当今我国城镇化进程快速发展,城乡生态建设的不均衡问题越来越受到关注.为了进一步推动森林城市建设向基层延伸,缩小城乡生态建设差距,更好地服务县域和乡村发展,我国启动了县级国家森林城市建设.以江西省正在开展的县级国家森林城市建设为例,分析归纳出了方向原则、目标确定、指标设置、内容设计、内涵表达等5个方面的规划特点,总结探讨了城区森林绿地、环城森林景观、村镇绿色空间、乡村风景林、绿色富民产业、生态服务设施、自然教育普及等7个方面的规划重点,以期为我国县级国家森林城市规划提供借鉴与参考.

林业规划是指导、统筹安排相部署今后一段时期内林业生态建设的纲领性文件,开展林业规划编制的研究对提升林业规划成果质量、增强规划的科学性具有重要意义.文中综述了过去我国林业规划编制的研究进展,表明林业发展总体规划(以下称“林业规划”)没有相应的编制规程、规范或规定,前人也极少开展林业规划建设内容框架体系研究.文中以笔者编制的《森林河南生态建设规划(2018～2027年)》为案例,提出林业规划建设内容框架体系的构建,阐述总体要求、规划布局、重点任务和重点工程等基本内容,重点工程从国土生态安全、绿色惠民富民相科技支撑保障等三方面构建建设内容.该框架体系构建可为增强林业规划编制的科学性提供参考.

An increasing number of studies showed that coverage of existing protected areas is not enough to protect biodiversity. However, to what extent and how human population density influence the geographical pattern of protected areas are not clear. Based on 2644 terrestrial nature reserves (NRs) in mainland China in 2015, correlation analysis showed that there was a significantly negative relationship between human density and area (R = -0.52, P < 0.001) and coverage of NRs (R = -0.21, P < 0.001), and a positive one between human density and density of NRs at county level (R = 0.64, P < 0.001) (all sample size n = 1171). These relationships could also be observed at provincial level. Counties with NRs had significantly lower human density (mean = 95 persons km(-2)) than those without (mean = 289 persons km(-2)) (P < 0.001, n = 31) across China. Both percentage of agricultural land and road density significantly and negatively correlated with area and coverage of NRs, and positively with human density and density of NRs at provincial level (all P < 0.01, n = 31). The relationships between human and NRs varied among 31 provinces, three conservation objectives of ecosystems, species and others, three hierarchical managements of national, provincial, and city-county levels, and two jurisdictional departments of forestry and non-forestry. But the general pattern of such relationships did not change. In addition, human density and density of NRs significantly positively, and area and coverage of NRs negatively correlated with density of IUCN red-list high plants and vertebrates excluding fishes at provincial level (all P < 0.05, n = 31). These results suggested that human density had substantial impacts on the geographical distribution of NRs when their sites were designated, elucidating the mechanism responsible for the low effectiveness of NRs in representing biodiversity. (c) 2019 Published by Elsevier B.V.

空气负氧离子浓度是反映空气质量好坏的重要标志之一.在全国7个城市试点监测的基础上,探索我国空气负氧离子监测技术体系的构建,主要包括:1)监测站点的布局、建设和编码;2)监测设备硬件要求、软件要求、设备校准;3)观测指标、数据采集传输存储及其文件命名、数据处理、均值及其有效性要求;4)空气负氧离子浓度等级划分;5)成果发布的内容、时间和平台;6)系统软件自检、数据显示检查、监测场设备维护;7)评估建议等.该监测体系建设对指导和规范化我国空气负氧离子监测、加快监测步伐具有重要意义.

因为泥炭沼泽单位面积的碳储量高,所以其对减缓气候变化具有重要意义.在中国,开展全国性的泥炭沼泽调查起步较晚,构建泥炭沼泽碳库调查技术体系十分紧迫和必要.根据《联合国气候变化框架公约》对“不小于1 hm2湿地的排水和复湿”操作系统的相关规定,从调查技术路线、调查斑块区划、泥炭沼泽边界范围的界定、调查内容指标、植物样方和土壤采样点设置、生物量调查、土壤调查、样品处理等方面,构建泥炭沼泽碳库调查和监测技术体系,对未来规范泥炭沼泽碳库调查与监测具有指导意义.

