【Objective】This study aimed to investigate the effects of short-term (30 d) and long-term (60 d) feeding with mulberry leaf extract (MLE) on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant capacity, histomorphology of liver and intestine, and muscle quality of seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus), providing references for the application of MLE in L. maculatus feed.【Method】Based on the basal diet, two isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets containing 0% (CK) and 0.5% MLE were formulated. L. maculatus with an average initial weight of 150.0 g were fed in pond cages, with serum, intestine, liver, and muscle samples collected at 30 d and 60 d for physiological and biochemical analysis.【Result】Both short-term (30 d) and long-term (60 d) feeding with MLE improved the growth performance and reduced the feed conversion ratio of L. maculatus, but the differences were not significant. Serum antioxidant and biochemical results showed that compared with the CK, after 30 days of feeding with MLE, the total cholesterol (T-CHOL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and glucose contents in serum were significantly reduced, while superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione activities increased significantly by 31.05% and 12.00%, respectively. After 60 days, the aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities, and malondialdehyde content in serum were decreased significantly by 20.99%, 32.57%, and 23.10%, respectively. Compared with the CK, the lipase activity in intestine and alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) in liver of L. maculatus fed with MLE for 30 d and 60 d were significantly increased by 24.10% and 38.55%, 69.40% and 32.28%, respectively; The lysozyme activity in liver of L. maculatus fed with MLE for 60 d was significantly increased by 24.90%. Histomorphological results of intestine and liver showed that the villus height and width of L. maculatus fed with MLE for 30 d were significantly higher than those of CK by 22.90% and 24.11%, respectively, while the symptoms of hepatocyte vacuolization and nuclear deviation were significantly reduced at 60 d. Analysis of muscle nutritional components revealed that compared with the CK, L. maculatus fed with MLE for 30 days showed a significant increase of 3.40% and 3.49% in umami amino acids and essential amino acids content in muscle respectively, a significant decrease of 20 percentage points in crude fat content, while no significant differences were observed in total amino acids and inosinic acid contents. Additionally, with prolonged feeding duration, both groups of fish showed significant increases in weight gain rate, serum T-CHOL content, AST and ALT activities, total antioxidant capacity, intestinal trypsin activity, villus height and muscle layer thickness, as well as crude fat content in muscle. Meanwhile, significant decreases were observed in hepatic ALP activity, intestinal villus width, threonine and umami amino acids contents in muscle.【Conclusion】Short-term feeding of MLE can promote the development of intestine in seabass, reduce blood lipids and crude lipid content in muscle, significantly enhance the antioxidant capacity of serum, and increase the content of umami amino acids and essential amino acids in muscle, thereby improving muscle quality. On the other hand, long-term feeding of MLE is more beneficial for the health of liver in seabass.

Insects lack adaptive immunity and rely exclusively on innate immune system for pathogen defense. However, the specific role of BmToll9-2, a key Toll receptor in the silkworm (Bombyx mori), in mediating immune responses, particularly against bacterial challenges in the larval fat body, remains incompletely understood. To address this gap, this study employed a combination of molecular approaches, including RNA interference (RNAi) targeting BmToll9-2, bacterial challenges with heat-inactivated Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive), and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) to assess the transcriptional changes of BmToll9-2 and immune-related genes in the fat body, a key immune tissue. Quantitative analysis showed that after BmToll9-2 RNAi, bacterial challenges significantly upregulated BmToll9-2 expression in the fat body at 12 h post-challenge, whereas BmToll9-2 silencing alone notably downregulated most downstream signaling genes of the Toll pathway by 53.07–83.14%, as well as 11 immune effector genes, including antimicrobial peptide genes, by 64.48–93.40%. Importantly, feeding bacteria post-RNAi reversed these downregulations: E. coli induced a stronger upregulation of both signaling and effector genes compared to S. aureus. This study provides transcriptional evidence that BmToll9-2 may act as a positive regulator of the Toll pathway signaling and antimicrobial peptides in silkworm larval fat body, facilitating robust and rapid immune signaling. This study deepens our understanding of Lepidopteran innate immunity by elucidating key molecular mechanisms, thereby providing a solid foundation for refining RNAi-based pest control strategies.

