This paper presents a 3D seismic-based case study from the deep-water Niger Delta Basin to investigate sedimentary-tectonic interaction on growth sequence architecture within the thrust-related intraslope or piggyback basins. Gravitational contraction in the lower continental slope had yielded a series of thrust faults and associated folds in the study area, which formed several piggyback basins. These basins were filled by a suite of growth sequences with varying stratigraphic architecture. Analysis of the 3D seismic data recognized three primary seismic facies types respectively as: convergent, draping and chaotic, which contain seven subtypes. These facies types are combined to form different filling successions for convergent or chaotic growth sequences. The convergent growth sequences mainly occur in the deep section of basin fills during strong gravitational deformation, and always began with convergent-baselapping strata succeeded by convergent-thinning strata, representing pond-to-bypass transition in the ponded-basin accommodation space. The chaotic growth sequences mainly occur in the shallow section of basin fills in response to weak gravitational deformation, and usually began with debris-flow deposits succeeded by channel-levee com-plexes, reflecting dominant erosion-bypass processes in the slope accommodation space. A dynamic fill-and-spill model considering relationship between episodic sedimentation rate and structural growth rate is pro-posed to explain the formative mechanisms of growth strata units and associated successions. Interaction between glaciation or deglaciation and sea-level change and gravitational deformation history are suggested to be the factor which resulted in the complex stratal stacking patterns, including progradational or retro-gradational stacking patterns within convergent growth sequences, and progradational stacking patterns within chaotic growth sequences.

Since Miall’s architectural element analysis (AEA) was introduced to China in 1986, the method has been widely applied to studying the heterogeneity of oil and gas reservoirs in China. The development history, research field, research progress, and potential limitations of AEA in China have been reviewed based on 601 Chinese documents retrieved from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database and some English documents retrieved from various databases. The development of sedimentary AEA in China experienced four stages: (1) the conceptual and introduction stage (1985–1995), (2) the test and trial stage (1995–2005), (3) the popularization and application stage (2005–2015), and (4) the innovative stage (2015 to present). The research field covers all reservoir types of continental petroliferous basins in China. Papers published on AEA were distributed in the fields of (1) alluvial fan reservoirs, (2) braided channel reservoirs, (3) meandering channel reservoirs, (4) fan delta reservoirs, (5) braided river delta reservoirs, (6) shallow-water delta reservoirs, (7) large-scale delta reservoirs, (8) beach and bar reservoirs, and (9) lacustrine deepwater gravity flow reservoirs. Among all these fields, the architecture of alluvial fans, braided channels, meandering channels, braided river delta, and fan delta reservoirs was mainly researched. AEAs in China have made outstanding innovations in hierarchical sedimentary boundary surface classification, depositional architectural models, and quantitative reservoir architectural modeling. Combining the hierarchical AEA with geostatistical modeling, big data, and artificial intelligence technology and comprehensively using geology, geophysics, and production information to realize the hierarchical integrated reservoir architectural characterization are the development directions of the AEA in China and around the world.

通过尼日尔三角洲盆地Akpo油田中新统D油组的岩心、测井和地震等资料,对其沉积单元构成、沉积微相、沉积演化及储层叠置模式进行了解剖,揭示了深水复合朵体内部的沉积结构.研究结果表明:①Akpo油田中新统D油组深水复合朵体由4期单一朵叶及3条分支水道组成,单一朵叶和分支水道交互作用,控制了深水复合朵体沉积演化;分支水道走向控制单一朵叶平面展布,单一朵叶生长影响分支水道的侧向迁移.②研究区深水复合朵体沉积微相可划分为朵叶主体、朵叶边缘、沉积性水道、侵蚀性水道和半远洋泥等5种类型.③根据各微相的空间接触关系,研究区深水复合朵体内部沉积结构可划分为边缘-边缘叠置、主体-主体叠置、上主体-下边缘叠置和上边缘-下主体叠置等4种模式,不同叠置模式的储层品质及连通性不同;分支水道对下伏朵体形成侵蚀改造,影响侧向连通性,影响程度取决于水道充填性质.该研究成果对尼日尔三角洲盆地Akpo油田的生产制度优化和井位部署具有指导意义,并取得了良好应用实效.

