The concentrations of the trace elements Se, Ca, Zn, K, Br, Mn, Fe, Cu, As, and Sr were determined in serum of 10 patients with chronic renal failure using PIXE techniques. The serum concentrations for Se, Ca and Zn in patients were significantly lower than in controls. The Mahalanobis distance discriminant method was used in the discriminant analysis. The resubstitution tests illustrated those elements that did not show significant changes can improve the discriminant effects.

Organic matter is related closely to mineralization of Lannigou gold deposit in southwestern Guizhou, China. Regionally, the distribution of organic carbon agrees well with that of faults within which gold deposits are hosted. Studies on organic petrology show that pyrobitumen, which is related most closely to mineralization, adheres to quartz vein or fills quartz veinlet. Proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis shows an evident abundance of Au in pyrobitumen. Pyrobitumen paragenetically associates with pyrite and arsenopyrite which are the main carrier minerals of Au. The thermal simulation experiment indicates that about 99% of Au will be concentrated in oil phase in the coexisting system of oil and brine and rock. The role of crude oil in ore-forming process is: as carrier of Au, crude oil moves upwards, and undergoes thermal decomposition and thermochemical reduction when it encounters the oxidizing fluid within the Trassic turbidity; Au is thus released from crude oil, reduced and precipitated.

Baiguoyuan silver-vanadium deposit is generally thought to be of sedimentary-diagenetic origin. Based on the characteristics of barites, it is suggested that hydrothermal transformation has been involved in mineralization. The barites in black shale can be grouped into irregular ones which were formed during early diagenesis and tabular ones which were formed during late diagenesis. The tabular barites are replaced by pyrite and have formed a regular girdle around them. PIXE analysis states that Ag is greatly concentrated in pyrite replacement girdle. The girdle is the product of hydrothermal transformation. The transformation is one of the main mineralization stages of Baiguoyuan deposit.

A heavy-media separation has brcu carried out to study the partition of germanium in various macetals ol mineralized lignites in Lincang superlarge gerrtlilnium deposit in Yunniln, China. The result shows that Ge stays predominantly in huminites, especially in corpohuminitrs (86.04–89.16%), next in light macerals and minerals (3.20%–8.33% and 1.71%–10.27%, respectively). In addition, the EPMA and PIXE analyses suggest that no germanium minerals have been detected and Ge is well distributed in the whole mineralized lignite, bonding to O, C and H of coaly organic matter of mineralized lignites.

白果园黑色页岩型银钒矿床一般认为是沉积成岩成因的 .根据黑色页岩中重晶石的地球化学特征 ,认为银的矿化有后期改造成矿作用参与 .研究表明 ,黑色页岩中的重晶石可区分出早期成岩阶段形成的不规则状重晶石和晚期成岩阶段形成的六方板状重晶石 （流体包裹体均一温度为 16 6℃ ） .晚期板状重晶石发育规则的环带状黄铁矿交代边 ,PIXE分析表明黄铁矿交代边富含银等金属元素 .黄铁矿交代边为后期改造作用产物 .改造成矿作用是白果园矿床主要成矿作用之一 .

By means of kerogen purification, the proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), the authors have studied the organic/ inorganic occurrence modes of the metallic elements of the Baiguoyuan silver-vanadium deposit hosted in black shale in Hubei Province, China. The result shows that Au, Hg and Ta have a strong tendency to occur organically, with more than 70% of these elements being associated organically. Se, Ga, Ag and Hf are partly associated with organic matter, with more than 20% of them occurring organically. Compared with the above elements, Zn, Cu, As and Sb are weakly associated organically, and tend to be enriched in kerogen. However, Mn, Th, U, V, Co, Cr, Al, Fe and Sc usually occur inorganically. Of the rare earth elements (REE), La, Ce, Tb, Dy, Yb and Lu have stronger ability to be associated with organic matter than Sm and Eu.

Combining micro-PIXE and δ18O, δ13C isotope analyses, we have analyzed 199 fossil ostracodes from Donggou and Xiaodukou-Haojiatai sections of Nihewan basin, and grey statistics has been applied to analyze the data from these analyses. We have got the following results: (1) The values of δ18O and δ13C are highly correlated, and they are mainly affected by the paleosalinity variation of host water. (2) The variation of MgCa ratio is much different from those of δ18O and δ13C. Factor analysis in the behavior space of δ18O, δ13C and MgCa shows the MgCa molar ratio is positively correlated with the paleotemperature of host water. (3) The change characteristics of paleotemperature and paleosalinity revealed by factor-score curves are in agreement with those determined by sedimentological and paleontological study, and the combination style of these curves indicates the paleoclimatic change characteristics.

To study the compositions of stable isotopes and trace elements in ostracode shells is animportant way to reconstruct lacustrine paleoenvironment. In these studies, the white sys-temmethod, a common way used in most research work, has its own limitations. First,the relations between the compositions and environmental factors are reduced from limitedexperiments on limited kinds of ostracode shells. So there are still different opinions onthis subject which needs to be identified through more experiments in future studies. Sec-ond, in contrast to the simple close system, most open or semi-open paleobasins are as

The μm-PIXE setup of Fudan University has been used to study the trace elements of ostracode shells. Program TSPIXE was used to calculate their trace element concentrations.Stenocypris derupta Vavra, Dolerocypria mukaishimensis okubo andTanella opima Chen, three kinds of ostracodes were analyzed. In this study, we concentrate on the relationships between molar ratios of Mg/Ca and temperature, and between molar ratios of Mg/Ca and salinity of the host water. We have found that the molar ratios of Mg/Ca of ostracize shells are positively correlated with the temperature of the host water, but negatively correlated with its salinity.

