Flammulina filiformis is a widely cultivated edible mushroom valued for its taste and nutrition. However, its stipe often develops a fibrous and stringy texture that unpleasantly lodges between teeth during chewing. Texture analysis confirmed a distinct toughness gradient, with the upper stipe being more brittle and less tough than the lower part. UHPLC-MS/MS-based metabolomics of these regions identified 953 metabolites, predominantly spanning lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic acids and derivatives, and nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues. Comparative analysis revealed that the tender upper stipe was characterized by a widespread downregulation of primary metabolites, including severe depletion of key signaling molecules (cAMP, cGMP) and amino acids such as L-tryptophan. In contrast, the tough lower stipe was enriched with metabolites indicative of an oxidative environment, notably a broad spectrum of oxidized lipids and phenolic compounds. KEGG pathway analysis attributed this dichotomy to distinct metabolic programs. While the upper stipe exhibited downregulation in tryptophan and purine metabolism, the lower stipe was enriched for pathways associated with redox homeostasis and lipid peroxidation, including glutathione metabolism and lipid peroxidation. The co-accumulation of oxidized lipids and phenolics suggests a potential mechanism for oxidation-driven tissue fortification. This study reveals a spatially programmed metabolic basis for the textural differentiation in F. filiformis stipes, providing a framework for understanding tissue development and highlighting potential regulatory targets for breeding varieties with improved eating quality.

Nitrate (NO3 -) and ammonium (NH4 +) are the two main forms of inorganic nitrogen (N) found in soil. Most macrofungi show a preference for specific forms of N; however, the mechanisms behind these preferences remain poorly understood. In this study, we explored the metabolic responses induced by NO3 - and NH4 + uptake and assimilation in the ascomycete Morchella importuna, a highly valued soil-grown mushroom. Through transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, we demonstrated that growth on NO3 - inhibited the expression and activity of NADP-glutamate dehydrogenase while increasing the expression and activity of glutamate synthase (GOGAT) and glutamate levels, underscoring the significant role of the GOGAT pathway in glutamate synthesis in NO3 --grown mycelia. Furthermore, growth on NO3 - results in the downregulation of proteins involved in ribosome biogenesis and RNA transport pathways, inducing a status analogous to N starvation and oxidative stress. Simultaneously, nitrate initiated metabolic alterations related to sexual morphogenesis, such as increased glutathione levels to counter oxidative stress, the upregulated expression of tyrosinase and its substrates to accelerate melanin deposition and enhanced glycosylation to supply cell-wall formation. These findings enhance our understanding of the differential response mechanisms to N sources that affect mushroom cell homeostasis.

The cap color of Flammulina filiformis represents a significant commercial trait, directly affecting consumer purchasing preferences and market value, making it a primary target for genetic improvement. However, the biochemical mechanisms underlying pigmentation, particularly in newly developed dark-brown strains, remain insufficiently understood. In this study, dark-brown F. filiformis was used to investigate the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cap color. Exogenous application of the ROS scavenger N,N'-Dimethylthiourea (DMTU) significantly induced the fading of dark-brown phenotype to yellow, concomitant with reduced activity of key enzymes involved in melanin biosynthesis and an increased pheomelanin/eumelanin ratio. Metabolomic analysis revealed that DMTU treatment significantly activated the glutathione metabolism pathway, with marked accumulation of pathway-associated metabolites. Further validation demonstrated that both oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and its reduced form (GSH) induced a cap fading phenotype similar to that induced by DMTU. Furthermore, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that DMTU treatment significantly upregulated the expression of genes associated with glutathione synthesis and regeneration, while downregulating the transcription levels of key genes involved in melanin synthesis. In conclusion, this study illustrates that alterations in ROS levels can profoundly affect the cap pigmentation process in dark-brown F. filiformis by modulating the glutathione-mediated redox balance. These findings elucidate the critical regulatory role of ROS-glutathione metabolism in the color formation of F. filiformis, offering a novel theoretical framework for the quality control and future breeding aimed at developing cultivars with optimized color traits and enhanced market appeal.

