The amination of 1,4-benzoquinone monoxime and 5-(hydroximino)quinoline-8(5H)-one with diamines H2N-R-NH2 [R = -(CH2)2-; -(CH2)4-; and trans-cyclohexane-1,4-diyl] gave the corresponding N,N'-bis(4-nitrosophenyl)diamines and N,N'-bis(5-nitrosoquinolin-8-yl)diamines. Stable alkane- and cycloalkanediammonium salts of 1,4-benzoquinone monooxime and 5-(hydroximino)quinolin-8(5H)-one were synthesized.

According to the literature data, a significant number of hereditary syndromes associated with neuro-ophthalmological pathology have been identified. This article discusses the results of the examination of two sisters, 28 and 23 years old, with visual impairments and neurological pathology. The manifestation of the same type of symptoms and clinical manifestations in members of the same family is most likely hereditary and is subject to extended genetic research. The combination of pituitary adenoma, cerebellar ataxia, and congenital atrophy of the optic nerves in members of the same family in the framework of differential diagnosis with other hereditary syndromes is described in the Russian literature for the first time. Key words: family forms of pituitary adenoma, hereditary genetic syndromes, neuro-ophthalmological pathology

About 12 thousand surgeries for eyeball removal are performed every year in the Russian Federation. Formation of the supporting stump and implantation of the proper orbital implant is essential for successful cosmetic prosthesis.PURPOSE:Comparison of materials biocompatibility, design of different orbital implants and morphological condition of formed postenucleation stumps in an in vivo experiment.MATERIAL AND METHODS:In the course of the study 24 rabbits were operated, divided into three comparable groups. Enucleation with primary implantation of an orbital implant was performed in all subjects. The following implants were used: polymeric orbital implant - in the main (experimental) group, polytetrafluorethylene insertion implant - in the control group 1, and silicone endoprosthesis - in the control group 2. We assessed features of the implantation process, implant design, general condition of the operated animals, condition of the postenucleation stumps, passive motility of the stumps, and reaction of the surrounding tissues to the implants.RESULTS:Performed surgeries did not negatively affect the general condition of the rabbits, and there was no significant local tissue reaction to the implants. The structural and design features of the implants used in the main group were found to be more convenient for implantation, ensured stable fixation and position in the orbit. Postenucleation stump motility was comparable in all groups during the early postoperative period. This parameter decreased at later follow-up times mostly in the control group 2. When extracting the implants, it was revealed that in the main group it had secure fixation to the orbital tissues and stable position, did not cause abundant proliferation of connective tissue. Pathomorphological examination revealed that tissue reaction to the implants was less prominent and was reversed soon with fine connective tissue capsule formation in the main group and control group 2. In the control group 1 tissue reaction increased progressively, and capsule formation was delayed.CONCLUSION:Polymeric implant is the most suitable orbital implant for postenucleation orbital reconstruction.

Currently, there is a wide range of antiglaucoma drugs. Ophthalmologists are faced with the task of choosing certain drugs and their combinations for specific patients. In this regard, studies aimed at studying the effectiveness of treatment, not only in terms of IOP indicators and instrumental research methods, but also in terms of the choice of a particular type of therapy by ophthalmologists, are of great interest. Purpose: to analyze the data obtained in the course of the study of the Russian multicenter scientific program: “Analysis of the assortability of ophthalmologists when choosing therapy within the framework of routine medical care in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG)”. The large-scale statistical study carried out was based on the study of 197 medical questionnaires from 61 cities of Russia, containing information on 6851 clinical cases. Doctors were asked to fill out a questionnaire based on the results of treatment (at least 2 months), taking into account the following criteria: satisfaction with treatment, adherence to treatment, accessibility, tolerability and ease of use of drugs. Evaluated the use of 5 antiglaucoma drugs of the company Sentiss Russ, belonging to different pharmacological groups: Prolatan (latanoprost), Bimatan (bimatoprost), Brinex-M (brinzolamide); Tisoptan (bimatoprost / timolol maleate), Brinarga (brinzolamide / timolol maleate). During the study, patients were divided into 6 groups depending on the drug used, and also into 3 groups depending on the stage of primary POAG. The data obtained indicate a statically high level of average values when using the point system of all the above criteria when using these drugs. When analyzing the degree of convenience and the level of tolerance of drugs, a tendency towards a decrease in the average scores of these indicators in patients with advanced stage of glaucoma was noted, which may be due to the long-term use of antiglaucoma therapy in this category of patients with changes in the ocular surface. 98.25% of doctors expressed their intention to continue prescribing antiglaucoma drugs from Sentiss Russ.