Silkworm pupae serve as an important source of protein supplementation; however, their high fat content and imbalanced essential amino acid (EAA) profile restrict efficient utilization of protein. Previous studies have demonstrated that dietary probiotic supplementation can modulate host physiology through multiple pathways, thereby enhancing nutrient quality. This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus casei on gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), fat body transcriptome, and pupal nutrient composition in fifth-instar silkworm larvae. Results showed that both probiotics significantly increased the concentrations of acetic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, and total SCFAs, while also modulating the composition and functional characteristics of the gut microbiota. Notably, probiotic treatment enriched the relative abundance of Bacillota, Enterococcus, and Lactobacillus, while reducing Pseudomonas and Cyanobacteria. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that supplementation of both probiotics modulated the transcription of genes (e.g., BmRad and BmLdlr) associated with key nutrient metabolic pathways, including protein synthesis, fatty acid metabolism, and carbohydrate degradation, in the fat body. Amino acid and proteomic analyses indicated that L. rhamnosus significantly inhibited the degradation of EAAs such as leucine, isoleucine, and lysine, thereby increasing their contents in silkworm pupae. Collectively, these findings lay a theoretical foundation for the application of probiotic strategies to enhance the nutrient quality of silkworm pupae and facilitate the development of high-value silkworm pupae products.

Disulfidptosis has rapidly emerged as a regulated cell death mechanism linked to cystine stress, aberrant disulfide accumulation, and collapse of the actin cytoskeleton, particularly in contexts shaped by high SLC7A11 activity and impaired NADPH-dependent reducing capacity. However, the literature has expanded faster than the mechanistic standards used to classify this process, and studies invoking disulfidptosis now range from direct experimental demonstrations to purely association-based bioinformatic analyses. This heterogeneity creates a growing risk of overassignment of the term and blurs the boundary between bona fide disulfidptosis and related redox or metabolic stress phenotypes. In this review, we prioritize studies that provide direct mechanistic support for disulfidptosis and propose a practical evidence-tier framework for mechanistic assignment. Rather than treating all "disulfidptosis-related" reports as equivalent, we distinguish high-confidence evidence from inferential or hypothesis-generating observations and discuss the interpretive limitations of lower-tier claims. We synthesize current knowledge on the biochemical basis, cellular prerequisites, morphological and molecular hallmarks, experimental readouts, and disease contexts of disulfidptosis. By emphasizing rigorous evidence interpretation and integrating multi-omics prediction, mechanistic crosstalk, and clinically tractable therapeutic strategies, this review outlines the current conceptual boundaries of disulfidptosis and offers a useful reference for future mechanistic research and translational development.

Intercellular mitochondrial transfer is recognized as a central mechanism that shapes redox homeostasis, metabolic plasticity, and cellular resilience across multiple tissues. Through tunneling nanotubes (TNTs), extracellular vesicles (EVs), gap junction channels (GJCs), and cell fusion, mitochondria move between donor and recipient cells to restore bioenergetic capacity, buffer oxidative stress, and tune redox-sensitive signaling networks. Recent work has begun to clarify the regulatory framework governing donor-recipient specificity, cargo selection, and the stress-activated cues that trigger organelle exchange. Mitochondrial transfer also exerts distinct, context-dependent influences on disease trajectories. It mitigates injury in neurological damage, ischemia-reperfusion conditions, immune dysfunction, aging, and inflammatory pain, largely by reprogramming mitochondrial function and reactive oxygen species (ROS) dynamics. Conversely, in cancer, mitochondrial acquisition enhances metabolic flexibility, invasiveness, and resistance to therapy. Current therapeutic approaches, including mitochondrial transplantation, EV-based delivery systems, and mitochondria-enhanced immune cells, highlight the translational potential of manipulating mitochondrial exchange, yet face challenges such as mitochondrial fragility, inefficient targeting, and immunogenicity. Deeper mechanistic insight into how mitochondrial transfer remodels redox signaling and metabolic adaptation will be essential for converting this biological process into next-generation organelle-level interventions for redox-driven disorders.