The potential differences in ecophysiological traits between native and invasive plants can change ecosystem functioning. In this chapter, we discuss the effects of plant invasions on ecosystem carbon (C) cycling in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. In general, plant invasions increase ecosystem C fluxes and pool sizes. Most experiments testing plant invasion effects on C cycling have focused primarily on plant aboveground production and its associated processes, especially in terrestrial ecosystems. The impacts of plant invasions on belowground C cycling are relatively poorly understood, especially belowground C decomposition and the associated root effects and microbial processes. In addition, most experiments have been conducted to examine the effects of plant invasions on C sequestration in laboratory or small-scale field conditions, whereas ecosystem-scale experiments are underrepresented. This chapter highlights the need for multifactorial experimental approaches to understanding invasion-induced changes in ecosystem C processes in the context of multiple global environmental changes. The combination of experimental and modelling studies will help to predict feedbacks between plant invasions and ecosystem C cycling in a changing world.

Based on the observation of air negative(oxygen)ion concentration data from 3 monitoring e-quipments by minutes from December in 2014 to November in 2015 in Beijing Xishan National Forest Park,the daily variation characteristics of air negative(oxygen)ion concentration and the correlation be-tween temperature and humidity were analyzed.The results showed that average daily air negative (oxy-gen)ion concentration of Beijing Xishan National Forest Park is 804/cm2 ,and the negative oxygen ion concentrations are obviously different in a day with the change rule in sine function (R2 =0.895 ).The maximum values appeared in the 5 ~6 am,and the minimum values appeared in the 12 ~13pm.Daily variation of air negative(oxygen)ion concentration and meteorological factors were closely related.It was negatively correlated with temperature and the average rate of change was 46.56/(m3 ·℃),and it was positively correlated with humidity and the average rate of change was 18.70/(m3·%).The results pro-vide the reference to improve air negative(oxygen)ion observation method and guide people′s Daily life.

Our research modeled the ecological niche of Picea crassifolia,Picea likiangensis,Sabina przew-alskii,Populus cathayana,Pentaphylloides fruticose and Hippophae rhamnoides in Qinghai Province using MaxEnt by climate data,soil data,DEM and forest inventory data,and then determined the appropriate af-forestation area according to forestry policy. All 6 species showed high accuracy during modeling(AUC=0. 86 ~0. 99 ). The results showed that the whole appropriate afforestation area of Qinghai reached 549. 25hm2 if we plant these 6 species in cropland (slope>25°)and bareland,which covered 0. 01‰of the province and is equivalent to 0. 49‰ of the existing forest land and shrub land. The research also re-vealed that the appropriate afforestation is mainly distributed in Delingha,Dulan,Guinan,Gonghe,Nan-gqian,Banma and parts of Haidong and Xining.

什么是空气负（氧）离子？ 空气负（氧）离子是带负电荷的单个气体分子和轻离子团的总称。在自然界中,森林和湿地是空气负（氧）离子产生的重要场所。植物的叶枝尖端放电及绿色植物光合作用,形成的光电效应,进而产生空气负（氧）离子。空气负（氧）离子被誉为＂空气维生素＂,有益于人体的身心健康,其浓度可作为评判森林与湿地生态效果以及人居空气质量的正向指标。清新空气负（氧）离子浓度一般界定为不低于500个/cm3。国内外空气负（氧）离子监测研究存在问题空气负（氧）离子监测是一项新项目。