通过测井、优势地震属性融合、频谱属性趋势分析等方法,对秦皇岛32-6油田北区新近系明化镇组下段Ⅱ油组(NmⅡ)复合砂体储层构型特征进行了研究,并厘清了基准面旋回对复合砂体构型的控制作用.研究结果表明:①秦皇岛32-6油田北区新近系明化镇组下段复合砂体主要为点坝-决口扇沉积,渗流屏障主要为河漫滩-废弃河道沉积,按测井相和砂体结构韵律划分内部结构,点坝砂体头部—中部为箱形,点坝尾部砂体为钟形,决口扇砂体主要为漏斗形,河漫滩和废弃河道主要表现为尖峰形和低幅齿形;复合砂体外部叠置样式包括孤立型、紧密侧叠型、疏散侧叠型和堆叠型.②研究区NmⅡ油组沉积早期,河道呈交织条带状分布,主要沉积点坝与决口扇,堆叠式和紧密侧叠型复合砂体广泛发育;沉积晚期河道演化为单一条带状,决口扇零星分布于河道凸岸,复合砂体规模变小,主要为疏散侧叠型和孤立型,河漫滩和废弃河道规模变大,成为复合砂体间的渗流屏障.③研究区长期—中期旋回中,构造活动等异旋回因素通过调整可容空间和沉积物供给,影响复合砂体外部形态和叠置样式;短期旋回通过控制沉积物类型和水动力等自旋回因素影响复合砂体内部结构.

地震属性分析已广泛应用于河流相砂体预测并取得良好效果.地震属性分析技术主要包括属性提取、属性优选与属性融合，总结了河流相砂体预测中常见的地震属性提取方式、优选及融合方法，分析了由围岩干扰、地震分辨率限制导致的属性提取与分析误区，阐述了不同属性优选与融合方法的优缺点、适用条件与发展前景.总体而言，基于线性模型的地震属性融合提升效果较差，适用于少井区域；基于非线性模型的属性融合效果较好，但仅适用于钻井较多的地区，如油气开发阶段；无监督智能属性融合可应用于无井或少井区域，是未来无井或少井条件下属性融合的重要发展趋势之一.同时，重点阐述了新提出的分频属性融合与降低围岩干扰的属性融合方法 .

摘要: 地震属性分析已广泛应用于河流相砂体预测并取得良好效果.地震属性分析技术主要包括属性提取、属性优选与属性融合，总结了河流相砂体预测中常见的地震属性提取方式、优选及融合方法，分析了由围岩干扰、地震分辨率限制导致的属性提取与分析误区，阐述了不同属性优选与融合方法的优缺点、适用条件与发展前景.总体而言，基于线性模型的地震属性融合提升效果较差，适用于少井区域；基于非线性模型的属性融合效果较好，但仅适用于钻井较多的地区，如油气开发阶段；无监督智能属性融合可应用于无井或少井区域，是未来无井或少井条件下属性融合的重要发展趋势之一.同时，重点阐述了新提出的分频属性融合与降低围岩干扰的属性融合方法. 关键词: 河流相储层 / 地震属性 / 属性优选 / 属性融合 / 机器学习 / 沉积学

