reversal wind pattern. The combination of seasonally warm (cold) land surfaces in arctic areas together with cool (cool) sea surface of Arctic seas not covered by ice is conducive to the formation of a monsoon like system. On the other hand, the predominance of the cyclonic regime during all seasons makes it difficult to answer the question of whether the Arctic region belongs to the monsoon type pattern. In this study, the monsoon features of atmospheric circulation over the Barents and Kara Seas were analysed. To extract specific monsoon signs, atmospheric circulation systems (separately for areas of each sea) were divided into ten weather types. Their appearance and statistics were compared with indicators of regional circulation. A significant part of intra-annual monsoon variability is associated with the configuration of such modes as the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Scandinavia teleconnection patterns. For example, during the winter season, the monsoon currents (from land to sea) occur only with a positive North Atlantic Oscillation index. With the prevalence of other modes of variability, the direction of the winds can be different, and the regular monsoon circulation pattern is changed by chaotic regime. In summer, northern streams (from sea to land) are realized on the western periphery of cyclones, regenerating and stabilizing over the Kara Sea. As for anomalies, the nature of the monsoons is manifested in the statistics of extreme winds even without selecting data on the regimes of variability. So, in winter, maximum speeds fall on the southern streams, and in the summer—on the northern ones. Large precipitation anomalies during all seasons, as one would expect, are encountered most often with the cyclonic type of circulation.

1-Substituted (2S,4S)-4-amino-5-oxoprolines have been obtained by nucleophilic substitution of bromine in dimethyl (2S,4RS)-4-bromo-N-phthaloylglutamate followed by isolation of the predominant (2S,4S)-diastereomer and removal of protecting groups. The psychotropic activity of the obtained compounds has been studied after a single administration in experimental animals. 4-Amino-1-(4-bromophenyl)-5-oxoproline and especially 4-amino-1-(4-aminophenyl)-5-oxoproline showed pronounced anxiolytic activity in the Elevated plus maze test. (2S,4S)-4-Amino-5-oxoprolines containing 4-methylphenyl, 4-bromophenyl, 4‑aminophenyl, and 2,3-dimethyl-5-oxo-1-phenyl-3-pyrazolin-4-yl substituents at the 1-position exhibited nootropic activity: they improved the formation and retention of the memory trace in the Passive avoidance test and the Active avoidance test (Extrapolation escape test).

New conjugates of purine and 2-aminopurine with several α- and ω-amino acids have been synthesized following two approaches based on the condensation and nucleophilic substitution reactions. The enantiomeric purity of the isolated compounds has been confirmed by reversed-phase HPLC using a chiral stationary phase to demonstrate the absence of racemization during the synthesis. The conjugates are inactive against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv.

Background. Linseed solin varieties were created for nutrition, but the effect of oil fatty acid (FA) composition on other characters is not clear. Materials and methods. Using 6 inbreeding generations from 26 heterogeneous flax accessions were generated 19 high (HL), 7 medium (ML) and 14 low linolenic (LL) lines. For each lines contents of 5 basic FA: palmitic, stearic, oleic (OLE), linoleic (LIO) and linolenic (LIN); the ratio LIO/LIN, oil iodine number, vegetative period (VP) phases and plants size were evaluated. Development of CAPS marker for LuFAD3A gene was performed using idtdna.com. Sequencing of LIN genes sites was done in the Centre MCT SPBGU and Eurogen. Results. ANOVA showed significant differences HL, ML and LL groups for PAL, OLE, LIO, LIN, LIO/LIN, IOD. Considerable decrease of LIN, causes asymmetric changes in FA ratio and correlations between them and other traits. Factor analysis revealed the influence of two factors. The first one divided lines according to their LIN level and characters associated with it, the second one according to the VP and OLE. LIN synthesis is controlled by two complementary genes LuFAD3A and LuFAD3B. Sequencing of LuFAD3A gene 1 exon of 6 lines revealed a mutation (G255 A255), resulting in formation of stop codon. Developed developed CAPS-marker confirmed the homozygosity of hybrids between LL (gc-391) and HL lines (gc-65, 109, 121). Descendants of hybrid between gc-109 and gc-391 ripened 8-10 days earlier than gc-391. CAPS markers of LuFAD3B gene revealed differences between HL, ML, LL lines. Sequencing of this gene first exon and the beginning of the second one in 3 lines (1HL, 2LL) showed that this method reveals a mutation in the second restriction site, located in the 2 exon (C6 T6), and causing the replacement Hys Tyr. Conclusion. Lines from GC have wide variability of FA and other agronomic characters, combination of which will expand the cultivation of solin.