Background: Hyperuricemia is a prevalent metabolic disorder characterized by elevated serum uric acid (UA) levels. Methods: In this study, hydrolysate (SPP) derived from silkworm pupae protein was isolated and identified, demonstrating anti-hyperuricemic activity. The research aimed to investigate its anti-hyperuricemic and nephroprotective effects, along with potential mechanisms, through in vitro assays and in vivo experiments using potassium oxonate/hypoxanthine-induced hyperuricemic mice. Results: The SPP exhibited significant xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibitory activity, with an IC50 value of 7.41 mg/mL. Furthermore, SPP administration effectively reduced serum UA, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine levels, and renal pro-inflammatory cytokines in hyperuricemic mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that the anti-hyperuricemic effects of SPP may involve XOD inhibition and the modulation of renal UA transporters, specifically upregulating organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) and ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) expression. Histopathological analysis and inflammatory cytokine profiling further demonstrated that SPP alleviated renal inflammation and pathological damage. Conclusions: These findings suggest that SPP possesses a notable urate-lowering efficacy and renal protective properties, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent for the management and prevention of hyperuricemia (HUA).

Conventional immediate and high-temperature immediate acid treatment are crucial techniques for breaking the diapause state of silkworm eggs, but their molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study prepared diapause eggs (CK), conventional immediate acid-treated eggs (46 °C, 5 min, and CG), and high-temperature immediate acid-treated eggs (47.5 °C, 7 min, and GW) and analyzed the transcriptome and metabolome to screen for key expressed genes and key metabolites. Transcriptome results showed that 688, 823, and 222 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained from CK vs. CG, CK vs. GW, and CG vs. GW, respectively, and 12 DEGs significantly upregulated in all three comparisons (CK vs. CG, CK vs. GW, and CG vs. GW), including glycine-N-methyltransferase, choline dehydrogenase, Hsp68, and Hsp70. The LC-MS analysis results showed that 854, 711, and 506 differential metabolites (DMs) were obtained from CK vs. CG, CK vs. GW, and CG vs. GW, respectively. A total of seven DMs upregulated in all three comparisons and with |log2Fold Change| ≥ 0.5 in CG vs. GW, including tyrosine-isoleucine-histidine, phenylalanyl-tyrosine, tyrosine-phenylalanine-glutamate-lysine, and histidylleucine, as well as 12 downregulated DMs, were identified. Additionally, it was found that γ-linolenic acid and triglycerides were upregulated in CG vs. GW. The conjoint analysis results revealed that four small peptides, including tyrosine-isoleucine-histidine, phenylalanyl-tyrosine, tyrosine-phenylalanine-glutamate-lysine, and histidylleucine, exhibited a highly significant positive correlation with Hsp70 family genes such as Hsp68 and Hsp70. This suggests that these small peptides, along with γ-linolenic acid and triglycerides, may play a crucial role in the resistance of silkworm eggs to high-temperature stress and the associated oxidative stress.

Chronic heat stress (HS) induces oxidative damage, low immunity, and intestinal flora disturbance of fish, posing great challenges to the aquaculture industry. As an important plant extract, mulberry leaf extract (MLE) has been shown to have antioxidant and immune-boosting properties. This study evaluated the protective effect of dietary MLE on HS-induced liver injury and intestinal flora disturbance in Largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ) based on oxidative damage parameters, immune parameters, and intestinal flora composition. Fish were randomly assigned into three groups: CON group (ambient temperature, 26°C, basal diet), HS group (33°C, basal diet), and HS + MLE group (33°C, basal diet supplemented with 9 g/kg MLE). HS significantly decreased the final body weight, specific growth rate, intestinal villus length, muscular layer thickness, ACE and Chao1 indices, and lipase, trypsin, total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), and lysozyme (LZM) activities, but significantly increased the feed conversion rate, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), complement 3 (C3) contents, and the relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Plesiomonas . Compared with the HS group, dietary MLE significantly improved lipase, trypsin, GPx, ACP, and LZM activities, and ACE and Chao1 indices in intestine, but significantly decreased the numbers of vacuoles and inflammatory cells, AST activity, and the GLU, MDA, and ROS contents. Dietary MLE also significantly up-regulated the mRNA expressions of gpx , tg f-β , il-10 , jnk2 , and bcl-2 , but down-regulated the mRNA expressions of il-8 , tnf-α , caspase-3 , atf4 , chop , ire1, traf2 , jnk1 , TRPV , MCU , and VDAC in liver. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 9 g/kg MLE could improve the growth, immunity, and diversity of intestinal flora in heat-stressed largemouth bass, and alleviate hepatic injuries by regulating inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, providing a theoretical basis for the development of MLE as a treatment against HS.