ABSTRACT Aim The effects of planted forests on soils are of great concern in the context of the increasing demands for timber production and atmospheric CO 2 sequestration. However, the effects of plantations on soil properties have not well been quantified. We determined the effects of plantation practice on soil properties based on a comparison between natural forests and plantations. Locations All the continents except for Antarctica. Methods The meta‐analysis approach was used to examine the differences in 14 soil variables in the mineral layer, including pH, bulk density, C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na and Al concentrations, C/N ratio, cation exchangeable capacity, base saturation, and moisture between plantations and their adjacent natural forests from 73 published studies. Results Plantations did not differ from natural forests in soil pH or soil Na and Al concentrations. Soil bulk density below plantations increased by 12.5%, and soil C and N concentrations decreased by 36.0% and 26.5%, respectively, relative to natural forests. The other eight variables were 8.4–30.6% lower in plantations than in natural forests. The general patterns also held true for planted trees from the genus Pinus and for study regions in China. The patterns for soil bulk density and C and N concentrations were not different between the two groups in relation to various factors: stand age (< 25 years versus ≥ 25 years), leaf form (broadleaved versus coniferous) and leaf seasonality (deciduous versus evergreen), tree species origin (native versus exotic), land‐use history (afforestation versus reforestation) and site preparation for plantations (burnt versus un‐burnt treatment), and biogeographic zone (tropical versus temperate). Main conclusions Our results suggest that the level of soil fertility in plantations is unlikely to restore to the level in natural forests, implying that the replacement of natural forests by plantations may be a practice best avoided to maintain the ecosystem sustainability.

Uncertainties remain in the potential of forest plantations to sequestrate carbon (C). We synthesized 86 experimental studies with paired-site design, using a meta-analysis approach, to quantify the differences in ecosystem C pools between plantations and their corresponding adjacent primary and secondary forests (natural forests). Totaled ecosystem C stock in plant and soil pools was 284 Mg C ha(-1) in natural forests and decreased by 28% in plantations. In comparison with natural forests, plantations decreased aboveground net primary production, litterfall, and rate of soil respiration by 11, 34, and 32%, respectively. Fine root biomass, soil C concentration, and soil microbial C concentration decreased respectively by 66, 32, and 29% in plantations relative to natural forests. Soil available N, P and K concentrations were lower by 22, 20 and 26%, respectively, in plantations than in natural forests. The general pattern of decreased ecosystem C pools did not change between two different groups in relation to various factors: stand age (< 25 years vs. > or = 25 years), stand types (broadleaved vs. coniferous and deciduous vs. evergreen), tree species origin (native vs. exotic) of plantations, land-use history (afforestation vs. reforestation) and site preparation for plantations (unburnt vs. burnt), and study regions (tropic vs. temperate). The pattern also held true across geographic regions. Our findings argued against the replacement of natural forests by the plantations as a measure of climate change mitigation.

土壤氮含量是限制植物生长的重要因素,所以入侵植物要入侵成功必须突破土壤氮限制的瓶颈.近年来,外来种互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)在中国海岸带盐沼中快速取代土著种芦苇(Phragmites australis),引起了多方面的生态学后果.为了解互花米草与本地种芦苇空中凋落物的氮含量是否存在差异及产生这种差异的机制,2003年11月至2004年4月,作者在长江口九段沙湿地对互花米草与芦苇空中凋落物氮含量(单位面积凋落物的总氮量,Ng/m2)进行了测定,结果表明瓦花米草的氮含量比芦苇高.在空中分解过程中,互花米草茎(包括叶鞘与秆)凋落物的氮含量显著上升,但芦苇茎凋落物的氮含量显著降低.2006年1月,又对中国海岸带6个地点的盐沼中互花米草的凋落物进行取样和氮浓度测定,发现互花米草空中叶鞘与秆的老凋落物(2004年冬季产生)的氮浓度均显著高于其新产生的凋落物(2005年冬季产生),表明在空中分解过程中,互花米草叶鞘与秆凋落物氮含量增加具有普遍性.进一步的温室受控实验结果表明,互花米草凋落物氮含量增加可能是由腐生固氮微生物引起的.以上结果表明,互花米草取代芦苇后,改变了空中凋落物的氮动态,增加了生态系统中氮的输入,可能有利于互花米草的快速扩张.