At Fudan University, the work of quantitative analysis of thick samples had already begun in 1977 (Ref. [1], J. Fudan Univ. (Nat. Sci.) 1 (1977) 73), mainly for the analysis of the sword of Yue Prince Gou Jian. The software TSPIXE for quantitative analysis of thick samples was completed in 1992 (Ref. [2], Chin. J. Nucl. Phys. 15 (1993) 133). In this paper the theory and database of the software are described. The software has been applied to calculate the trace elemental concentrations of biological, geological and archaeological samples. Some results concerning these samples are presented. Compared to the old version, TSPIXE II has incorporated secondary fluorescence. Representative results of the metal analysis considering the secondary fluorescence effect are presented. The new version of the software TSPIXE now under programming deals with multilayer samples. A preliminary result is also presented.

Trace element distributions provide indications for the reconstruction of the processes of rock formation and evolution. A new technique, which combines PIXE, PIGE method with microanalysis technique, has been developed to measure the element distributions of Carlin-type gold mineral samples. Au is found to be positively correlated with As, S, Ag, Fe, while F is uncorrelated with Au.

The micro-probe setup of Fudan University has been used to study the trace elemental composition and distribution of ostracode shells. The process involved in trace elemental analyses of ostracode shells are described in detail. Stenocypris derupta Vavra, Dolerocypria mukaishimensis okubo and Tanella opima Chen, three kinds of ostracodes are analyzed. In this study, we concentrate on the relationships between molar ratios of MgCa in shells are positively correlated ratios of MgCa and salinity of host water. We have found the molar ratios of MgCa in shells are positively correlated with the temperature of the host water, but negatively correlated with the salinity of host water. The ostracode fossils from Shengli oil field are also analyzed, and the results are reported too. The elemental distributions of ostracode are also measured. We found that the element distributions of newly formed ostracode shell have the same pattern, but ostracode fossils often have an obvious specific distribution, different elements have different distribution.

A noisy secondary electron image of a flower cell was processed by filtering both in the spatial domain and the Fourier frequency domain. All the pulse noise and the periodic noise were clearly eliminated. The other two images, taken by PIXE analysis of a silicon chip covered by a patterned photoresist layer, were also processed. One was skewed and squeezed and after geometric correction the realistic silicon distribution was obtained. The second one was processed to enhance the edge information.

In this paper, we compare the quantitative analyses of some mineral samples by proton microbeam (micro-PIXE) with that of the electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The advantages and disadvantages of the two techniques for quantitative analyses of mineral samples are discussed. The results of some experiments are presented.

With the help of modern personal computer (PC) and object oriented programming (OOP) technology, we have recently developed a compact, integrated, user-friendly computer system for Fudan nuclear microprobe, which was originally modeled after the SUNY/Albany system. The system software has been thoroughly rewritten so as to take advantage of today's high-performance PC and facilitate easy upgrading and expansion in the case of future development of both hardware and software.Most functions of this system such as sample searching, scanning control, data acquisition, image processing and displaying, are based on a single 80386 IBM style PC with a 1-MB DRAM TVGA high-resolution monitor. Data from up to 4 ADCs, 4 sensors and a CCD camera can be acquired simultaneously. Two stepper motors are employed to move the target; a CCD camera system is also included to locate the area of interest on the sample; the secondary electron image could act as a reference to fine adjustment. Rectangular raster scanning or irregular scanning is facilitated with beam motion triggered either by a timer or by pulses from a current integrator. A variety of built-in image displaying, processing and printing methods have also been implemented in order to make the maps easier to interpret for the eyes. All of these functions are administrated by an integrated, completely menu-driven software package-MBSYS.

由低镁方解石组成的介形虫壳体普遍含有Mg,Sr等微量元素.近年来的一些研究表明,介形虫壳体中的Mg/Ca比值与壳体形成时的水温和水体中的盐度呈正相关.不过,这个结论只是建立在对个别属种的活个体测试基础之上,并且还存在不同观点,因而Mg/Ca比值所包含的环境信息是否具普遍意义,Mg/Ca比值是否真的随水温和盐度有可测量的变化,都存在问题,急需对更多已知环境条件中的活介形虫壳体进行化学分析,进一步查明其指

自卡林型金矿发现以来,微细粒金的赋存状态一直是矿物学和矿床学研究的重点之一。由于微细粒金主要呈显微金和超显微金存在,不但肉眼难以见到,在光学显微镜下也很难发现,给赋存状态研究造成很大困难,直接影响到矿床的评价、勘探及选冶工艺的确定。本文首

The occurrence of micrograined gold has been a key subject in research in mineralogy and ore deposits since the Carlin-type gold deposit was found. The new microbeam analysis techniques involving scanning proton microproby(SPM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) used for investigation of gold occurrence in the micrograined gold deposit from Jinya, Guangxi Province are first reported here. The Jinya micrograined gold deposit, located at Fengshan County, the northwest part