This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of mulberry leaf oligosaccharides (MLO) on the growth performance, serum biochemistry, glucose and lipid metabolism, antioxidant activity, liver health, and virus resistance in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). The fish were fed with CK (basal diet), MLOL (basal diet supplemented with 0.5%MLO), and MLOH (basal diet supplemented with 1.0% MLO) for 80 days, and then subjected to a 21-day viral challenge experiment. The results showed that MLO supplementation had no adverse effect on the weight gain rate, specific growth rate, feed intake, and condition factor (P > 0.05), but significantly decreased the feed conversion rate and viscerosomatic index (P< 0.05). Moreover, the MLOL and MLOH group had significantly lower contents of triglyceride, blood glucose, and malondialdehyde and activities of serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, while significantly higher levels of serum and liver total superoxide dismutase and lower levels of glutathione than the CK group (P< 0.05). MLO supplementation significantly up-regulated the relative expression of glycolytic genes gk and pfk and lipid catabolism genes ppar-α and cpt-1, while obviously down-regulated that of acc, fas, and dgat related to fatty acid synthesis in the liver tissue (P< 0.05). In terms of liver health, MLO supplementation significantly up-regulated the relative expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines il-10 and tgf-β, while decreased that of pro-inflammatory cytokines nf-κb, il-8, and tnf-α in the liver tissue (P< 0.05). The viral challenge test showed that MLO supplementation significantly improved the survival rate of M. salmoides after largemouth bass ranavirus (LMBV) infection. Dietary MLO supplementation promoted liver glucose and lipid metabolism, and improved the immunity and resistance of M. salmoides to LMBV by regulating the PPAR signaling way and inhibiting the NF-kB signaling pathway. The appropriate addition amount of MLO to the diet was determined to be 1.0%.

Acid treatment at an appropriate temperature can simultaneously prevent egg diapause and microsporidian transmission in sericulture. However, the transcriptional features associated with excessive thermal stress in the eggs of Bombyx mori remain unclear, which limits further studies on this dual-purpose treatment. Here, we comparatively analyzed the effects of two temperatures and proposed that 47.5 degrees C (T1) and 48.5 degrees C (T2) represent threshold and extreme temperatures for diapause termination, respectively. Furthermore, the full-length (FL) transcriptome was used to produce 49,444 high-confidence transcripts, including 1,571 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Comprehensive transcriptome analysis showed that 274 downregulated and 255 upregulated genes were identified in the T2 treatment relative to the T1 counterpart, including 82 differentially expressed transcription factor genes. Noticeably, 23 downregulated Homeobox genes and 5 upregulated bHLH genes were detected. Six lncRNAs were differentially expressed between the T2 and T1 treatments. Functional enrichment analysis showed that the downregulated genes were significantly enriched in gene expression regulation and carbohydrate and important amino acid metabolism. However, upregulated genes were mainly involved in the pathways closely related to heat shock proteins (HSPs), indicating their conserved functions in stress responses and molecular chaperones. This study provides comprehensive insights on the genes expressed in B. mori eggs exposed to extreme thermal stress and provides a valuable resource for in-depth investigations of the response of embryos to excessive thermal stress and the balance between effective pathogen control and maintenance of embryo viability in silkworm.

