According to the essential characteristic of industrial control system (ICS), endogenous safety and security (ESS) can be achieved by merging cyber security (CS) into functional safety (FS). In this paper, the basic principles, functional requirements and protection architecture (TEMt) of ESS are proposed, and the successful experience of an electric power control system is introduced.

《关键信息基础设施安全保护条例》(以下简称《条例》)已由国务院发布,自2021年9月1日起施行.本文结合2022年1月发布的国标GB/Z 41288-2022《信息安全技术重要工业控制系统网络安全防护导则》,谈以下几点认识. 1清醒认识全球网络安全威胁 近年来,全球网络安全事件频发.2015年12月23日黑客通过网络攻击进入乌克兰几个地区电网控制系统(SCADA),直接控停了 7个110kV变电站和23个35 kV变电站,导致大规模停电;2016年10月21日,美国大量物联网视频设备DDoS攻击域名服务(DNS),导致大半个美国互联网瘫痪;2017年5月12日勒索病毒袭击全球上百个国家,许多工控系统遭到攻击;2019年3月8日委内瑞拉大范围停电持续多日,委内瑞拉当即指责美国进行网络攻击,是首个通过攻击电网来颠覆国家的典型案例;2019年6月底美国军方宣称通过网络攻击了伊朗军事设施;2019年7月美国指责伊朗攻击纽约电网,导致曼哈顿地区停电;2021年5月美国输油管道遭勒索病毒攻击,进入紧急状态;2022年2月开始的俄罗斯-乌克兰冲突中,双方的政府网站、军事设施和基础设施等都遭受了对方阵营的网络攻击.

The power grid in China has been developing rapidly with the improvement of the national economy and standard of living. By the end of 2016, China's installed power generation capacity had reached 1,646 GW . Currently, China?s power grid has the largest installed capacity, the highest voltage level [1,000 -kV ultra-high voltage (UHV)], and the largest annual power generation in the world. The operation of such a large-scale power grid poses many major challenges for electric power control centers.

A survey on the overall situation of IEC standard, Chinese national standard and industrial standard related to the dispatching and control technologies for smart grid is given, and experiences and lessons of implementing relevant standards to smart grid dispatching and smart substation are summarized. The problems existing in such mainstream standards as IEC 61970, IEC 61850 and so on are analyzed in depth, and combining with the actual demands of power grid operation and control as well as the development trend of computer and communication technologies the basic idea and main measures to cope with the problems are proposed. Besides, the standard architecture of smart grid dispatching and control technologies, which is based on the unified security structure, unified communication protocol, unified model description and unified service interfaces, is demonstrated.

Corrigendum to ‘‘Inducing-objective-function-based method for long-term SCUC with energy constraints’’ [Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 63 (2014) 971–978] Yang Bai , Haiwang Zhong , Qing Xia , Yaozhong Xin , Chongqing Kang a a State Key Lab of Power Systems, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China b State Grid Corporation of China, West Chang’an Street, Beijing 100031, China

To facilitate exchange of models and data dynamically and efficiently without content negotiation between the communicating parties,the dynamic message coding technology is proposed.This coding technology describes the model and data of large-scale power systems by using binary and self-described mode.There are in all four kinds of coding modes,of which M0 is compatible with the abstract syntax notation one(ASN.1),M1 adds the name area to describe the structure of a small amount of data,M2 extends the code head and has high efficiency of coding while M3 extends the code head and describes the class information.In practice,type and structure information is sent by M3 for the first time,after that data is sent by M2.Should the type and structure change,their information is sent once again,effectively solving the contradiction between data volume and maintenance.

In order to realize the horizontal integration and longitudinal penetration in the smart grid dispatching control system, a new data bus is proposed according to data transmission requirements such as safety and reliability,efficiency and real-time transregional and translevel transmission.Data bus technology is based on the integration and expansion of industrial bus technology,middleware technology,and subscribe/publish strategy in realizing horizontal transregional data transmission while supporting data interaction at all levels of the dispatching center.Data bus technology has been applied to the smart grid dispatching control system in achieving multistage scheduling deployment operation of the state power dispatching control center in East China,North China,and Central China.It is proved in practice that data bus technology is able to satisfy the data transmission needs of smart grid dispatching control systems and ensure safe and stable operation of smart grid dispatching and control systems.

