The chloroacetamide herbicide S-metolachlor (MET) is widely employed in agriculture due to its high efficacy against weeds. However, its precise action mechanism remains incompletely elucidated. This study aimed to elucidate the phytotoxic effect of the chloroacetamide herbicide S-metolachlor (MET) on rice at the transcriptomic level. Bioassay results indicated that the fresh weight inhibition rate of rice ranged from 7.7

Pyroxasulfone has been widely used to control malignant weeds in wheat fields. However, differences in pyroxasulfone tolerance across wheat varieties warrant attention owing to their potential impact on food production security. In this study, 54 wheat varieties were collected for screening, and Yunong 922 with 6.01-fold higher tolerance than Zhengmai 1354 was identified. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that Yunong 922 exhibited a significantly shorter degradation half-life of pyroxasulfone (5.03 days) than Zhengmai 1354 (7.02 days). The P450 inhibitor malathion and the glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitor NBD-Cl reduced the tolerance factor of Yunong 922 to pyroxasulfone from 6.01 to 1.44 and 1.16, respectively, with no significant difference in tolerance to pyroxasulfone compared with Zhengmai 1354. RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis was used to identify candidate genes that may confer metabolic tolerance to pyroxasulfone in wheat. Eight candidate genes (five P450 enzymes and three GSTs) exhibited significantly different expression levels between Yunong 922 and Zhengmai 1354, as validated by qRT-PCR. Pyroxasulfone tolerance in Yunong 922 is associated with the coordinated upregulation of CYP72A397, CYP72A14, and GSTDHAR1, each contributing approximately 33.7 %, 32.6 %, and 33.7 % to the dominant principal component 1 that accounts for 88.7 % of the explained variance. These results revealed that the faster degradation of pyroxasulfone observed in Yunong 922 could be linked to the higher expression of P450s and GSTs, though this relationship remains to be confirmed. This study also offers valuable insights into mechanisms underlying crop tolerance and informs the development of herbicide management strategies.

In this study, a fluorescence detection method was developed for the selective detection of Buprofezin. The protein extracted from quinoa bran was applied the carbon source, doped with diethylenetriamine as a nitrogen source to prepare the nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (NCDs) by the one-pot method. NCDs were employed to the detection of Buprofezin. Under the optimum conditions, different concentrations of Buprofezin were supplemented to the nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dot solution. The changes in fluorescence intensity were measured. In addition, the standard curve was made within a specific range as the foundation for the detection of Buprofezin in environmental water. The fluorescence intensity of NCDs decreased after Buprofezin was added, and the intensity changes were linearly associated with the Buprofezin concentration in the range of 2 ~ 64 μg·L-1 . Moreover, this method had also been used for Buprofezin detection in environmental water, with the recoveries ranging between 96.24 % and 101.83 %.

Pesticides play an irreplaceable role in ensuring increased food production and income, but the overuse of pesticides can also pose a threat to food and environmental safety. A novel dual-emission fluorescent probe was developed for the facile and accurate detection of sulfonylurea herbicides. A Fo center dot rster resonance energy transfer system, based on N-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) and thioglycolic acid-capped cadmium telluride quantum dots (TGA-CdTe QDs) as energy donor-acceptor pairs, was established using graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) as a substrate and successfully applied for the micro-detection of mesosulfuron-methyl (Mes). The CDs-CdTe/C3N4 probe exhibits emission peaks at 445 and 593 nm with strong fluorescence intensity under single-wavelength excitation. Mes was shown to significantly decrease the fluorescence intensity of each emission peak via different quenching mechanisms, and the degree of quenching was proportional to Mes concentration. The linear range of fluorescence measurement was 0-90 mu M, with limits of detection at 1.3 mu M (445 nm) and 0.8 mu M (593 nm). The dual-emission fluorescent probe exhibited excellent selectivity for Mes compared with the other eleven herbicides. The fluorescent probe has a satisfying detection performance in environmental water samples and wheat samples, and has potential application in the portable detection of pesticide residues.