A 50-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of mulberry leaf powder water extract (MLE) on the growth performance, immunity, antioxidant, meat quality and intestinal microbiota of yellow feather broilers. A total of 720 birds (initial body weight 40.07 ± 0.05 g) were randomly distributed into four groups with six replicates per group and 30 birds per replicate. Four diets were formulated with 0% (CON), 200 mg/kg MLE (MLE200), 400 mg/kg MLE (MLE400) and 600 mg/kg MLE (MLE600) supplementation. Results showed that the addition of 200-600 mg/kg MLE to the diet significantly increased the body weight (BW) and average daily weight gain (ADG), but feed to gain ratio (F/G) were linearly decreased (p = 0.045) as dietary MLE increased. Birds fed MLE400 had higher (p < 0.05) total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), interleukin-10 (Il-10), secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) and complement 3 (C3) contents than those fed CON, whereas MLE400 had lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content than CON (p < 0.05). Analysis of 16 S rDNA indicated that supplementation with 200 mg/kg MLE increased the Shannon indices in the caecum (p < 0.05). Supplementation with MLE decreased the abundance of the phylum Proteobacteria and genus Helicobacter, and increased the abundance of the phylum Bacteroidetes in the caecum in broiler chickens (p < 0.05). The drip loss rate in the MLE600 was significantly diminished (p < 0.05), whereas the shear force was significantly elevated (p < 0.05). In summary, dietary supplementation with MLE can effectively improve growth performance, intestinal immunity, serum antioxidant capacity, meat quality and intestinal microbiota of yellow feather broilers. The most appropriate MLE supplementation level was 400 mg/kg. This study provides a practical strategy for the dietary application of MLE in yellow feather broilers.

As a major aquaculture country,China ranks the first in terms of aquaculture scale and production in the world.Pond aquaculture is the most important aquaculture model in China,playing important roles in ensuring the supply of high-quality animal protein,promoting agricultural efficiency,and increasing farmers'income.However,with the continuous intensification of aquaculture and increase in aquaculture density,high feed input and animal excretion have led to serious eutrophication of aquaculture pond water.Excessive ammonia nitrogen and nitrites not only pollute the aquaculture water,but also seriously endanger the health of aquatic animals,leading to a series of problems such as frequent diseases,drug abuse and food safety,posing serious challenges to the green and sustainable development of aquaculture.Hence,it is urgent to treat and remediate the water body of aquaculture pond.At present,the remediation techniques for aquaculture water mainly include in-situ remediation and ectopic remediation.Compared with ectopic remediation,in-situ remediation has the advantages of saving resources,low cost and no cross contamination,exhibiting a broad application prospect.On this basis,first,this review summarizes the main sources,characteristics and hazards of water pollutants in aquaculture ponds in China.Second,the research progress of in-situ remediation technologies in aquaculture ponds in China is summarized from three aspects of physical,chemical,and biological treatment technologies,and the technical principle,application scope,application effect,advantages and disadvantages are also elaborated.Finally,the main problems in the in-situ remediation of aquaculture ponds are proposed,the future research direction is prospected,and a single pond circulation ecological aquaculture model is put forward,which will provide references for future research and application of aquaculture pond water remediation.

This study examined the effects of dietary silkworm pupae powder (SWP) supplementation on the growth performance, muscle fatty acid composition, and intestinal function in mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) during a 60-day feeding trial. A total of 360 fish (initial body weight 52.44 ± 0.06 g) were distributed randomly into three groups with three replicates per group and 40 fish per replicate. The three groups were fed either the basal diet, supplementation with 1.0 % fermented SWP (T1), or supplementation with 1.0 % fermented induced SWP (T2, induced by Beauveria bassiana). Results showed that fish fed T1 had significantly higher (P < 0.05) condition factor, C16:0, C20:4n-6, C20:5 n3, C22:6n3 C22:5n6, C22:5n-3, and n-3/n-6 levels, but lower (P < 0.05) fat body ratio, C18:1, C18:2n-6 and crude lipid levels than those fish fed basal diet. All fish had similar (P > 0.05) weight gain rate, specific growth rate, feed conversion rate, feed intake, and hepatosomatic index. Fish fed T2 had higher (P < 0.05) trypsin activity than those fish fed basal diet. Compared with the basal diet, fish fed T1 or T2 had higher (P < 0.05) villus length, muscular layer thickness, glutathione peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, and lysozyme activities, but lower (P < 0.05) triglyceride and total cholesterol levels. Comparative transcriptomic analysis indicated that T1 or T2 enhanced immunity and lipid metabolism ability, as manifested in the up-regulated expression of il12rb1, scdb, tlr2, and FABP7, and the down-regulated expression of EBP and hsd17b7. These findings suggest that dietary supplementation with fermented SWP could enhance the health and quality of mandarin fish, potentially offering a valuable strategy for improving aquaculture productivity.