На сегодня известно, что биодеградируемые конструкции на основе фиброина шелка могут использоваться в качестве безопасного носителя биологически активных веществ и лекарственных препаратов. При этом последние исследования показали, что глиальный нейротрофический фактор является одним из необходимых факторов роста, участвующих в восстановлении роговичной ткани. Однако не изучен способ восстановления роговичных повреждений при помощи биодеградируемых конструкций на основе фиброина шелка, содержащих глиальный нейротрофический фактор, что объяснило цель данного исследования. Цель: изучить особенности восстановления роговичных повреждений при помощи биодеградируемых конструкций на основе фиброина шелка, содержащих глиальный нейротрофический фактор. Материалы и методы: Исследование проводилось на половозрелых самцах мышей линии C57BL/6. У животных формировали модель повреждения роговицы. В ходе эксперимента у мышей на 1-е, 3-и и 5-е сутки после повреждения проводили анализ площади эпителиального дефекта роговицы для оценки интенсивности регенеративного процесса. Результаты: установлено, что интенсивность регенеративного процесса была выше в группах мышей с применением биодеградируемых конструкций на основе фиброина шелка, содержащих глиальный нейротрофический фактор, по сравнению с контрольной группой. Выводы: Применение биодеградируемых конструкций на основе фиброина шелка, содержащих глиальный нейротрофический фактор, стимулирует процесс восстановления роговичной ткани после моделированного повреждения. Background: Today it is well known that biodegradable materials based on silk fibroin can be used as safe carriers of biologically active substances and drugs. At the same time, recent studies have shown that glial neurotrophic factor is one of the essential growth factors involved in corneal tissue regeneration. However, the method of restoring corneal damage with biodegradable materials based on silk fibroin containing glial neurotrophic factor has not been developed. Aim: To study pathogenetic features of corneal damage repair with biodegradable structures based on silk fibroin containing glial neurotrophic factor. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on mature male C57BL/6 mice, in which corneal damage was modeled. During the experiment, the area of the epithelial corneal defect was assessed for the intensity of the regenerative process on days 1, 3, and 5 after injury. Results: In the groups of mice where biodegradable structures based on silk fibroin containing glial neurotrophic factor were used, the intensity of the regenerative process was higher compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The use of biodegradable structures based on silk fibroin containing glial neurotrophic factor stimulates the process of corneal tissue regeneration after corneal damage.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is widely used in ophthalmological practice. The review presents the results of OCT in patients with somatotropin-producing pituitary adenoma, or somatotropinoma, which is a hormone-active tumor of the adenohypophysis, characterized by excessive production of somatotropic hormone (STH). It stimulates the secretion of type I insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I). The mechanisms of STH action (pro-angiogenic action, stimulation endothelial cell proliferation and migration, development of endothelial dysfunction and retinal edema) requires much attention to the results of examination of patients with somatotropinomas using modern diagnostic methods, such as OCT.

A case with ophthalmological manifestations of two genetically determined diseases in one patient with a progressive decrease in visual functions is considered. The clinical picture and modern diagnostic methods necessary for the clinical diagnosis are reflected. The rare occurrence of combinations of congenital diseases of the cornea and optic nerve disc requires special attention during ophthalmological examination. Key words: corneal dystrophy, comorbidity, inherited diseases, optic nerve atrophy, optic disc drusen.