Protein phosphorylation modification plays a role in cells' response to oxidative stress, a key factor leading to postharvest browning of Flammulina filiformis. However, the molecular mechanism by which protein phosphorylation contributes to postharvest browning of F. filiformis remains unclear. This study aimed to characterize the basal phosphoproteomic landscapes associated with variations in different browning phenotypes of F. filiformis. Using data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry, we comprehensively profiled the phosphorylation dynamics in susceptible-to-browning (SB) and resistant-to-browning (RB) cultivars at harvest and after 24 h storage. We identified 84,244 phosphorylation sites on 4494 phosphoproteins, with the SB cultivar displaying more altered sites (21,195) than the RB (16,087). Functional enrichment analysis revealed that the differential phosphorylation was significantly implicated in kinases and energy metabolism pathways. Notably, the SB cultivar exhibited a more pronounced phosphorylation profile on key proteins involved in ATP synthesis and glycolysis. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis further indicated a kinase-mediated regulatory network targeting core energy metabolism components, including ATP synthase and 6-phosphofructokinase. This distinct phosphosignature in the SB cultivar correlated with its more severe browning phenotype and a sharper decline in ATP content during storage. Our findings suggest that divergent phosphorylation-mediated regulation of energy metabolism is strongly associated with the differential postharvest browning susceptibility between these two cultivars, providing a valuable molecular resource for future functional studies.

Flammulina filiformis exhibits diverse pileus colors, yet the metabolic basis underlying these phenotypic differences remains unclear. This study systematically compared morphology, nutritional composition, antioxidant capacity, and metabolite profiles of dark brown, white, and yellow cultivars. The yellow cultivar showed higher nutritional value, with increased total sugars and crude protein, whereas the dark brown cultivar exhibited the highest crude fat content and strongest antioxidant activity. Metabolomic analysis revealed clear metabolic differentiation among cultivars. The dark brown cultivar was markedly enriched in functional secondary metabolites, including terpenoids, phenolic acids, coumarins, lignans, and polyketides, with significant upregulation of tryptophan metabolism–related pathways. Key antioxidant compounds, such as homovanillic acid, costunolide, and hispidin, preferentially accumulated in this cultivar. These results indicate that the enhanced antioxidant capacity of dark brown F. filiformis is primarily driven by the accumulation of phenolic acids and terpenoids, providing insights and germplasm resources for breeding functional mushroom varieties.

Background/ObjectivesTremella fuciformis is an edible fungus prized for its culinary value. The polysaccharide content of T. fuciformis grown on a Cyclobalanopsis substrate (TY3) was significantly higher than those grown on a mixed substrate (TF1) made of wheat bran and cottonseed hull.MethodsMetabolomics and proteomics were used to assess the effects of lignocellulose (consisting of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) in different growth substrates on the polysaccharide content of T. fuciformis and its formation mechanism.ResultsTY3 had a higher lignocellulose content than TF1. The metabolites of carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates in TY3-grown specimens were significantly upregulated. Among the 21 identified metabolic pathways with enriched proteins, carbohydrate metabolism was the most enriched. The Carbohydrate-Active Enzyme (CAZyme) database was used to annotate 161 carbohydrate enzymes, and 67 of them were differentially expressed proteins. Carbohydrate synthetases were upregulated much more using TY3.ConclusionsTremella fuciformis grown on TY3 was verified to possess a lower ability for lignocellulose degradation (as evidenced by decreased synthesis of cellulase, xylanase, and lignin peroxidase) but a stronger ability for carbohydrate synthesis (as evidenced by increased synthesis of cellulose and hemicellulose). Our study enhances the control of polysaccharide content in T. fuciformis, thereby facilitating its processing for food applications.

Trehalose promotes polysaccharide synthesis in edible mushrooms, yet its effect on the antioxidant activity and structure of Lentinula edodes mycelium polysaccharides is still unknown. We investigated the effect of trehalose on the antioxidant activity of L. edodes polysaccharides and expression of genes related to L. edodes polysaccharide metabolism. Five g/L trehalose increased the biomass and polysaccharide content of L. edodes mycelium by over 50 % compared to the control. Trehalose increased the superoxide anion radical scavenging rate of L. edodes polysaccharides up to 80.9 %. Compared to the control, the molecular weight of polysaccharides was lower, and their glucuronic acid content was higher in the trehalose treatment. RNA-seq analysis revealed 1045 differentially expressed genes in the trehalose treatment compared to the control. Genes related to glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway, starch and sucrose metabolic pathway, and the pentose and glucuronate interconversions pathway were differentially expressed, possibly accounting for the increased polysaccharide synthesis. In summary, exogenous trehalose has potential to increase the biosynthesis and biological activity of L. edodes polysaccharides.