This study examined the effects of dietary Ramulus mori oligosaccharides (RMO) supplementation on the growth, antioxidant capacity, and immunomodulatory capacity in largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ). Fingerlings weighing 26.82 +/- 0.31 g were randomly divided into three groups that were fed either the basal diet, supplementation with 0.5% RMO, or supplementation with 1.0% RMO. The feeding trial lasted 80 days, after which the fish were experimentally challenged with largemouth bass iridovirus (LMBV). The integration of RMO into the diet resulted in a slower rate of weight gain for largemouth bass, and it also led to an elevation in the feed coefficient. RMO supplementation significantly declined the serum levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low -density lipoprotein, and lowered the activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase ( P < 0.05); increased the levels of serum total protein, albumin, and lysozyme ( P < 0.05); and increased the survival rate of fish infected with LMBV. Additionally, RMO supplementation boosted the activity of superoxide dismutase in both serum and liver, decreased the malondialdehyde content, and enhanced the total antioxidant capacity of serum and liver. The addition of RMO to the diet can also lower the phenomenon of liver vacuolization and upregulate the gene expression of liver sod and cat , reduce the expression of pro -inflammatory factors tnf- alpha and il-8 , and regulate the intestinal microbiota structure. In summary, RMO supplementation to a pelleted compound feed could improve the antioxidant capacity, increase disease resistance, affect the gut microbial composition, and protect the liver health of largemouth bass, showing the potential for development of this aquafeed additive.

蚕蛹蛋白是一种优质的蛋白质资源,在畜禽及水产养殖中备受关注.文章以新鲜蚕蛹为原料,以抑菌活性为目标,采用酶解法制备具有较好抑菌活性的酶解产物,并通过单因素试验的方法优化酶解工艺条件.结果显示:在pH=3.0、酸性蛋白酶量 6 000 U/g、酶解温度 43℃、酶解时间 4 h的工艺条件下,得到的酶解液抑菌活性较强.期望研究结果为蚕蛹蛋白源生物活性肽的制备提供一定的理论基础,并为其在淡水养殖饲料中的应用提供参考.