海底水道是深水油气地质研究的热点,其复杂多变的内部结构制约了该类油气藏的勘探与开发.以尼 日尔三角洲盆地陆坡区为例,利用三维地震、测井和岩心资料,分析了典型水道与同期陆坡间的相对位置关系以弥补研究区面积有限的不足,建立了陆坡海底水道沉积构型分布与演化模式.研究结果表明,研究区内主要发育两种典型海底水道.侵蚀型水道以大型下切谷为边界,两侧不易形成天然堤,具有相对顺直的平面形态,内部可出现由碎屑流向浊流的过渡.沉积型水道以多个水道复合体的包络线为边界,两侧天然堤相对发育,弯曲度通常较高,内部主要为浊流沉积.地形坡度和搬运距离是海底水道沉积构型的两点主控因素.地形坡度越大,重力流能量越强,导致海底水道对下伏地层的侵蚀能力越强,细粒物质不易溢出水道形成天然堤.搬运距离较近处,水道内部可先后发育碎屑流和浊流沉积;随着搬运距离的增加,水道中碎屑流沉积物减少.故侵蚀型水道多出现于地形坡度较陡的陆坡近端,而沉积型水道常发育于地形平缓的陆坡远端.由于搬运距离较近,理想的侵蚀型水道体系内部依次发育碎屑流水道复合体(强制海退早期)、富砂质浊积水道复合体(强制海退晚期)和浊积水道-天然堤复合体(低位期),反映了一次完整的海平面升降旋回.沉积型水道由于远离物源,较少受到强制海退早期碎屑流沉积的影响,水道体系主要由搬运能力较强的浊积水道-天然堤复合体(强制海退晚期+低位期)组成.

被动陆缘盆地深水区是世界油气勘探的热点领域,但由大型三角洲引发的重力滑动构造导致被动陆缘盆地深水层序结构具有复杂多变的特征.为了进一步明确此类盆地深水沉积体系的展布规律、为勘探部署提供理论支撑,以尼日尔三角洲盆地某深水区为例,基于地震、测井资料的综合分析,采用地震沉积学与地震地貌学方法,研究了深水沉积单元的类型与空间分布特征,分析了深水层序结构和主控因素,揭示了被动陆缘盆地深水区逆冲/底辟构造演化对层序结构的控制机理.研究结果表明:①逆冲相关的微盆地是逆冲断层主控型深水层序发育的主要场所,深水层序主要为陆源重力流与逆冲成因的再搬运碎屑流在微盆地内混合形成下部朵体、上部块体搬运沉积的沉积组合,重力流在不同微盆地间重复充填—溢出过程;②滑脱褶皱两侧形成的狭长微盆地内部发育泥底辟主控型深水层序,深水层序主要由多期重力流水道及小型朵体叠加而成,早期水道沉积占据微盆地最深处,晚期重力流在滑脱褶皱与早期水道之间的地貌低部位处形成新的水道沉积;③构造平静期,受控于沉积填平补齐作用,重力流主要发生沉积过路,深水层序通常由水道和泥质披覆沉积两期沉积组成.结论认为,构造活动对深水层序结构的控制作用体现在"逆冲/底辟构造活动控制了微盆地的形成,并为深水层序的发育提供了可容空间,进而决定了深水沉积单元的空间分布特征;逆冲断层活动能触发再搬运碎屑流为深水层序提供了额外的物源"两个方面.

复合点坝是由多期残缺点坝组合在一起形成的复合体,储层内部结构复杂、非均质性强.以往关于点坝的研究,多是从点坝的形态、粒度、规模和水动力成因去分析,极少从点坝形成的"残缺性"做定量研究和成因分析.选取阿尔伯塔盆地下白垩统McMurray组的地震切片、密西西比河New Madrid曲流河段卫星照片、曲流河数值模拟和物理模拟等资料,统计拟合复合点坝演化阶段和复合度的关系,在二维坐标轴投点后,都可以拟合得到一条相似的对数曲线y=-alnx+1.得出复合点坝演化符合以下规律:某一期点坝从形成至被破坏成残缺状态,其残缺程度(复合度)与演化阶段呈对数递减关系.该结论对曲流河理论研究和砂体表征都具有一定价值.

复合点坝储集层内部非均质性分析是曲流河研究的难点,仅靠地震和测井资料难以解释清楚.关于复合点坝储层构型表征也较缺乏定量化指导标准.本研究选取了13条曲流河河段的260个复合点坝作为数据样本,进行参数分类统计,形成曲流河复合点坝地质知识库.将复合点坝分为4大类、25个亚类;将侧积体分为8大类、22个亚类.统计不同类型复合点坝和侧积体构型样式的分布概率关系.以此为基础,充分利用定量分布概率关系,达到在资料较少情况下分析复合点坝储集层平面非均质性的目的.