Corneal injury due to ocular trauma or infection is one of the most challenging vision impairing pathologies. The aim of the work was to study the effect of biodegradable silk fibroin-based scaffolds containing GDNF on the corneal regeneration process. During cultivate the highest keratocytes proliferative activity was registered with scaffolds containing 250 ng/ml and 500 ng/ml GDNF. In mice with an experimental model of epithelial-stromal damage to the cornea, silk fibroin-based scaffolds containing GDNF in various concentrations were used (in groups 1, 2 and 3 silk fibroin-based scaffolds containing GDNF in a concentration of 50 ng/ml, 250 ng/ml and 500 ng/ml, respectively; in group 4 - silk fibroin-based scaffolds without GDNF; in group 5 - a solution of GDNF with concentration of 500 ng/ml; group 6- control). The area of the corneal epithelial defect in groups 2, 3, and 5 was less than in the other groups. The most pronounced positive immunohistochemical reaction with antibodies to Bcl2, Bax, phosphoERK1/2 and phospho-JNK1/2, Ki67, Gap43 was observed in groups 2 and 3. Thus, silk fibroin-based scaffolds with GDNF stimulate the epithelialization process, proliferative activity of epithelial cells and keratocytes, accelerate the formation of the stromal nerve plexus and exhibit anti-apoptotic activity.

The emergence of fundamentally novel technological solutions in the field of gene therapy today, the formation of the priority and the development of genetic technologies create serious prerequisites for the beginning of a new Fusion era in ophthalmology in the near future. This review, in its second part, presents the results of fundamental and clinical studies on the use of genetic therapeutic strategies – gene replacement, gene suppression, genomic editing using CRISPR / Cas9 technology which have been used in ophthalmology over the past several years.

In recent years, the range of combined narcotic drugs has widened. New chemical modifications have emerged, including so-called designer drugs, whose action on the body and in particular on the state of vision is increasingly difficult to determine. While the problem of drug abuse is growing drastically, timely detection of a possible toxic damage to the eye induced by drugs and reliable diagnosis differentiating such damage from other etiologies becomes a topical practical issue. The paper presents a clinical case of poppers maculopathy (poppers being a slang name of aromatic volatile alkyl nitrite compounds). Ophthalmological manifestations and differential diagnostic criteria of the damage are described. The mechanisms of action and possible treatment methods are discussed.

Purpose. Study the thickness of periapillary retina, ganglion cell complex and optic disc parameters in patients with nonarteritised anterior ischemic optic neuropathy using the spectral OCT angiography. Material and Methods. We examined 17 people (17 eyes) with unilateral non-arteritised anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (no more than 30 days from the appearance of complaints), the average age was 64.1±8.1 years. The control group consisted of 37 volunteers. All the subjects were treated with spectral OCT angiography on RTVue XR Avanti device (Optovue Inc., USA). Results. In patients with non-arteritised anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, compared to the control group, there was a statistically significant increase in the average thickness of periapillary retina nerve fiber layer from 136 to 403 µm, an increase in optic disc area and neuroretinal belt (p < 0.0001) and the absence of cupping (Cup Volume = 0). A decrease in average thickness of ganglion cell complex was found in 8 out of 17 patients, while all patients showed increases in FLV (p=0.008) and GLV (p=0.036). A direct correlation relationship between FLV (r=0.64; p<0.05) and GLV (r=0.51; p<0.05) was found, as well as a moderate negative correlation relationship between uncorrected visual acuity (r=-0.58; p<0,05), moderate direct correlation relationship between average thickness of periapillary retina nerve fiber layer and thickness of ganglion cell complex (r=0.68; p<0,05), and high inverse correlation relationship between FLV (r=-0.77; p<0,05) and GLV (r=-0.76; p<0,05). Conclusion. A comprehensive analysis of thickness of periapillary retina nerve fiber layer and parameters of ganglion cell complex using spectral OCT angiography may allow for a more accurate detection of early retinal structural abnormalities and the timely commencement of conservative therapy to preserve functional parameters. Key words: spectral OCT angiography, anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, ganglion cell complex, optic disc.