Delayed post-hypoxic leukoencephalopathy is a clinical syndrome caused by a lesion of the white matter of the brain with an acute onset developing several days after emerging from coma. The reason of delayed post-hypoxic leukoencephalopathy is prolonged cerebral hypooxygenation, it often results from carbon monoxide poisoning, less often it is associated with acute brain hypoxia caused by respiratory failure, an overdose of opiates. The leading role in the clinical picture of delayed post-hypoxic leukoencephalopathy is played by the duration and severity of cerebral anoxia in the acute period of the disease. The period of temporary well-being of a patient with an episode of acute hypoxia lasts 2 to 40days. Pathogenesis and pathophysiology have not been well studied. Its development after carbon monoxide poisoning is considered to be caused by direct myelinotoxic effect. Itis essential to collect a detailed history for diagnosing a case, neurovisualization is an informative method for investigation. Magnetic resonance imaging may detect the signs that are pathognomonic for delayed post-hypoxic leukoencephalopathy, that is diffuse hyperintensity of the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres in T2-mode, symmetry of the damage of both cerebral hemispheres, damage of the subcortical gray matter globus pallidus. The standards for the treatment of delayed post-hypoxic leukoencephalopathy have not been developed. The use of glucocorticoids has been described, perspective use of amantadine were shown in case of frontal-subcortical syndrome. There are recommendations on prescribing the following therapy for the patients with delayed post-hypoxic leukoencephalopathy: hyperbaric oxygenation, coenzymeQ10, vitaminE and groupB. We present a clinical observation that demonstrates the complexity of the clinical picture of delayed post-hypoxic leukoencephalopathy, the difficulty of its diagnosis without taking into account information about previous carbon monoxide poisoning. The results of magnetic resonance imaging at the onset of the disease are considered to be of utmost interest. The clinical observation of the patient presented in the article allows us to make an assumption about pathogenesis and contributes to search for means aimed at preventing the development of delayed post-hypoxic leukoencephalopathy in people with acute carbon monoxide poisoning.

Dermatomyositis is a disease from the group of diffuse connective tissue diseases mainly affecting the cross-striated and smooth muscles. The leading disorders in the clinical picture of dermatomyositis are movement disorders, which are often regarded to as a manifestation of acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Also skin lesions in the form of erythema and edema are characteristic, in the absence of these manifestations the term «polymyositis» is used. The disease proceeds with the development of severe neurological symptoms, and is dangerous because of complications which can lead to patient’s death. The article contains a description of cases of two female patients with the initial diagnosis of «Guillain-Barre syndrome». The analysis of the clinical picture, paraclinical studies, features of the disease course in patients was performed, and it enables differential diagnosis between acute/chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and dermatomyositiss at early stages of the disease.

Дерматомиозит - заболевание из группы диффузных болезней соединительной ткани с преимущественным поражением поперечнополосатой и гладкой мускулатуры. Ведущими в клинике дерматомиозита бывают двигательные нарушения, которые нередко рассматривают как проявления острой воспалительной демиелинизирующей полиневропатии. Также характерно поражение кожи в виде эритемы и отёка, при отсутствии этих проявлений используют термин «полимиозит». Заболевание протекает с развитием тяжёлой неврологической симптоматики, опасно осложнениями, из-за чего пациент может погибнуть. В статье приведено описание историй болезни двух пациенток с первоначальным диагнозом «Синдром Гийена-Барре». Проведён анализ клинической картины, данных параклинических исследований, особенностей течения заболевания у пациенток, позволяющий уже на ранних этапах заболевания провести дифференциальную диагностику между острой/хронической воспалительной демиелинизирующей полиневропатией и дерматомиозитом.

Background: Nicotiana glauca (tree tobacco) is a member of the Solanaceae family, which includes important crops (potato, tomato, eggplant, pepper) and many medicinal plants. This diploid plant is native to South America and is one of the first Nicotiana species with Agrobacterium cellular T-DNA (cT-DNA). Its cT-DNA is a partial, inverted repeat, called gT. Tree tobacco belongs to the section Noctiflorae. Sequencing of the genomes of N. tomentosiformis and N. otophora (section Tomentosae) and N. tabacum (section Nicotiana) allowed the detection of previously unknown multiple cT-DNAs, raising the question whether there are other T-DNA insertions in the N. glauca. NGS data can help answer this question. Besides, N. glauca contains a profile of alkaloids different from N. tabacum. The plant is used for medicinal purposes. Comparative analysis of genomic data of phylogenetically distant tobacco species will provide valuable information on the genetic basis for various traits, especially secondary metabolism. Findings: We report a high-depth sequencing and de novom assembly of N. glauca full genome, which was obtained from 210 Gb Illumina HiSeq data. The final draft genome is 3.2 Gb, with N50 size of 31.1 kbp. T-DNA analysis confirmed the presence of the previously described gT insertion and the absence of other ones. Conclusion: We provide the first comprehensive de novo full genome assembly of three tobacco, and a cT-DNA insertion analysis. These genome data could be used in pharmacological and in phylogenetic studies.

The article deals with the analysis of Russian legal policy in the sphere of genetic engineering. Over the past ten years, the risks of genetic engineering in the Russian society are mythologized. At the same time attempts were made to change the model of the legal regulation of genetic engineering legislation to tighten it. They worried the scientific community. At the same time the legislative initiatives to tighten the model of the legal regulation of genetic engineering become frequent. This situation worries the scientific community. The authors explore the goals which the Russian legislator aims in the process of legal regulation of genetic engineering, and relate them to the needs of the development of science. The authors identified two problems in the teleology of the Russian legal policy in the field of genetic engineering. Firstly, the concept of national biosafety has not been created. This concept is necessary for specifying not only negative but also positive risks of genetic engineering, that is, for the purposes of definition the use of genetic engineering. Second, the degree of influence of the scientific community to the social representations about the risks of genetic engineering is weak.