Abstract Ascomycetes fungi are often prone to degeneration. Agricultural production of the prized ascomycete mushroom Morchella importuna (black morel) typically suffers from reduced yield and malformed ascocarps owing to culture degeneration. This study compared M. importuna cultures subjected to five different long‐term preservation treatments, using transcriptomics and metabolomics. Avoiding repeated subculturing in combination with nutrient‐limited conditions was found to be the most beneficial method for maintaining the fruiting capability of morels. The expression of the gene sets involved in cysteine and methionine metabolism and nucleocytoplasmic transport was upregulated under nutrient‐limited and nutrient‐rich conditions, respectively. This increased expression was accompanied by differential accumulation of metabolites involved in nucleobase metabolism. Repeated subculturing triggered dissimilar changes in the functional modules under nutrient‐rich and nutrient‐limited conditions. A diverse set of cellular biochemical processes related to carbon metabolism were altered by repeated subculturing under nutrient‐rich conditions, whereas glycerophospholipid and purine metabolism were key functions affected by repeated subculturing under nutrient‐limited conditions. Altogether, metabolic alterations related to sulfur‐containing amino‐acid biosynthesis, DNA repair, and cellular structural maintenance contributed to improved preservation outcomes in terms of morel fruiting capability. Our findings contribute to a more detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms related to subculturing and fruiting of ascomycete macrofungi after long‐term preservation.

The CYP450 family members have been extensively studied in plants, where they play essential roles in metabolism, responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, and the regulation of growth and development. However, their functions in edible fungi remain largely unexplored. Flammulina filiformis, an economically important mushroom, lacks a comprehensive analysis of its CYP450 genes. Therefore, this study aims to identify and characterize the CYP450 gene family in F. filiformis at the genome-wide level, investigate their expression patterns, and explore their potential biological functions, providing valuable insights into their roles in fungal growth and adaptation. In this study, 59 CYP450 genes, categorizing into 6 distinct clades, were identified within the genome of F. filiformis. Subcellular localization predictions suggested that the majority of these CYP450 genes are located in the endomembrane system. These 59 genes were distributed randomly across 12 chromosomes. Gene duplication analysis revealed the presence of 3 pairs of tandem repeats and 3 pairs of segmental repeat genes. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 861 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in ML compared with M, and 3208 DEGs in P compared with ML. The ‘oxidoreductase activity’ category was significantly enriched in the ML vs. M and P vs. ML comparisons, with CYP450 genes being predominantly represented among the DEGs. Transcriptional expression analysis demonstrated that 4 genes exhibited the highest expression levels in the M sample, 6 genes in the ML sample, and 10 genes in the primordium. Furthermore, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that 11 genes, including HNY6_9861, HNY6_4590, HNY6_1561, HNY6_281, HNY6_12367, HNY6_8704, HNY6_9581, HNY6_8517, HNY6_11881, HNY6_9098 and HNY6_5841, exhibited an increasing trend in expression levels across the lower, middle and upper parts of the stipe in both white and yellow strains. This suggests that CYP450 genes may involved in the elongation of the stipe of F. filiformis. These results provide a foundation for further exploration of the molecular evolution mechanism and potential functions of the CYP450 genes of F. filiformis in the regulation of growth and development.

The growth of Flammulina filiformis is strongly dependent on low-temperature cues for the initiation of primordia formation. To obtain a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms that govern the mycelial response to cold stress, de novo genome sequencing of the F. filiformis monokaryon and multi-omics data (transcriptome and metabolome) analyses of the mycelia, primordia, and fruiting bodies were conducted in the present study. Genome sequencing based on PacBio HiFi and Hi-C resulted in a 36.3 Mb genome sequence that mapped to 12 chromosomes, comprising 11,886 protein-coding genes. A total of 25 cold-responsive (COR) genes and 520 cold-adapted enzymes were identified in the genome. Multi-omics analyses showed that the pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism in the mycelia under low temperature (10 °C) were significantly enriched. Further examination of the expression profiles of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) involved in carbohydrate metabolism revealed that out of 515 CAZyme genes in F. filiformis, 58 were specifically upregulated in mycelia under low-temperature conditions. By contrast, the expression levels of these genes in primordia and fruiting bodies reverted to those prior to low-temperature exposure. These indicate that CAZyme genes are important for the low-temperature adaptation of F. filiformis. This research contributes to the targeted breeding of F. filiformis.