Purpose. To carry out a comparative analysis of results in the treatment of the circumscribed choroidal hemangioma (CCH) by methods of diode-laser transpupillary thermotherapy and brachytherapy. Material and methods. The data of treatment of 185 patients (185 eyes) with circumscribed choroidal hemangioma were analyzed, previously the patients were divided into groups by type of treatment. For the comparative analysis, the groups were standardized by tumor thickness, length of the base, tumor localization, follow-up period, initial visual acuity, frequency of detectable retinal detachment. As a result, the group of diode-laser thermotherapy consisted of 54, and the group of brachytherapy – 33 individuals. Results. After the treatment, the average visual acuity after treatment in the group of transpupillary thermotherapy was significantly higher (0.47) than in the group of brachytherapy (0.2) (p=0.0004). It was noted that the improvement of visual acuity after transpupillary thermotherapy was achieved in 27 (53%) cases more often than after brachytherapy – in 5 cases (15%) (p=0.01 χ 2 criterion). Each of the treatment types led to the resorption of the subretinal transudate and the reposition of the detached retina in all cases. In the evaluation of changes in average visual acuity before and after the treatment in each group, there were noted statistically significant differences in the group of transpupillary thermotherapy (0.33 before the treatment, 0.47 after the treatment; p=0.046) and their absence in the group of brachytherapy (0.22 before treatment, 0.2 after treatment; p=0.7). Conclusion. Diode laser transpupillary thermotherapy leads to better functional results compared with brachytherapy. Taking into consideration the absence of surgical trauma in transpupillary thermotherapy and an increased risk of complications in brachytherapy, the priority in the choice of a treatment method for CCH should be given to transpupillary thermotherapy.

Recovery and preservation of visual functions during compression in the chiasm-sellar region is possible in the case of early diagnosis of pathology and timely surgical decompression. Today optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the retina is one of the most informative methods for diagnosing pathology of the retina and optic nerve. It can, due to the presence of early diagnostic criteria, promptly detect the compression in the chiasm-sellar region and expand the indications for surgical treatment. The literature review presents the results of optical coherent tomography (OCT) of the retina during compression in the chiasm-sellar region. An analysis of literature data revealed that in patients with chiasmatic compression, the thickness of the nerve fiber layer in the peripapillary and macular areas decreases, the thickness of the macular complex, consisting of the retinal ganglion cell layer and the inner plexiform layer, decreases. Also, there is a change in the value of asymmetry between the GCC thickness indices in the nasal and temporal halves of the macular region. It has been established that a decrease in the thickness index of a macular complex may precede changes in the visual field. According to the results of single studies, a correlation was found between the parameters of the peripapillary RNFL thickness and the the internal capillary retinal plexus density in the same areas. The results of literature sources’s analysis are summarized in the table by the parameters studied, the OCT model; etiology, treating methods and the results of the OCT study. Despite the results obtained, the early specific and sensitive OCT diagnostic criteria for chiasmatic compression have not yet been developed. In addition, a change in the thickness of GCC and RNFL can also be observed in the absence of chiasmatic compression in certain types of tumors and in the presence of comorbidities (arterial hypertension). In this regard, it is necessary to conduct further studies that will reveal the informative OСT-diagnostic criteria for compression in the chiasm-sellar region, develop diagnostic algorithms taking into account the type of tumor, the presence of concomitant pathology. Early diagnostic criteria for chiasmatic compression will expand the indications and improve the result of surgical treatment of patients.