以农林废弃物核桃壳为原料,采用热解法制备了多孔生物炭材料(BC).用BC吸附水中残留的农药阿特拉津,考察了吸附剂BC投加量、废水p H值、反应时间等因素对吸附过程的影响,并探究了吸附机理.结果表明:核桃壳生物炭比表面积高达489.7 m2/g,优于其它农林废弃物基生物炭;在阿特拉津农药废水的pH值为7、BC投加量为2.0 g/L、温度为318 K时,吸附540 min达到最大吸附量29.76 mg/g.吸附过程遵循伪二阶动力学方程,吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型.吸附过程中氢键作用力、π-π电子供体-受体相互作用和生物炭表面的孔隙位点起主导作用.

In this work, a new method of resonance light scattering was developed for the sensitive and selective detection of butachlor. Firstly, buckwheat was used as the main carbon source to prepare a new type of doped carbon quantum dot using the hydrothermal method. A new method for the determination of butachlor was then established by the change in resonance light scattering intensity after the addition of butachlor into the doped carbon quantum dot solution. The detection effect was successfully optimized by investigating the optimum reaction conditions. Under the optimum conditions, the resonance light scattering intensity of doped carbon quantum dots was greatly enhanced at 460 nm after the addition of butachlor, and the intensity changes were linearly correlated with the butachlor concentration in the range of 1-7 μg L-1. The detection limit was 0.136 μg L-1, and the recoveries ranged between 98.6% and 101.8%. This method was also used for butachlor detection in environmental water.

The aim of this study was to optimize the preparation process of salty enzymatic hydrolysate of wheat gluten protein and to investigate its saltiness and molecular weight. Based on single factor experiment, Box-Behnken response surface methodology was used to optimize the preparation process of salty enzymatic hydrolysate of wheat gluten protein, with taking enzyme addition, enzymatic hydrolysis pH, substrate concentration and enzymatic hydrolysis temperature as the factors, and hydrolysis degree as the index, and its saltiness was determined by electronic tongue measures; its molecular weight distributions were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that the optimal process for preparing wheat gluten protein salty enzymatic hydrolysate was substrate concentration 4.9%, enzymatic hydrolysis temperature 55.7 ℃, pH7.4, and compound enzyme addition amount 3799 U/g(protein). Under these conditions, the degree of hydrolysis of the salty wheat gluten protein hydrolysate was (33.12%±0.45%), and the difference between the measured value and the the oretical value was small, indicating that this model can be used to optimize the preparation process of the salty wheat gluten protein hydrolysate. The salty taste of the salty wheat gluten protein hydrolysate(2%) prepared by this method was (7.63±0.02), and the molecular weight distribution was mainly concentrated below 1000 Da. This study lays the foundation for further research to obtain salty wheat gluten protein peptides.

BACKGROUND S-metolachlor (MET) was used to prevent weed infestation in sorghum fields, but inappropriate application could result in phytotoxicity on sorghum. Exogenous gibberellin A(3) (GA(3)) has been applied for alleviating the phytotoxicity of MET. However, its detoxification mechanism is still not well known. RESULTS Leaf deformity of sorghum caused by 200 mg/L MET was alleviated by treating sorghum shoots with 800 mg/L GA(3), and the injury recovery rate of growth index was over 73%. More importantly, GA(3) could not accelerate the metabolic rate of MET in sorghum. The result of phytohormone metabolomics showed that endogenous GA(3) content in sorghum decreased by 78.10% with MET treatment, while abscisic acid (ABA) content increased by 120.2%, resulting in 10.3-fold increase of ABA/GA(3) ratio. Content of ABA and GA(3) increased by 11.9- and 21.1-fold with MET and GA(3) treatment, respectively, leading to ABA/GA(3) ratio restoration. Moreover, MET inhibited the expression of genes encoding key enzymes related to GA synthesis including CPS1, KO2, KAO, GA20ox1D and ABA8ox gene related to ABA metabolism. The transcription levels of GA metabolism-related genes CYP714D1 and GA2ox were up-regulated by 11.2- and 7.2-fold, while ABA synthesis-related genes NCED and ZEP were up-regulated by 8.0- and 3.0-fold, respectively, with MET and GA(3) treatment. Conclusion In this study, exogenous GA(3) protecting sorghum shoots from MET phytotoxicity was due to supplement the MET-induced GA(3) deficiency by absorbing exogenous GA(3), and restore homeostasis of ABA and GA(3) by promoting ABA synthesis, which provides novel insights for mechanism of GA(3) alleviating MET phytotoxicity. (c) 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

