A system for pumping wastewater and solid sediments from the territories and buildings of the pumping and hydroelectric stations using jet pumps is proposed. The working and suction media have different aggregate state, including water and pulp, containing solid sediments from the station canals. The rate of sediment removal from the flow provided by the jet pump is determined depending on the water turbidity in the supply canal of the pumping station.

There are the possible reasons for changes in hot water supply system’s quality of Kirovsk. It has been investigated the most probable source of iron in hot water supply system by authors of this paper. Authors analyze the chemical composition of original water which has been used for cold and hot water supply system of several cities in Murmansk region. Researcher has pointed out the most significant indicators of original water’s chemical composition which are affect to the determination of iron’s increasing source. It has been determined the locations of sampling sites at a typical combined power plant with installed chemical water treatment and deaerator. Authors has proposed the various methods of water treatment at the Apatity power plant for cities heat supply system. Also, it has included pre-boiled water treatment. This work was performed by authors in project: “Clean water”, Kirovsk. This project is a part of Federal Program “Clean water” which is in a structure of Russian water strategy until 2020. Funding and coordination of the program is by relevant ministries - the Russian Federation Ministry of Construction and Municipal Services, the Russian Federation Ministry of Economic Development and JSC “Institute of microeconomics”. The total funding volume of Program is 331.8 billion rubles.

The dynamics of a thin ruthenium film irradiated by femtosecond extreme UV laser pulses is studied with a hybrid computational approach, which includes Monte Carlo, two-temperature hydrodynamics and molecular dynamics models. This approach is capable of accurate simulations of all stages of material evolution induced by extreme UV or X-ray photons: from nonequilibrium electron kinetics till complete lattice relaxation. We found that fast energy deposition in a subsurface layer leads to a two-level ablation: the top thin layer is ablated as a gas–liquid mixture due to expansion of overheated material at near and above critical conditions, whereas a thicker liquid layer below is ablated via a cavitation process. The latter occurs due to a thermo-mechanically induced tensile pressure wave. The liquid ablating layer exhibits unstable behaviour and disintegrates into droplets soon after detachment from the rest of the target. Our simulations reveal basic processes leading to formation of specific surface morphologies outside and inside the damage craters. The calculated ablation threshold, crater depth and morphological features are in quantitative agreement with the experimental data, which justifies the applicability of our hybrid model to study laser-induced material damage.

Authors have continued the study of the energy consumption in the building by various engineering systems in this work. The energy consumption of new engineering system, which was previously not taken into account in the total energy consumption of the building, is investigated. There is discusses the consumption of both electric and thermal energy by the building’s cold water supply system. The share of the cold water supply system in the specific thermal and electrical characteristics of the general water supply system (hot and cold parts of the water supply) of the building has been determined. Also, there is a special attention to the passive consumption of thermal energy by the cold water supply system, which was not previously carried out due to its small share in the total heat consumption of the building in this article. In this case, the “active heat energy” is used by the hot water supply system, which, despite the cold, must be forcedly heated in a special installation. Also, there is in this technique, takes into account seasonal fluctuations in the temperature of cold water by dividing the consumption of thermal energy into winter and summer periods of the year. It is also possible to do the full analyse the work of the frequency regulators widely used for the building’s water supply system, but it should also be taken into account that the regulators have additional energy costs which is depending on various operating modes (standby mode, regulation mode, etc.) . In this paper, authors consider only in systems where is only booster pumps, mechanical flow meters, and non-automated valves are installed. The objects in which this study was conducted are: a residential building and a low-capacity pumping station (up to 2000 m3 / h).