The development process of cybersecurity protection architecture for the smart grid dispatching and control system in China is analyzed and summarized in three stages,namely,in-depth safeguard based on perimeter security,business security based on classified protection and active safeguard based on trusted computation.Then,with the current rapidly changing threats and the new situation of national cyberspace confrontation taken into account,a new generation of grid dispatching control system security active safeguarding architecture based on trusted computing technology is proposed.The purpose is to achieve a trusted computing environment,trusted application behavior and trusted network communication.The architecture proposed is characterized by security and immunity,and has security and controllability as its obj ective.The core safeguarding technologies are described.

With the rapid development of power system,the network structure and grid operation is becoming more and more complex with the penetration of new energy resources and increased network size.It”s hard to realize reliable operation of bulk power system depending solely on a single control center,and then it is crucial to enhance coordination among multiple control centers,that is,to implement real-time sharing of network model,real-time data and graphs.This paper introduces the specifications for power system graphic description,CIM/G.The new specifications have overcome the shortcoming of inefficient graphic exchange based on CIM SVG that is only suitable for off-line graphic exchange,and provide a mechanism for panoramic storage,off-line exchange and on-line real-time remote browsing of graphs within a control center as well as between control centers.The specification CIM/G has successfully been applied in the smart grid dispatching and control system,to realize real-time on-line graph access between neighboring control centers or between superior control center and subordinate control center,providing technical support for horizontal integration and vertical interconnection of dispatching business.

The paper describes the stable operation constraints and controlling strategy description language (specifications, standards). The paper also describes how the shell of standards is analyzed using flex and bison technology and how it is applied in on-line power system analysis and management system.

An efficient method to solve the long-term security constrained unit commitment (SCUC) is a requisite for power system operators in many countries, particularly those with many coal-fired generating units, which require a long time to start up and shut down. However, the complexity that is introduced by the energy or fuel constraints in the long-term SCUC problem often results in exorbitant computation time. In this paper, a new type of approach, which is termed the inducing-objective-function (IOF)-based method, is proposed. This method significantly improves the computational efficiency. In the proposed method, the inducing factors are introduced into the objective function of the SCUC relaxation problem to induce more UC state variables to satisfy the integrality requirement after several iterations. According to the relaxation solution, the objective function of the original SCUC model is modified. Thus, the process of solving the modified model using the branch-and-cut algorithm can be more efficient. Because the solution of this modified model can be near-optimal for the original model, the gap between the near-optimal and the optimal solution is estimated to decide whether the near-optimal solution is acceptable for practical application. If the near-optimal solution is not acceptable, it will be used as the initial solution to solve the original model. Because the initial solution is of high quality, it can significantly speed up the branch-and-cut process. Two case studies with different scales demonstrate the robustness, the efficiency and the prospect of the proposed method for practical applications. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Power constraints and security policy description language (specification) for power grid operation control method and automatic safety device control strategies are described in a new high performance electronic logic description language. Switching method description language is mainly used in the electronic power system operation and control operation information. It consists of an external reference, the macro definition, logical relationship, operation constraints and security control strategy CIM/E format (hereinafter referred to as E) is composed of four parts. At present, the language is becoming a standard and has been widely used in China State Grid Corp internal automation system, security system, protection system, Either from the power grid management or technology is calculated from the power grid stability which has great significance, Will be widely used in security check, DTS, intelligent alarm, stability control system of electric power dispatching application etc.