Sarcodon and Hydnellum are two ectomycorrhizal genera of important ecological and economic value in Southwest China, and they are common in the free markets in this region. It was estimated that more than 1,500 tonnes of them were sold as edible per year, but there was little information about the taxonomic placements of these edible mushrooms sold in the markets. Traditional concepts of the two genera have also been challenged recently, and circumscription of Sarcodon and the informally defined clade “ Neosarcodon ” remained unresolved. In the present study, specimens collected in the field and purchased from the markets in Southwest China were analyzed based on morphological characters and DNA sequences. Phylogeny of the traditional Sarcodon s. lat. and Hydnellum s. lat. was reconstructed from the combined internal transcribed spacer (ITS), nuclear large ribosomal subunit (nLSU) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) dataset based on expanded samples to reevaluate the taxonomic placements of the two genera. In the present molecular analyses, four distinct clades were recovered and strongly supported: Hydnellum , Neosarcodon , Phellodon and Sarcodon . Neosarcodon is formally introduced as a generic name to include nine species previously placed in Sarcodon , and the delimitation of Sarcodon is revised based on phylogenetic and morphological studies. Phylogenetic analyses also revealed an unexpected species diversity (17 phylogenetic species) of Sarcodon and Hydnellum in the markets; nine phylogenetic species of Sarcodon and eight of Hydnellum were uncovered from the samples collected in the markets. Eight species were resolved in the traditional S. imbricatus complex, with S. imbricatus s.str. being the most common edible stipitate hydnoid fungal species. Three of the edible Hydnellum species ( H. edulium , H. subalpinum , and H. subscabrosellum ), and five separated from the S. imbricatus complex ( Sarcodon flavidus , S. giganteus , S. neosquamosus , S. nigrosquamosus , and S. pseudoimbricatus ), are described as new. Three new Chinese records ( H. illudens , H. martioflavum , and H. versipelle ), and the notable S. imbricatus and S. leucopus are also reported.

Utilising the rhizosphere microbiota as a biological control agent is a promising strategy to protect plants against pathogens, although its efficacy in fungal hosts is uncertain. This study investigated the efficacy of Pseudomonas chlororaphis, a bacterial strain, in mitigating Paecilomyces penicillatus, a soil-borne pathogenic fungus responsible for white mould disease (WMD) in cultivated morels, such as Morchella importuna. Soils with chronic WMD, inoculated with or without P. chlororaphis, were utilised for M. importuna cultivation. In P. chlororaphis-inoculated morel soil beds, P. chlororaphis colonised both the mycelial surface and ascocarp matrix of M. importuna, increasing the abundance of Morchella in soil and the α-diversity of the soil fungal community. Additionally, P. chlororaphis inoculation decreased the abundance of detrimental P. penicillatus and mitigated the WMD incidence, which correspondingly increased the morel yield. Metagenomics revealed that increasing the pseudomonads in the M. importuna mycosphere altered the functionalities of the M. importuna soil microbiota, enhancing the abundances of genes encoding chitinase and alkaline protease and reducing the abundances of genes encoding glucanase and laccase. Under P. chlororaphis inoculation, pathways associated with pathogenic invasion were under-represented in the soil microbiota. These results enhance our understanding of bacterial–fungal interactions within soil ecosystems and demonstrate the potential for disease suppression through microbiota manipulation within the fungal mycosphere. These insights may lead to innovative approaches to combat fungal pathogens and enhance the health and productivity of valuable fungal crops such as morels.