Interaction of ultrashort laser pulses with materials can bring the latter to highly non-equilibrium states, where the electronic temperature strongly differs from the ionic one. The properties of such excited material can be considerably different from those in a hot, but equilibrium state. The reliable modeling of laser-irradiated target requires careful analysis of its properties in both regimes. This paper reports a procedure which provides the equations of state of ruthenium using density functional theory calculations. The obtained data are fitted with analytical functions. The constructed equations of state are applicable in the one- and two-temperature regimes and in a wide range of densities, temperatures and pressures. The electron thermal conductivity and electron-phonon coupling factor are also calculated. The obtained analytical expressions can be used in two-temperature hydrodynamics modeling of Ru targets pumped by ultrashort laser pulses. The data is related to the research article "Similarity in ruthenium damage induced by photons with different energies: From visible light to hard X-rays" [1].

Elastic-plastic transformations together or independently from polymorphic phase transitions are important for theory of shock waves. Here we discuss a classification consisting from (I) elastic, (II) split elastic-plastic, and (III) pure plastic shocks. The split shocks means that (1) there are two jumps: the elastic precursor and plastic shock, and that (2) the jumps are independent from each other, the precursor moves with elastic speed of sound overrunning the plastic jump and going further and further ahead as time proceeds and becoming weaker and weaker. We oppose the split shock to the one-wave two zones shock (1W2Z shock). The 1W2Z wave (1) propagates as whole, (2) the plastic shock dynamically supports the elastic one, (3) the distance between the jumps does not change in time; here we say about the distance averaged over time. The powerful elastic shocks (their amplitudes are much higher than are usually suggested for elastic shocks) were found in experiments with femtosecond laser pulses and confirmed in large scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The observation of the 1W2Z shocks is another important finding coming from MD. In the paper below we want to emphasize that the 1W2Z wave (proved to exist in MD) is not some tiny submicron feature belonging to MD or to ultrashort shocks. We hypothesized that it may be detected at spatio-temporal scales significantly larger than micron. Thus it should be included into the above classification as a new regime. It should be placed between the II-nd and III-rd regimes in the old classification. The report is devoted to lasers, shocks, and applications. In the second part of the report the generation and propagation of the shocks created for laser shock peening by lasers with ultrashort or nanosecond pulses are considered.

This chapter describes the advanced technologies of energy and water saving on the Uzbekistan largest pumping stations of Karshi Main Canal. The unique Karshi pumping stations stage consumes more than 4% of the total electricity generated in Uzbekistan. Such a significant consumption of electricity by irrigative pumping stations, gives the problem of energy conservation to them a status of special importance and relevance. Advanced technologies of energy saving and non-cavitation work are scientifically substantiated and developed. The results of carried out field tests are described. The scientific results of the research are recommended to allow efficient use of water and energy resources and to ensure reliable operation of the power equipment of pumping stations in the rural branches of economy.

This chapter describes technology that ensures reliable pumping of drainage and sewage water during electromechanical and hydro-mechanical transients from blocks of the hydroelectric power stations and pumping stations. As an alternative source of energy, it is proposed to use the energy of the liquid column of the pressure penstock of the stations, and as an auxiliary, to use jet pumps. Transmission of energy to the suction stream is carried out without direct usage of electrical and mechanical energy. During total shutdown of electric power, reliable evacuation of drainage and seepage water and reduction the influence of electromechanical and hydro-mechanical transients on power equipment and pipelines can be ensured with the use of self-regulating jet pumps over a period of several days; this cannot be accomplished by any other pump. The scientific results of the research are recommended to allow efficient use of water and energy resources and to ensure reliable operation of the power equipment of stations, especially in the events of sudden power outages.

We performed combined experimental and computational research on damage processes in ruthenium thin films induced by femtosecond lasers with various photon energies. We present an experiment with an optical laser at normal incidence conditions and compare it with previously reported experiments at grazing incidence conditions with XUV and hard X-ray photons, covering a large range of photon energies. Analysis of ablation craters in Ru shows very similar crater morphology and depth of about 10–20 nm for all considered irradiation conditions. Simulations of light-matter interactions are performed with our combined Monte Carlo and two-temperature hydrodynamics approach. The simulation results show that the primal cause of eventual ablation is Auger decay of core-shell holes created after absorption of XUV and hard X-ray photons in the vicinity of ruthenium surface. They lead to the creation of many low-energy electrons which consequently release the absorbed energy near the surface, resembling the optical irradiation case. Similar absorbed energy distributions in the top part of ruthenium induce a similar thermo-mechanical response and, therefore, similar ablation process. Our results suggest that such mechanism is universal in a wide range of photon energies at grazing incidence conditions, when the photon absorption depth is smaller than the photoelectrons range.