为获得球形化高氯酸铵(AP),利用重力法测试了 AP在水中的溶解度,采用Vant't Hoff方程和Apelblat方程对溶解度数据进行拟合,建立溶解度模型;采用冷却结晶法制备了球形化AP晶体,分析了结晶液初始质量分数、搅拌速率、降温速率及养晶时间对产品形貌及粒度分布的影响;分别对非球形AP原料和球形化AP样品进行了吸湿性能、松散堆积密度、流散性、热稳定性的表征.结果表明,AP在水中的溶解度随着温度的升高而增加,Apelblat方程和Vant't Hoff方程的R2接近于1,且MAPD均小于3％;最佳冷却结晶工艺为:搅拌速率为230r/min,结晶液初始质量分数为35％,降温速率为0.5℃/min,养晶时间为3h;球形化AP样品的吸湿性能、松散堆积密度、流散性、热稳定性相比于非球形AP原料有明显改善.

In this study, we synthesized simple, cheap, and stable nitrogen (N)-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) from Moringa oleifera roots. The N-CQDs exhibited an intense blue fluorescence and a quantum yield (QY) of up to 43.4%. When excited at 350 nm, the highest generated wavelength was observed at 445 nm. These N-CQDs were then successfully used to detect sulcotrione (limit of detection = 2 μg/mL); the method was reliable and exhibited good feasibility for measurements in real samples. When the N-CQDs concentration was 11.0 μL/mL, inhibitory rates against the pathogens, Corynespora cassiicola and Phytophtora nicotianae were 82.8% and 75.3%, respectively. To investigate N-CQDs safety for plant growth, different concentrations were investigated using sorghum seedlings, with N-CQDs exhibiting very low toxicity toward plant growth. Thus, these findings provide a basis for the development of N-CQDs as green pesticides.

This research aims to investigate and compare interaction mechanisms between glutenin (Glu)/gliadin (Gli) and chlorogenic acid (CA)/luteolin (LU) at pH7.0, as well as its impacts on the structure of Glu/Gli and antioxidant activity of CA/LU. CA/LU strongly quenched the fluorescence of Glu/Gli in a static mode, and fluorescence quenching of Glu/Gli by CA was stronger than that of LU. Binding constant (Ka) of CA and Glu was the largest among four mixed systems. The isothermal titration calorimetry also confirmed that Ka were declined in the order of Glu-CA, Gli-CA, Glu-LU and Gli-LU, and the main forces were hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic force. Synchronous fluorescence demonstrated the interaction sites of CA/LU with Glu/Gli were close to Tyr and Trp residues, respectively. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectra manifested CA had a greater impact on conformation of Glu/Gli. Meanwhile, secondary structure analysis displayed that CA made the structure of Glu/Gli disordered, whereas LU made the structure of Glu/Gli more compact. Furthermore, CA/LU reduced the surface hydrophobicity of Glu/Gli. This interaction displayed a synergistic antioxidant effect, and the synergistic effect was stronger in CA-Glu and CA-Gli. Therefore, these findings suggest that interaction mechanisms and the effect of CA/LU on structure of Glu/Gli are significant different.

《药物合成反应》 是制药工程的专业基础课程.在教学过程中,经常出现学生学习积极性差,学习效果差等问题.为了提高教学质量和培养高素质的制药工程专业性人才,精选教学内容,改善授课形式和以反应机理为主线贯穿授课过程等对药物合成反应的课堂教学进行改革;结合指导教师的研究课题,对药物合成反应课程进行实验教学的改革.