[目的]分析生命力及茧层率不同的家蚕Bombyx mori品种间中肠细菌组成的差异及其对生命力与蚕茧量等性状的影响.[方法]基于长期的家蚕资源饲养调查成绩,选取了高生命力家蚕品种932G和高丝量品种2041J作为实验材料,收集5龄幼虫和蛹的中肠,采用高通量测序平台对中肠细菌16S rDNA进行测序分析,比较不同品种及不同发育阶段家蚕中肠细菌组成及其功能的差异.[结果]分别获得932G和2041J 5龄幼虫期中肠细菌399和453个可操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit,OTU),蛹期OTU数目分别为138和162个.5龄幼虫期中肠优势菌门是变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)及放线菌门(Actinobacteriota),优势属是甲基杆菌属Methylobacterium,丰度最高,其次为葡萄球菌属Staphylococcus.有多个菌属的相对丰度在932G和2041J间差异显著,其中德沃斯菌属Devosia、罗尔斯通菌属Ralstonia、硝化螺旋菌属Nitrospira、短杆菌属Brachybacterium、罗氏菌属Rothia、葡萄球菌属及劳氏菌属Lawsonella等在932G 5龄幼虫中肠中的丰度显著高于在2041J 5龄幼虫中肠中的,而假单胞菌属Pseudomonas、甲基杆菌属、不动杆菌属 Acinetobecter、管道杆菌属 Cloacibacterium、明串珠菌属 Leuconostoc、丙酸杆菌属 Prcpionibacteriaceae、嗜冷杆菌属Psychrobacter、鞘氨醇菌属Sphingobium和拟杆菌属Bacteroides等在2041J 5龄幼虫中肠中的相对丰度显著高于932G5龄幼虫中肠中的.932G和2041J 5龄幼虫中肠细菌分别有77％和78％的功能基因富集在KEGG代谢通路上,其次是富集在环境信息处理和遗传信息处理通路的功能基因;932G的5龄幼虫中肠中硝酸盐还原、氮气呼吸、硝酸盐呼吸、亚硝酸盐呼吸及固氮等功能菌群占比高于2041J 5龄幼虫中肠中的,2041J 5龄幼虫中肠中化学异养、尿素分解、甲醇氧化等功能菌群占比高于932G5龄幼虫中肠中的.5龄幼虫中肠细菌组成与蛹的显著不同,蛹中肠变形菌门欧文氏菌属Erwinia为优势属,且蛹期两个品种间欧文氏菌属相对丰度无显著差异;932G蛹中肠细菌氨基酸转运与代谢、胞外分泌与转运、碳水化合物转运与代谢和无机盐转运与代谢等功能基因相对丰度显著高于5龄幼虫中的.[结论]家蚕5龄幼虫期中肠细菌组成和预测功能在家蚕高生命力品种932G与高丝量品种2041J间差异显著,蛹期中肠细菌组成与功能与5龄期显著不同,且蛹期中肠细菌的相对丰度在两个品种间无显著差异.这些研究结果可以为进一步探讨肠道微生物在家蚕抗逆、耐药、抗病及其蛋白质合成与转化等方面的作用及其家蚕品种选育提供参考.

Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are one of the receptors in insects' immune pathways, essential for insects to recognize the exogenous pathogens in order to activate the Toll and immune deficiency (IMD) pathway. In the silkworm Bombyx mori, previous studies focused on the short PGRPs and less is known about the long PGRPs. In this study, a long PGRP in silkworm BmPGRP-L4 was cloned and its expression and function were analysed. The results showed that BmPGRP-L4 contains a transmembrane region, a conserved PGRP domain, and an amidase-2 domain. The expression profile demonstrated that BmPGRP-L4 existed in diverse tissues including epidermis, fat body, midgut, and silk glands, with remarkably high expression in the midgut in the 5th instar. Oral infection with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus significantly induced BmPGRP-L4 in the midgut and epidermis, as well as in the fat body and silk glands. Peptidoglycan also induced the expression of BmPGRP-L4 in midgut tissue ex vivo and BmN4 cells in vitro. RNAi of BmPGRP-L4 was effective in the midgut and epidermis, while the efficiency in the fat body was transient. RNAi-mediated knock-down of BmPGRP-L4 reduced the weight and growth of the silkworm, possibly due to its participation in the immune response and the regulation of the microbiota in the midgut lumen of the silkworm larvae.

滞育(Diapause)是昆虫发育停滞或减缓的生理状态,家蚕Bombyx mori作为卵滞育的代表,其滞育过程已得到广泛研究,但诱导滞育发生的分子机制尚不清楚.二化性家蚕滞育性由遗传和母系在胚胎期所处的环境条件决定,25℃催青蚕卵孵化后的家蚕产滞育卵,15℃低温催青则诱导家蚕产下非滞育卵.本研究分别用25℃和15℃催青蚕卵,在发生滞育诱导的温度敏感期取样,抽提蛋白质通过非标(Label-free)蛋白质组定量技术进行质谱测序.筛选出具有明显表达差异的蛋白104个,其中56个蛋白上调,48个蛋白下调.通过生物信息学对差异蛋白进行GO分类和KEGG功能富集分析,结果显示差异蛋白主要参与生长发育、物质代谢和胁迫应答等生物过程;同时差异蛋白主要参与胰岛素信号通路、乙醛酸和二羧酸代谢等相关途径.分别选取上调基因和下调基因进行qRT-PCR验证,其趋势与蛋白组学结果一致.该研究将为进一步解析家蚕滞育诱导发生机制提供靶标蛋白和数据参考.