The literature review presents the results of a static perimetry for the study of the visual field in patients with compression in the chiasm-sellar region on the Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer (HFA) and Octopus. These models of perimeters are recognized as the “gold standard” and are most widely used in the global ophthalmic practice. The analysis of research results using traditional and function-specific perimetry with selective stimulation of the magnocellular and koniocellular (frequency-doubling technology perimetry, FDT; short-wavelength automated perimetry, SWAP) visual pathways was performed. The literature data analysis allows us to conclude that the static perimetry for the study of the visual field in patients with chiasmatic compression is carried out quite widely and is informative. But despite this, there are no generally accepted recommendations on the use of certain testing strategies and programs for the diagnosis and further dynamic observation of changes in the visual field in patients with this pathology. In this regard, it is advisable to conduct further studies that will allow the formation of standard perimetric protocols for diagnosing and monitoring visual field defects in patients with compression in the chiasm-sellar region based on a comparative analysis of the diagnostic informativity of various strategies and programs.

В обзоре представлено описание патофизиологических механизмов герпесвирусной инфекции. Согласно данным медицинской статистики, вирусом простого герпеса 1 типа инфицировано большинство населения планеты. В развивающихся странах данный вирус является ведущей инфекционной причиной поражения роговицы. Также вирусу простого герпеса 1 типа отводится роль одного из факторов, приводящих к отторжению трансплантата роговицы. Вышеописанные патологические явления сопряжены с перестройкой клеточных систем в ответ на вирусное воздействие. Недавние открытия в данной области обнаружили значительный вклад трансмембранных и эндосомальных Toll-подобных рецепторов во врожденный противовирусный клеточный ответ. Показано, что эндосомальные Toll-подобные рецепторы 3 типа экспрессируются в кератоцитах только после их фенотипического перехода в фибробласты. Данная трансформация обычно происходит в результате механических и патогенных воздействий на роговицу. Изменение рецепторного состава клеток в ответ на герпесвирусную инвазию вызывает выработку интерферонов 1 типа - интерферона-альфа, интерферона-бета, и синтезу провоспалительных цитокинов, что приводит к вирусной деконтаминации. This review describes pathophysiological mechanisms of herpes virus infection in cornea cells. It has been previously reported that herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infects most of the world’s population. In developing countries, HSV-1 is the leading infectious cause of corneal damage. Also, herpes simplex virus type 1 was assigned the role of one of the factors leading to rejection of the corneal transplant. These pathological phenomena are associated with restructuring of cellular systems in response to viral exposure. Recent discoveries have revealed a significant contribution of transmembrane and endosomal Toll-like receptors to the innate antiviral cell response. It is well known that endosomal Toll-like receptors-3 are expressed in keratocytes only after their phenotypic transformation to fibroblasts. This transformation usually occurs as a result of mechanical or infectious impact on the cornea. Changes in the receptor composition of cells as a response to herpes virus invasion is the main cause of type 1 interferons (interferon-alpha and interferon-beta) production and expression of proinflammatory cytokines, which leads to viral decontamination.

Corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) is a procedure that aims to halt the progression of corneal ectasia in keratoconic eyes. It is achieved by inducing cross-links in the corneal stroma and extracellular matrix by exposing it to ultraviolet-A (370 nm) irradiation while it is filled with photosensitizer (riboflavin). According to the conventional protocol, the recommended de-epithelialized corneal thickness should be higher than 400 μm in order to avoid radiation damage to the corneal endothelium. However, in progressive keratoconus, corneal thickness is often close to or lower than this threshold of 400 μm, which limits the application of cross-linking for these patients. The present article reviews the different protocols of cross-linking for thin corneas, their advantages and disadvantages. At present, clinical research on modified cross-linking protocols is still limited due to the methodology and a low number of patients involved. Thus, comparative randomized controlled studies with long-term follow-up are necessary to confirm the safety and effectiveness of several CXL protocols and identify the most efficient one.