曲流河复合砂体的沉积模式、级次和中低渗透性构型界面影响储层流体动态特征和剩余油分布.以渤海Q油田明化镇组R13油层为研究对象,基于以地震资料为主的研究方法,建立构型界面地质模型,分析构型界面特征,研究曲流河复合点坝级别构型界面的渗透率与几何形态对注采效果和剩余油分布的影响.结果表明:地震识别复合砂体构型地质模型能够反映物源变化和构型界面分布特征,砂体构型界面渗透率权重接近0时,阻隔作用显现;单河道级别界面长度超过3倍井距时,阻隔作用影响显著;界面纵向完全隔断整个油层时,有阻隔作用.该结果对河流相砂体特征研究及剩余油预测具有指导意义.

This paper presents a three‐dimensional (3D) seismic‐based case study (∼1,200 km 2 ) from the deepwater Niger Delta to examine the role of shale deformation in the structural development of a deepwater gravitational system. Tectono‐stratigraphic interpretation reveals that this system consists of two sets of major fold‐thrusts laterally separated by a central oblique detachment fold. A prominent shale thick beneath these structures is believed to have originated from tectonic deformation rather than a pretectonic thick, due to its complex internal structures. Seismic mapping of the growth units indicates synchronous initiation of the oblique detachment fold with the main thrusts and gradual growth in response to thickening shales. Downslope gravitational contraction is not considered the direct cause for the oblique shale‐detachment fold. Evidence from the 3D shale distribution and deformation styles within the shale unit reveals that shales that were squeezed out of adjacent shale‐thinning areas “flowed” laterally into the detachment‐fold core. Based on the spatial variation in structural deformation and growth strata distribution, this study proposes a model that considers differential contraction and differential loading from syntectonic sediments as two key factors leading to the 3D shale redistribution which ultimately determines the deformation styles and evolution history within the overburden. Additionally, seismic imaging within the shale unit recognizes various internal structures ranging from hundreds to thousands of meters in scale, and confirms what has been suggested in previous studies, that redistribution of shales occurred through a combination of multiscale brittle failures, ductile folding, and plastic flows.

加拿大阿萨巴斯卡地区油砂储层内的侧积砂层和泥岩隔夹层发育,井间非均质性强,储层内岩性的空间精确刻画对蒸汽辅助重力泄油(SAGD)开发井部署至关重要,而井孔储层段的岩性识别是进行空间岩性研究的基础.目前该地区井孔岩性划分主要依据钻井取心数据,成本很高,如果使用常规测井曲线就能准确识别岩性,则可以降低生产成本.以该地区Kinosis工区为研究对象,采用了基于贝叶斯概率模型无监督学习的测井岩相分析方法,选用常规测井曲线数据,在主成分分析(PCA)基础上进行聚类分析,得到井位处的垂向岩相分布.综合测井曲线、测井解释结果、岩心照片等地质资料,对岩相结果进行统计分析和标定,确定储层内每个岩相的岩性特征和地质特征.应用结果表明,无监督学习测井岩相分析技术充分利用数据之间的内在关系,无需提供先验的岩性模型,结果更为客观;通过标定,岩相识别结果与取心数据吻合率高,展示了一种利用常规测井曲线预测油砂储层井孔岩性的较为经济的研究方法.