Pleurotus pulmonarius, commonly known as the mini oyster mushroom, is highly esteemed for its crisp texture and umami flavor. Limited genetic diversity among P. pulmonarius cultivars raises concerns regarding its sustainable industrial production. To delve into the maternal genetic diversity of the principal P. pulmonarius cultivars, 36 cultivars and five wild isolates were subjected to de novo sequencing and assembly to generate high-quality mitogenome sequences. The P. pulmonarius mitogenomes had lengths ranging from 69,096 to 72,905 base pairs. The mitogenome sizes of P. pulmonarius and those of other mushroom species in the Pleurotus genus showed a significant positive correlation with the counts of LAGLIDAG and GIY-YIG homing endonucleases encoded by intronic open reading frames. A comparison of gene arrangements revealed an inversion of a fragment containing atp9-nad3-nad2 between P. pulmonarius and P. ostreatus. The mitogenomes of P. pulmonarius were clustered into three distinct clades, two of which were crowded with commercial cultivars. Clade I, all of which possess an inserted dpo gene, shared a maternal origin linked to an ancestral cultivar from Taiwan. Primers were designed to target the dpo gene, potentially safeguarding intellectual property rights. The wild isolates in Clade III exhibited more divergent mitogenomes, rendering them valuable for breeding.

Edible fungi, commonly known as mushrooms, are precious medicinal and edible homologous gifts from nature to us. Edible fungal polysaccharides (EFPs) are a variety of bioactive macromolecular which isolated from fruiting bodies, mycelia or fermentation broths of edible or medicinal fungus. Increasing researches have confirmed that EFPs possess multiple biological activities both in vitro and in vivo settings, including antioxidant, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-tumor, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and regulating intestinal flora activities. As a result, they have emerged as a prominent focus in the healthcare, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Fungal EFPs have safe, non-toxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible properties with low immunogenicity, bioadhesion ability, and antibacterial activities, presenting diverse potential applications in the food industries, cosmetic, biomedical, packaging, and new materials. Moreover, varying raw materials, extraction, purification, chemical modification methods, and culture conditions can result in variances in the structure and biological activities of EFPs. The purpose of this review is to provide comprehensively and systematically organized information on the structure, modification, biological activities, and potential applications of EFPs to support their therapeutic effects and health functions. This review provides new insights and a theoretical basis for prospective investigations and advancements in EFPs in fields such as medicine, food, and new materials.

以64个毛木耳(Auricularia cornea)菌株为材料,对20个性状(6个菌丝性状、14个子实体性状)进行筛选,经表型观测、菌丝生长速度的差异显著性分析,筛选出3个菌丝性状(菌丝体胶质物、菌落背面色素和菌棒颜色)作为DUS测试性状.在14个子实体性状中,抽取2个数量性状(鲜耳片长度、宽度)进行6个取样量(20、40、60、100、150、200朵)的方差分析,发现测量结果无显著性差异,选取40朵作为子实体性状测试的取样数量.对14个子实体性状中4个数量性状(鲜耳片长度、宽度、厚度和耳片干湿比)进行变异分析,变异系数范围为16.00％～38.17％,表明各性状的遗传变异较丰富;进而进行正态性检验和频次分布分析,4个数量性状基本符合正态性分布;再比较概率分级法、传统分级法和最小显著差法3种分级方法,确定概率分级法作为4个数量性状的分级方法,性状分为3～5级.经聚类分析,在遗传相似系数为1.82时,供试菌株分为4个类群,鲜耳片腹面主要颜色是类群Ⅲ和类群Ⅳ划分的代表性状,2个类群供试菌株的占比近97％,适合做分组性状.通过以上评价分析,筛选的17个测试性状(3个菌丝性状和14个子实体性状)适合作为毛木耳品种DUS测试评价.

Brown film formation, a unique developmental stage in the life cycle of Lentinula edodes, is essential for the subsequent development of fruiting bodies in L. edodes cultivation. The pH of mushroom growth substrates are usually adjusted with hydrated lime, yet the effects of hydrated lime on cultivating L. edodes and the molecular mechanisms associated with the effects have not been studied systemically. We cultivated L. edodes on substrates supplemented with 0% (CK), 1% (T1), 3% (T2), and 5% (T3) hydrated lime (Ca (OH)2), and applied transcriptomics and qRT-PCR to study gene expression on the brown film formation stage. Hydrated lime increased polysaccharide contents in L. edodes, especially in T2, where the 5.3% polysaccharide content was approximately 1.5 times higher than in the CK. The addition of hydrated lime in the substrate promoted laccase, lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase activities, implying that hydrated lime improved the ability of L. edodes to decompose lignin and provide nutrition for its growth and development. Among the annotated 9,913 genes, compared to the control, 47 genes were up-regulated and 52 genes down-regulated in T1; 73 genes were up-regulated and 44 were down-regulated in T2; and 125 genes were up-regulated and 65 genes were down-regulated in T3. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in the amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism related pathways. The carbohydrate-active enzyme genes up-regulated in the hydrated lime treatments were mostly glycosyl hydrolase genes. The results will facilitate future optimization of L. edodes cultivation techniques and possibly shortening the production cycle.