The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in protein, antioxidant activity, and starch of two varieties of green wheat and wheat in vitro simulated digestion. The experiment was used a new in vitro simulated digestion process which was closer to the body’s digestive system. The protein utilization of green wheat in the beginning of digestion was lower than that of wheat. However, in the intestinal stage, it was slightly higher than wheat to reach. The total phenolic, flavonoid content and DPPH radical scavenging power of green wheat were about twice that of wheat. The antioxidant activity of green wheat was stronger than that of wheat. Although the glucose content of green wheat was higher than wheat, the GI of green wheat (52–54) was always much lower than wheat (65–71). Therefore, the appropriate replacement of wheat with green wheat as the main food is more conducive to the absorption of nutrients, the use of antioxidant activity and the regulation of blood glucose.

Chiral 1,2-diols with a high yield could be directly prepared from asymmetric di-hydroxylation of olefins via an eco-friendly and enduring catalyst, in which abundant "chiral pools" of polyoxometalate-ionic liquid were target-designed into the silicic framework (POM-ILS) and well stabilized in aqueous media.

Derivatives of oxazine dyes were synthesized on mulitigram scales via efficient synthetic strategies. One practical route was selected to prepare compounds 6, 9 and 10, especially water-soluble compound 6 was obtained in better yield than reported, and compound 10 was insoluble in aqueous media in absence of phenolic-OH. Compounds 3 and 9 were found to be clear pH-dependent between pH = 4.0 and 10.0, and could be used as acid-base indicators to measure intracellular pH. Compounds 6, 9, 10 all have carboxylic acid functionalities, which could be activated and used to conjugate the dyes to biomolecules. In addition, compounds 6 and 9 with good solubility in aqueous media were used to develop a simple, quick, safe, highly sensitive staining method to detect PHAs-producing bacteria on heat-fixed smears, which was confirmed by fluorescence images of PHAs granules of bacteria.

The polymerisable fluorescent monomer, allyl carbazole, was synthesized from carbazole and characterized using FT-IR spectra, H-1 NMR and fluorescence spectra. Using allyl carbazole as fluorescent dye, carboxyl polystyrene fluoresent microspheres, polyacrylamide fluorescent microspheres and polystyrene fluoresent microspheres with sulfonic groups with narrow particle size were prepared by dispersion polymerization. These fluorescent microspheres were characterized by SEM, fluorescence microscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, the conductivity, fluorescence spectrophotometry and UV-vis spectrometer. The results indicated that the three kinds of fluorescent microspheres with good dispersion and stability and high blue fluorescence intensity were obtained. And carboxyl groups, sulfonic groups and amino groups were successfully introduced on the surface, whose contents were approximately 45, 90 and 60 mu mol g(-1), respectively. Furthermore, the characteristics of allyl carbazole should be maintained in the fluorescent microspheres, the difference of the spectra between fluorescent microspheres and allyl carbazole in ethanol and toluene were also proved.

分别以尿素、氨水、二乙烯三胺、多乙烯多胺为氮源,绿色廉价的白菜为碳源,采用水热法合成氮掺杂的蓝色荧光碳量子点,结果表明多乙烯多胺氮掺杂碳量子点(NCDs)荧光量子产率最高为53.3％.然后将NCDs作为荧光探针应用于荧光微球制备和Fe3+检测方面,以三聚氰胺甲醛(MF)为载体,合成了氨基化MF荧光微球;基于Fe3+对NCDs良好的荧光猝灭效应,建立了一种荧光测定Fe3+的方法,并对NCDs和MF荧光微球的结构和性能进行表征.结果表明,NCDs的荧光性能得到了显著的改善;MF荧光微球单分散性好、荧光性能好且稳定,在生物医学领域方面有重要的应用价值;NCDs对Fe3+具有单一选择性,Fe3+浓度在0～2μmol/L内与NCDs的荧光猝灭程度呈良好的线性关系(R2=0.9945),检出限为0.035μmol/L.将该体系应用于实际水样中Fe3+的测定,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)在1.42％～3.02％内,加标回收率在98.7％～104.5％之间.该体系对Fe3+检测灵敏性好、选择性高以及抗干扰性强,在离子分析检测方面有潜在的应用前景.

A facile and economical hydrothermal method was developed for the preparation of highly luminescent NCDs by using cabbage juice as carbon source and PP as nitrogen source. The fluorescence intensity of CA-NCDs was quenched by Fe3+ with high sensitivity and selectivity.