综合运用岩心、测井、地震、野外露头及生产测试资料对渤中19-6太古宇潜山储层发育特征及主控因素进行了分析.研究发现渤中19-6太古宇潜山储层主要受岩石类型、构造运动和风化淋滤等因素影响,储层纵向分为风化带和内幕带,其储层发育主控因素及储层空间分布模式差异明显.其中,风化带受构造和风化淋滤作用双重控制,发育构造缝、风化缝、溶蚀孔隙等储集空间类型,裂缝整体发育呈网状,储层连通性好.受宏观古地貌控制,风化带厚度从古构造高部位向构造低部位呈逐渐减薄的"似层状"分布模式.同时,受岩石类型、局部断层、沟-脊微地貌以及坡度等因素的影响,风化带厚度局部增厚或减薄.潜山内幕带主要受内幕高角度断层控制,基本不受风化作用影响,储集空间以构造缝为主.通过内幕高角度断层的识别和刻画,认为内幕带储层沿高角度断层带状、漏斗型分布.上述认识对于渤中19-6凝析气田开发方案的编制,特别是为潜山储量动用及注采井网部署奠定了重要基础.

川南地区中二叠统茅口组碳酸盐岩储层孔隙结构复杂、非均质性强,孔隙类型的差异影响储层渗流能力.基于岩心观察、薄片鉴定和扫描电镜成像等资料,采用FIB—SEM三维成像技术,分析川南地区中二叠统茅口组碳酸盐岩储层特征.结果表明:川南地区中二叠统茅口组碳酸盐岩储层受白云石化和溶蚀作用等影响,形成晶间溶蚀孔、粒间孔和粒内孔等次生孔隙,为油气储存和运移提供重要的储集空间.茅口组孔隙—孔洞型储层主要存在粒间孔、粒内孔、晶间孔、有机质孔和微裂缝5种孔隙类型.主要储集空间组合类型为粒间孔—晶间溶蚀孔—微裂缝;次要储集空间组合类型为粒内孔—晶间孔—有机质孔—生物体腔溶孔.以亮晶生屑灰岩为主的储层大孔数量多,但孔隙连通性差,非均质性较强,有利于形成裂缝—孔隙型储层.以泥晶生屑灰岩为主的储层广泛发育粒间孔和粒内孔,孔隙连通性较好,非均质性弱,有利于形成优质孔隙—孔洞型储层.该结果为证实孔隙—孔洞型储层具备优质储集性能提供实验依据,为四川盆地中二叠统茅口组勘探提供参考.

以河流相沉积模式和复合砂体构型理论为指导,以预测和表征储层内部渗流屏障为目的,基于海上油田开发的资料基础和技术手段,提出了开发地质新概念——储层不连续界限,即由于沉积、成岩和构造等因素,在储层内部形成的对流体流动产生影响的各类界限统称,其中沉积成因的不连续界限是本文主要研究对象.河流弯道中的螺旋流及其对河床与堤岸产生的剪切力,是控制河流迁移演化和沉积物堆积规律的关键因素,是形成河流相储层不连续界限的本质动力机制.与复合砂体构型级次相对应,河流相储层不连续界限具有复合河道带、单河道带、复合点坝和点坝等层次特征,并可划分为尖灭、接触、切叠和叠加等结构关系.储层不连续界限以各种泥质、粉砂质沉积体或物性较差的非渗透性、弱渗透性界面等形式存在,是影响地下流体流动、控制注入水波及系数的关键地质因素;开展储层不连续界限预测和表征研究,有助于优化注采结构、提高油田采收率.

在现有的碎屑沉积地质体构型分级方案基础上,充分考虑自然界中河流沉积演化规律以及海上油田的资料基础与经济开发尺度等因素,遵循地质体分级原则与依据,建立了海上油田河流相复合砂体构型分级方案.从地质成因、主控因素、时空规模等方面系统阐述了河流相复合砂体13级构型单元的基本特征,并解析其与相关沉积地质体级次的关联性.与现有的储层构型分级的差异主要在于新增了"复合点坝"级次,复合点坝是多期残存点坝以复合体形式叠置而成的沉积单元,该级次是储层构型理论、海上油田资料分辨能力与经济开发尺度三者的契合点,是海上油田"地震导向、井震联合"构型研究思路的良好实践.河流相复合砂体构型分级对于指导海上油气开发具有一定的优势.