To understand the processing suitability of mulberry tea processed by leaves of different maturity,mulberry leaves of fruit and leaf dual-use mulberry variety‘Yueshenda 10’which has the largest planting area in China were taken as the raw materials, to process mulberry tea with different fermentation degrees by corresponding processing technologies of green tea, oolong tea and black tea, respectively. The nutrient active ingredients and sensory quality of the processed tea samples were analyzed. The results showed that the total polyphenol content of mulberry tea processed by mulberry leaves of three kinds of maturity decreased gradually with the deepening of fermentation, while the content of total polysaccharide, free amino acid and water extract increased gradually. Ⅰn the mulberry tea processed by mulberry leaves with maturity Ⅰ（leaf position 1-4）, the total score of sensory quality of green tea was the highest, and the taste and aroma of oolong tea and black tea were slightly better than those of green tea. Ⅰn the mulberry tea processed by mulberry leaves with maturity Ⅱ（leaf position 5-8）, the total score of oolong tea was the highest. Ⅰn the mulberry tea processed by mulberry leaves with maturity Ⅲ（leaf position 9-12）, the total score of black tea was slightly higher than that of oolong tea, while the total score of green tea was the lowest. Considering the content of nutrient active ingredients and the sensory quality score results of mulberry tea, mulberry leaves with maturity Ⅰ are more suitable for green tea processing, mulberry leaves with maturity Ⅱ have wide suitability, which are suitable for oolong tea, green tea or black tea processing, and mulberry leaves with maturity Ⅲ are more suitable for black tea or oolong tea processing. The results of this experiment can provide reference for the production of mulberry tea and the comprehensive development of mulberry leaves.

Background Heavy metal pollution has become a major source of environmental pollution because of increasing industrialization. Microbial remediation is a promising approach to remediate lead-contaminated environments owing to its cost-effective, environment-friendly, ecologically sustainable, and highly efficient properties. In this study, the growth-promoting functions and lead-adsorption ability of Bacillus cereus SEM-15 were examined, and the functional mechanism of the strain was preliminarily identified using scanning electron microscopy, energy spectrum, infrared spectrum, and genome analyses, providing theoretical support for utilization of B. cereus SEM-15 in heavy metals remediation. Results B. cereus SEM-15 showed strong ability to dissolve inorganic phosphorus and secrete indole-3-acetic acid. The lead adsorption efficiency of the strain at lead ion concentration of 150 mg/L was more than 93%. Single factor analysis revealed the optimal conditions for heavy metal adsorption by B. cereus SEM-15 (adsorption time, initial lead ion concentration, pH, and inoculum amount were 10 min, 50–150 mg/L, 6–7, and 5 g/L, respectively) in nutrient-free environment, with the lead adsorption rate reaching 96.58%. Scanning electron microscopy of B. cereus SEM-15 cells before and after lead adsorption showed adherence of a large number of granular precipitates to the cell surface after lead adsorption. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results indicated the characteristic peaks of Pb–O, Pb–O-R (R = functional group), and Pb–S bonds after lead adsorption, and a shift in the characteristic peaks of bonds and groups related to C, N, and O. Genome annotation results showed the presence of genes related to heavy metals tolerance and plant growth promotion in B. cereus SEM-15, providing a molecular basis for the strain’s heavy metals tolerance and plant growth promotion functions. Conclusions This study analyzed the lead adsorption characteristics of B. cereus SEM-15 and the associated influencing factors, and discussed the adsorption mechanism and related functional genes, providing a basis for clarifying the underlying molecular mechanism and offering a reference for further research on plant-microorganisms combined remediation of heavy metals polluted environments.