河南郑州黄河湿地自然保护区位于郑州市北部地,是典型的河流湿地,湿地植物资源丰富。文章通过线路和样方法并结合3S技术对河南郑州黄河湿地植物资源调查、分析得出其群落组成。

The Yangtze River estuary is an important ecoregion. However, Spartina alterniflora, native to North America, was introduced to the estuary in the 1990s through both natural dispersal and humans and now it is a dominant species in the estuarine ecosystems, with its invasions leading to multiple consequences to the estuary. S. alterniflora had great competitive effects on native species, including Scirpus mariqueter and Phragmites australis, and could potentially exclude the natives locally. The presence of S. alterniflora had little influence on the total density of soil nematodes and macrobenthonic invertebrates, but significantly altered the structure of trophic functional groups of nematode and macrobenthonic invertebrate communities. The conversion of mudflats to Spartina meadows had significant effects on birds of Charadriidae and Scolopacidae, which might be attributable to the reduction of food resources and the physical alterations of habitats for shorebirds. S. alterniflora invasions increased the primary productivity of the invaded ecosystems, and altered carbon and nitrogen cycling processes. Our studies focused mainly on the effects of S. alterniflora invasions on the structure of native ecosystems; thus further studies are clearly needed to investigate how ecosystem functioning is affected by the modification of the structure of estuarine ecosystems by S. alterniflora invasions.

Plant invasion potentially alters ecosystem carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles. However, the overall direction and magnitude of such alterations are poorly quantified. Here, 94 experimental studies were synthesized, using a meta-analysis approach, to quantify the changes of 20 variables associated with C and N cycles, including their pools, fluxes, and other related parameters in response to plant invasion. Pool variables showed significant changes in invaded ecosystems relative to native ecosystems, ranging from a 5% increase in root carbon stock to a 133% increase in shoot C stock. Flux variables, such as above-ground net primary production and litter decomposition, increased by 50-120% in invaded ecosystems, compared with native ones. Plant N concentration, soil NH+4 and NO-3 concentrations were 40, 30 and 17% higher in invaded than in native ecosystems, respectively. Increases in plant production and soil N availability indicate that there was positive feedback between plant invasion and C and N cycles in invaded ecosystems. Invasions by woody and N-fixing plants tended to have greater impacts on C and N cycles than those by herbaceous and nonN-fixing plants, respectively. The responses to plant invasion are not different among forests, grasslands, and wetlands. All of these changes suggest that plant invasion profoundly influences ecosystem processes.

Past studies have focused primarily on the effects of invasive plants on litter decomposition at soil surfaces. In natural ecosystems, however, considerable amounts of litter may be at aerial and belowground positions. This study was designed to examine the effects of Spartina alterniflora invasion on the pool sizes and decomposition of aerial, surficial, and belowground litter in coastal marshlands, the Yangtze Estuary, which were originally occupied by two native species, Scirpus mariqueter and Phragmites australis. We collected aerial and surficial litter of the three species once a month and belowground litter once every 2 months. We used the litterbag method to quantify litter decomposition at the aerial, surficial and belowground positions for the three species. Yearly averaged litter mass in the Spartina stands was 1.99 kg m(-2); this was 250 and 22.8% higher than that in the Scirpus (0.57 kg m(-2)) and Phragmites (1.62 kg m(-2)) stands, respectively. The litter in the Spartina stands was primarily distributed in the air (45%) and belowground (48%), while Scirpus and Phragmites litter was mainly allocated to belowground positions (85 and 59%, respectively). The averaged decomposition rates of aerial, surficial, and belowground litter were 0.82, 1.83, and 1.27 year(-1) for Spartina, respectively; these were 52, 62 and 69% of those for Scirpus litter at corresponding positions and 158, 144 and 78% of those for Phragmites litter, respectively. The differences in decomposition rates between Spartina and the two native species were largely due to differences in litter quality among the three species, particularly for the belowground litter. The absolute amount of nitrogen increased during the decomposition of Spartina stem, sheath and root litter, while the amount of nitrogen in Scirpus and Phragmites litter declined during decomposition for all tissue types. Our results suggest that Spartina invasion altered the carbon and nitrogen cycling in the coastal marshlands of China.