We report data on the development of a polymer-salt method for the formation of aluminium yttrium garnet crystals doped with neodymium ions (YAG: Nd) inside the channels of a preform of microstructured fibre based on pure silica glass. The crystals are obtained by impregnating the channels with aqueous solutions of thermally decomposable salts (yttrium nitrate, aluminium nitrate, neodymium chloride) and an organic polymer, followed by drying and heat treatment at a temperature of 1100 degrees C. The resulting composite structure is drawn into the fibre at a temperature of 2000 degrees C. Using X-ray diffraction analysis, the presence of oriented YAG: Nd crystals ranging in size from 25 to 37 nm in the silica glass matrix of fibre is established. Measurements of the spectral dependence of optical losses in fibre show the presence of absorption bands of the optical signal, characteristic of Nd3+ ions. The shape of the luminescence spectra of nanocrystals is typical of YAG: Nd with a radiation peak at a wavelength of 1064 nm.

A new method of using a bypass device and a new device for proportional control of a pump using a butterfly valve for protection of the primary power and hydromechanical equipment and pumping station pipelines from a water hammer are proposed.

This chapter describes the methods and devices of energy-saving regulation for irrigative pumping stations based on principles of power loss reduction in pressure pipelines. These concepts are scientifically substantiated and developed. Protection of the main power equipment and pipelines of pumping stations from water at transients are developed and devices for their implementation are designed. The use of the research results will make it possible to plan the electric energy consumption, to make an estimation of power-hydraulic equipment operation quality and safety, to find the sources of energy loss and ways to reduce working at the pumping stations in the rural branches of economy.

Understanding the physics of laser-matter interactions in ultrashort pulses is important for many well-acknowledged applications from material modifications to biology. We numerically and experimentally consider the effect of sub-picosecond Ti:sapp laser actions on 60-100 nm gold films mounted onto a fused silica substrate. The pulse energy is sufficient to ablate the films. For the first time, we show that there are different regimes of ablation, and the formation of the 3D structures depends on the value of the absorbed fluence F-abs and the adhesion strength p(adh) between the film and the substrate. Namely, a delamination threshold F-delam and an ablation threshold F-abl (F-delam < F-abl) exist if adhesion is weak. Above the lower threshold F-delam, the whole film delaminates from the substrate. Above the higher threshold F-abl, the thin film ruptures near its middle plane. The external half of the film flies away, while the internal half remains on the glass substrate. There are two thresholds F-delam and F-abl for the Au/glass and Ag/glass targets, because pure gold and silver are weakly coupled to the glass. The lower threshold Fdelam disappears in the case of a strong adhesion stress p(adh). Consequently, delamination as a whole becomes impossible. Although the rupture of a film remains because the ablation threshold F-abl is independent of on adhesion. Adhesion is high when an intermediate thin layer of chromium is placed between the gold and the glass. The film velocity after it separates from the substrate is low for the range of fluences F-delam < F < F-abl because the acoustic impedance Z(glass) of glass is small relative to the impedance Z(film) of a gold film. Therefore, during an evolution, the absolute values (positive or negative) of the contact pressures are few times smaller than the absolute pressures in a gold film. However, above the ablation threshold F-abl < F, the velocity of the external part of a film becomes few times larger because the velocity is independent of the acoustic impedance of a substrate. These circumstances explain why 3D structures such as nanojet above the microbump appears in the case of a weak adhesion. The velocity should be not too large to allow to the surface tension and crystallization to stop an inflation and breakaway of a microbump.