This work is aimed to dissect the dynamic changes of aerosol microbial community in the production workshops of morel spawn and to find the environmental microbial factors affecting safe production of morel from the source of spawn production. High-throughput amplicon sequencing was used to monitor the aerosol microbial community in the inoculation room, original spawn cultivation room and cultivated spawn cultivation room during large-scale production of morel spawn. The results showed that the fungal diversity in the aerosol of the workshop increased significantly along with the increasing of amplification grade during morel-spawn production, while the bacterial diversity did not change significantly. The fungal community was dominated by Ascomycota, and the bacterial community was dominated by Proteobacteria,Firmicutes, and Actinomycetes. The bacterial communities of Pseudomonas and Lactobacillus were dominant in all types of workshops, and their proportions increased with the amplification level of morel strains. Phialemoniopsis sp. dominated the fungal communities in in all types of workshops, with the proportions over 96%. There was a very high phylogenetic relationship between Phialemoniopsis sp. and Acremonium, a potential risk factor causing morel fructification failure, indicating that it may be one of the risk ecological factors affecting morel production. Our findings provide theoretical supplementation for environmental conditions required for safe production of morel spawn.

Scorias spongiosa, a type of edible fungus, is beneficial for intestinal health. However, the mechanisms by which polysaccharides derived from S. spongiosa contribute to the integrity of the intestinal barrier have been little investigated. In the present study, 40 C57BL/6J mice were assigned into five groups: (1) Normal; (2) Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)Administration; (3) DSS + Uncapped polysaccharides; (4) DSS + Low microcapsules; (5) DSS + High microcapsules. After one week of administration of S. spongiosa polysaccharides, all mice, excluding the Normal group, had free access to the drinking water of 3.5% DSS for seven days. Serum and feces were then taken for analysis. Scanning electron microscopy analysis indicated the structure of the micro-capped polysaccharides with curcumin was completed with a rough surface, which differs from the uncapped polysaccharides. Noticeably, S. spongiosa polysaccharides enhanced intestinal barrier integrity as evidenced by increasing the protein levels of Claudin-1, ZO-1 and ZO-2. Low-capped polysaccharides mitigated the DSS-induced oxidative stress by increasing catalase (CAT) concentration and decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) concentrations. Besides, DSS treatment caused a disturbance of inflammation and the contents of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and CRP were downregulated and the contents of IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ were upregulated by S. spongiosa polysaccharides. Research on the potential mechanisms indicated that S. spongiosa polysaccharides inhibited the DSS-triggered activation of NF-κB signaling. Moreover, the JAK/STAT1 and MAPK pathways were suppressed by S. spongiosa polysaccharides in DSS-challenged mice, with Lcap showing the strongest efficacy. 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing revealed that the richness and diversity of the microbial community were reshaped by S. spongiosa polysaccharide ingestion. Therefore, our study substantiated that S. spongiosa polysaccharides exhibited protective effects against colitis mice by reshaping the intestinal microbiome and maintaining the balance of intestinal barrier integrity, antioxidant capacity and colonic inflammation through regulation of the NF-κB–STAT1–MAPK axis.

金针菇是重要的食药用菌，具有很高的经济价值。随着金针菇全基因组序列的公布、多组学分析、转基因技术、基因编辑技术的发展，越来越多的研究者开始关注金针菇重要性状（如生长速度、菌柄长度、生物活性物质含量等）相关的分子调控机制以及关键基因的发掘。本文综述了分子生物学技术在金针菇研究中的应用并分析了不同技术的利弊；同时，系统介绍了金针菇菌丝和子实体生长发育、温度应答、生物活性物质代谢、蓝光响应等重要生物学过程中调控基因的最新研究进展，并对未来金针菇分子生物学研究的方向进行了展望，旨在为我国金针菇产业的发展提供有价值的参考。