Whether plant invasion increases ecosystem carbon (C) stocks is controversial largely due to the lack of knowledge about differences in ecophysiological properties between invasive and native species. We conducted a field experiment in which we measured ecophysiological properties to explore the response of the ecosystem C stocks to the invasion of () in wetlands dominated by native () and () in the Yangtze Estuary, China. We measured growing season length, leaf area index (LAI), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), root biomass, net primary production (NPP), litter quality and litter decomposition, plant and soil C and nitrogen (N) stocks in ecosystems dominated by the three species. Our results showed that had a longer growing season, higher LAI, higher Pn, and greater root biomass than and . Net primary production (NPP) was 2.16 kg C m y in ecosystems, which was, on average, 1.44 and 0.47 kg C m ygreater than that in and ecosystems, respectively. The litter decomposition rate, particularly the belowground decomposition rate, was lower for than and due to the lower litter quality of . The ecosystem C stock (20.94 kg m) for was greater than that for (17.07 kg m), (19.51 kg m) and the mudflats (15.12 kg m). Additionally, ecosystems had a significantly greater N stock (698.8 g m) than (597.1 g m), ecosystems (578.2 g m) and the mudflats (375.1 g m). Our results suggest that invasion altered ecophysiological processes, resulted in changes in NPP and litter decomposition, and ultimately led to enhanced ecosystem C and N stocks in the invaded ecosystems in comparison to the ecosystems with native species.

Whether plant invasion increases ecosystem carbon (C) stocks is controversial largely due to the lack of knowledge about differences in ecophysiological properties between invasive and native species. We conducted a field experiment in which we measured ecophysiological properties to explore the response of the ecosystem C stocks to the invasion of Spartina alterniflora (Spartina) in wetlands dominated by native Scirpus mariqueter (Scirpus) and Phragmites australis (Phragmites) in the Yangtze Estuary, China. We measured growing season length, leaf area index (LAI), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), root biomass, net primary production (NPP), litter quality and litter decomposition, plant and soil C and nitrogen (N) stocks in ecosystems dominated by the three species. Our results showed that Spartina had a longer growing season, higher LAI, higher Pn, and greater root biomass than Scirpus and Phragmites. Net primary production (NPP) was 2.16 kg C m−2 y−1 in Spartina ecosystems, which was, on average, 1.44 and 0.47 kg C m−2 y−1 greater than that in Scirpus and Phragmites ecosystems, respectively. The litter decomposition rate, particularly the belowground decomposition rate, was lower for Spartina than Scirpus and Phragmites due to the lower litter quality of Spartina. The ecosystem C stock (20.94 kg m−2) for Spartina was greater than that for Scirpus (17.07 kg m−2), Phragmites (19.51 kg m−2) and the mudflats (15.12 kg m−2). Additionally, Spartina ecosystems had a significantly greater N stock (698.8 g m−2) than Scirpus (597.1 g m−2), Phragmites ecosystems (578.2 g m−2) and the mudflats (375.1 g m−2). Our results suggest that Spartina invasion altered ecophysiological processes, resulted in changes in NPP and litter decomposition, and ultimately led to enhanced ecosystem C and N stocks in the invaded ecosystems in comparison to the ecosystems with native species.

应用对数级数分布模型、对数正态分布模型、几何级数分布模型和分割线段模型对福建将石自然保护区鸟类物种相对多度分布格局对比研究结果表明,对数级数分布模型、对数正态分布模型能较好地描述将石自然保护区鸟类多样性,而几何级数分布模型和分割线段模型则不适于描述该自然保护区鸟类多样性;"多度/频度"图解可较好地反映对数级数分布模型拟合效果,丘陵山地鸟类群落物种相对多度不遵从对数级数分布,各生境群落百分率相似性指数说明各生境群落百分率相似性较低.