The aim is to study association of polymorphism 894G>T eNOS gene with debut of chronicle heart disease (CHD). The study involved 187 patients with CHD, both sex, aged 36 to 88 (62,2±11,2). During the study of the association allele variants of the eNOS gene and the age of debut of coronary artery disease discovered that group of patients with coronary artery disease with a polymorphic variant TT has the earliest CHD debut (47,0 ± 0,8 years) and it differs significantly from the beginning of the age disease in a group of patients with allelic variants GG and GT (56,4 ± 0,7 and 55.8 ± 0.7, respectively) Regression analysis also revealed association of T-allele with earlier development of CHD (p=0,02, b=–2,54). There is association of T minor allele eNOS gene with earlier debut of CHD.

The paper deals with results of the study on the main technological aspects relating to a full production cycle of silica multimode graded-index fibers with the refractive index profile having central defect in the form of a large dip. Preform synthesis conditions for implementation of the mentioned defect via MCVD method have been analyzed and optimized. We have carried out research of the effect of geometrical irregularities, induced by drawing optical fibers under the manual control of the outer diameter stability, on attenuation coefficient of the graded-index 50/125 μm optical fibers with a large dip in the center of the refractive index profile. It is shown that variations of the outer diameter within the limits ± 3.5 μm lead to an increase of attenuation by 2–5 dB/km at the wavelength λ = 1310 μm as compared to the optical fibers fabricated under the automatic maintenance of the outer diameter stability. It has been determined that in the latter case fibers with the parabolic refractive index profile, corresponding to numerical aperture of 0.20, and the dip depth equal to 0.0115 demonstrate the attenuation about 5 dB/km in the second and third optical fiber transmission windows. Applying the Weibull distribution, a statistical evaluation of mechanical properties of the optical fibers drawn at various temperatures has been carried out. Based upon measurements, tensile strength of the fibers was estimated to be 5.07–5.49 GPa, that is comparable with the strength properties of silica telecom fibers. The manufactured multimode fibers are attractive candidates for developing sensing elements of registering external influences in systems of fiber-optic sensor networks based on few-mode effects.

Our targets are thin (60{100nm thick) plane metal fllms (here gold is considered) on a dielectric substrate (fused silica below). We consider laser action onto such targets. A femtosecond laser pulse with durations 30{300fs is used. Thermal and mechanical behavior of those targets qualitatively difiers from behavior of bulk targets and from freestanding fllms. A weakly conductive substrate works as a heat insulating wall if we compare the bulk target and the fllm/silica target, thus slowing down cooling of metal due to the heat conduction loses into bulk. While hydromechanical interaction of the fllm with the silica changes the situation in comparison with the freestanding case when both sides of a fllm are vacuum boundaries. From the one hand, the silica counteracts against an expansion of metal into the glass. From the other hand, a cohesion force between the metal and silica resists to separation of fllm from substrate. Situations with the bulk targets and freestanding fllms were studied before. In the paper for the flrst time we present descriptions of possible regimes of fllm/silica dynamics. They depend on absorbed ∞uence, two-temperature physics, and a value of a cohesion force. Electrons are much hotter than ions at a two-temperature stage. Two-temperature efiects are dynamically signiflcant because in case of gold with its delayed electron-ion relaxation the electron pressure contributes into momentum of a fllm while an electron conductivity (enhanced at a two-temperature stage) together with a rate of electron energy transfer into ion subsystem deflne energy redistribution across a thickness of a fllm.

This paper discusses how hydrogen-isotope doping of a single-mode W-type fiber lightguide with fluorosilicate cladding affects its additional optical losses under bending of the fiber and γ irradiation. It is established that introducing stable OH− and OD− groups into the core of a lightguide fabricated by modified chemical vapor deposition reduces its optical losses when it is bent but does not increase the radiation–optical stability.