为考虑不同的负荷—发电增长方向对电力系统暂态稳定负荷裕度的影响,提出了计算电力系统暂态稳定最小负荷裕度的最优化模型.该模型使用改进PEBS法提供的暂态稳定量化指标构成稳定约束条件,具有与暂态时域仿真相同的模型适应性.根据点到曲面最短距离的基本定理,给出了求解所提出最优化模型的数值方法.该方法的基本思想是以暂态稳定临界点处暂态稳定边界曲面的法向量作为求解迭代过程中的负荷—发电增长方向,反复迭代求出暂态稳定最小负荷裕度.理论上,该模型不但可以计算各种发电—负荷增长方向上的暂态稳定最小负荷裕度,也可用于计算暂态稳定最大负荷裕度.所提出的计算电力系统暂态稳定最小负荷裕度的最优化模型及其求解方法可以考虑各种系统运行参数的约束.数值算例验证了所提出的模型及求解方法.

Previous work has shown that the normal measurement rate based on measurement uncertainty is a credible evaluation index for state estimation when the true state is unknown.Then a new robust state estimation algorithm based on maximum normal measurement rate is proposed.By approximating the evaluation function,a nonlinearly continuous variable optimal model is developed,and the interior point algorithm is used to solve this model to obtain approximate results.Based on the above study,this paper proposed an improved algorithm by checking the consistency of abnormal measurements to obtain solutions with a higher normal measurement rate,and filtering the noise of normal measurements based on least square estimation with inequality constraints to obtain a more accurate solution.Numerical tests on different systems show the proposed algorithm is efficient for obtaining robust and accurate results,while the increased computing time is acceptable.

With the construction of smart grids and large-scale operation system, the close cooperation, unified deployment and integrated operation among all subjects inside the dispatching center and those among dispatching centers are needed. The high-efficient and accurate integrated modeling for all subjects inside the dispatching center and those among dispatching centers is the base for the construction of smart grids and large-scale operation system, and the standardization of information exchange is the ensure for integrated modeling. IEC standards CIM/E and CIM/XML are introduced concisely, and the comparison tests of the two standards are emphatically focused in description efficiency and usability, and test results are analyzed in detail. Applicable scenes of the two standards are clarified, thus theoretical basis for how to use the two standards in the construction of smart grids and large-scale operation system is provided, and it is significant for understanding and using the two standards.

随着智能电网和大运行体系的建设，调度中心内部各专业及调度中心之间需要紧密配合，统一部署，一体化运作。调度中心内部各专业及调度中心之间的高效、精确一体化建模是智能电网建设和大运行体系建设的基础，而信息交换标准化是一体化建模的保障。对电网模型交换标准CIM／E和CIM／XML做了简单的介绍，重点从描述效率和使用性能上对2种标准做了对比测试，并对结果做了详细的分析，明确了2种标准的适用场景，为智能电网和大运行体系建设中如何使用该标准提供了理论依据，更好地理解和使用2种标准具有重要的意义。

The rapid development of power system requires that the grid models,real-time data and grid graphics information can be synchronously shared in real-time between control centers.The CIM/E standards that have overcome the drawback of low efficiency of CIM/XML and application only in offline exchange are briefly described,being capable of meeting the requirement of grid model online real-time exchange between control centers.Focus of attention is on CIM/E based grid model information integration management,realization of the application of multi-model integration management,offline and online model integration management and multi-level model integration management.Technical support is provided to dispatching business horizontal integration and vertical linkage.CIM/E as well as its associated technology has been applied to the smart grid-operation support system(SG-OSS) for solving the problem of real-time sharing of model information between multiple control centers and various professionals within control centers.

An overview is given about the plenary of International Electrotechnical Committee（IEC） 57th Technical Committee（TC57） held in Shanghai,China in September,2011.Then recent work of each workgroup of IEC TC57 is introduced in detail one by one.This paper describes the recent work of the Management and Information Exchange of Standardization Technical Committee for Power Systems（SAC/TC82）.

Wind power prediction is important to the operation of power system with large amount of wind power.The current situation of wind power prediction technology,wind power prediction system construction,prediction errors,assessment index and main market body of prediction were discussed from the power dispatch perspective.The main problems of incomplete basic data,low prediction precision,prediction time scale short and lack of prediction in most wind farms were analyzed.Some improvement suggestions were proposed,such as enforcing wind power prediction system construction both on grid side and wind farm side,speeding up the building of ultra-short term wind power prediction system,deepening wind power prediction technology study and strengthening prediction technical standard system and cooperation of different industries.