复合点坝侧积体定量成因分析是河流沉积学研究的难点之一.通过选取密西西比河下游段激光雷达数据,剖析复合点坝侧积体的内部特征,统计侧积体高程数据,发现其符合周期变化的特点.对高程数据进行傅里叶变换计算,得到复合点坝侧积周期,将侧积周期与河道规模进行拟合,两者符合线性关系,拟合度高.深入分析后,认为侧积周期受河流的季节性洪泛周期控制.研究结论为侧积体定量成因分析提供了理论依据.

传统河流相复合砂体构型界面建模方法多基于多井解释和沉积模式分析,丰富的三维空间地震信息未能有效地参与约束建模过程.因此提出了一种基于三维地震数据构型界面建模方法,该方法首先提取目的层油藏位置与构型界面相关的地震平面属性,将平面属性转换成二维图形,利用数学形态学将条状的构型界面转化成线状界面,再通过人工或霍夫变换方法拾取线段性界面,实现界面的数字化,然后将这些二维线段插入到油藏模型中,最终建立含构型界面模型.海上高品质地震资料为该方法的应用提供了数据支持.所构建的构型界面为垂直界面,简化了实际界面的空间产状,提供了一种新的建模思路.以渤海Q油田为例,详细阐述了构型界面建模的过程.基于三维地震数据的构型界面建模方法为非均质复合砂体油藏渗流机理研究和剩余油分布预测提供了一种新的研究思路.

PreviousNext No AccessSEG 2020 Workshop: Broadband and Wide-azimuth Deepwater Seismic Technology, Beijing, China, 13–15 July 2020From seismic to fluvial reservoir modeling with the constraint of architecture interfaceAuthors: Yungui XuYezheng HuGuangyi HuHaifeng WangYungui XuState Key Laboratory of Offshore Oil ExploitationSouthwest Petroleum UniversitySearch for more papers by this author, Yezheng HuState Key Laboratory of Offshore Oil ExploitationSouthwest Petroleum UniversitySearch for more papers by this author, Guangyi HuState Key Laboratory of Offshore Oil ExploitationCNOOC Research Institute Co. Ltd.Search for more papers by this author, and Haifeng WangState Key Laboratory of Offshore Oil ExploitationCNOOC Research Institute Co. Ltd.Search for more papers by this authorhttps://doi.org/10.1190/bwds2020_19.1 SectionsAboutPDF/ePub ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Abstract This paper has proposed a new workflow to extract shale plane in point-bar of fluvial system from abundent 3D seismic as shale planes have significant effect on fluid exchange, the spatial distribution of residual oil, and thus the design of production/injection well network. The extraction workflow does the conversions from the very beginning of 3D seismic amplitude to the final geometry information of shale plane, in which different mathmatical and geophysical theories are involved. The China Bohai Sea application demonstrates its feasibility and potential, and it makes possible to bring shale planes into further fluvial reservoir modeling. In addition, this is the first trial to incoperate the infromation from seismic, rather than tranditional multi-well interpretation, bringing a broad insight of such reservoir modeling for geologists and reservoir engineers. Keywords: lithology, modeling, shale, interpretationPermalink: https://doi.org/10.1190/bwds2020_19.1FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails SEG 2020 Workshop: Broadband and Wide-azimuth Deepwater Seismic Technology, Beijing, China, 13–15 July 2020ISSN (online):2159-6832Copyright: 2020 Pages: 155 publication data© 2020 Published in electronic format with permission by the Society of Exploration GeophysicistsPublisher:Society of Exploration Geophysicists HistoryPublished Online: 09 Nov 2020 CITATION INFORMATION Yungui Xu, Yezheng Hu, Guangyi Hu, and Haifeng Wang, (2020), "From seismic to fluvial reservoir modeling with the constraint of architecture interface," SEG Global Meeting Abstracts : 69-72. https://doi.org/10.1190/bwds2020_19.1 Plain-Language Summary KeywordslithologymodelingshaleinterpretationPDF DownloadLoading ...