This study investigated the mechanisms underlying the differences in soil microecological restoration mediated by Cyperus malaccensis and Phragmites australis in coastal wetland soils at different remediation durations. We analyzed soil chemistry, enzyme activity, and microbial communities at three depths (0–20 cm, 20–40 cm, 40–60 cm) in C. malaccensis, P. australis, and unvegetated tidal flat plots at 8 and 16 years after remediation. C. malaccensis enriched a predominantly bacterial microbial community, with nitrogen content in its topsoil increasing with remediation duration. P. australis tended to enrich fungal communities, focusing on long-term improvement of deeper soil layers. Microbial community assembly was primarily controlled by stochastic processes (βNTI < 2), but P. australis plots maintained higher functional diversity. Co-occurrence network analysis indicated C. malaccensis promoted modular structure of the bacterial community and enhanced stability, while P. australis optimized fungal functional cooperation and improved deep soil nutrient cycling efficiency. Different vegetation types drive soil microecological restoration via distinct plant-soil feedback pathways: C. malaccensis improves topsoil fertility through bacteria-dominated synergies for short-term nutrient enhancement, whereas P. australis strengthens deep soil function and long-term stability via deep-root-mediated fungal regulation. Thus, introducing suitable native vegetation in coastal wetland restoration regulates plant–microbe interactions, accelerating and optimizing soil ecological restoration more effectively than natural tidal flat succession.

Detection and removal of floating objects are crucial for water pollution control and the development of sustainable aquatic ecosystems. While unmanned platforms offer a promising solution, their limited computational resources, coupled with complex background interference (e.g., illumination, reflection), make accurate and efficient detection of small objects a major challenge. To overcome this challenge, we propose the SG-YOLO model, a novel lightweight model that excels in complex scenes and small object detection. Our approach incorporates three key innovations to address the core challenges: A lightweight cross-channel architecture combining heavily parameterized convolutions and an attention mechanism to enhance feature representation and robustness to complex interferences. The introduction of SPD-Conv and a specially designed SG-C2f module to comprehensively preserve and refine the feature details of small objects and prevent them from being lost in deep networks. A detection head with multi-scale feature fusion to enhance scale invariance and improve the accuracy and efficiency of small object detection. Extensive experiments on the IWHR_AI_Lable_Floater_V1 and FLOW-IMG datasets demonstrate that SG-YOLO achieves mAP@0.5 accuracy of 91.8 and 84.2

In this study, biochar was prepared from Flammulina velutipes residues, and then loaded with Bacillus megaterium YZS-M06, to construct a composite material (BCB treatment) with synergistic remediation function. The improvement effect of this material on coastal sandy soil and its regulatory mechanism on the growth of Ipomoea pes-caprae were investigated. The findings demonstrated that F. velutipes residue-based biochar loaded with B. megaterium YZS-M06 (BCB) exerted a pronounced synergistic effect on the amelioration of chemical properties in coastal sandy land. After 30 days of cultivation, BCB treatment significantly increased soil total nitrogen (0.65 g/kg), total potassium (12.89 g/kg), and available potassium (81.75 mg/kg), as well as urease and phosphatase activities by 221

Aims:Long-term Eucalyptus cultivation causes soil degradation, yet the vertical stratification of soil physicochemical properties and its impact on the vertical succession of microbial communities remain poorly understood. This study aimed to clarify the effects of long-term Eucalyptus planting on the vertical succession of soil properties and microbial communities. Methods:This study investigated first-rotation (5-year, E1) and third-rotation (21-year, E3) E. grandis × urophylla plantations, with mixed Cunninghamia lanceolata and Pinus massoniana forest serving as the control (CK). Soil samples from 0 to 20 cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm layers were collected to explore vertical variations in soil physicochemical properties, enzyme activities and microbial communities. Results:Total potassium (TK) content was significantly higher in the third-rotation plantation (E3) than in the control (CK), and increased with soil depth across all plantation types. Available phosphorus and organic carbon first rose briefly then declined overall, and both decreased with soil depth. Urease, acid phosphatase and sucrase activities declined obviously with stand aging and increasing soil depth. Bacterial α-diversity declined initially, then recovered and reached its peak in the E3 topsoil. Microbial community structure changed greatly; dominant microbes showed distinct age- and depth-dependent distribution patterns. Plantation age positively affected soil pH and total potassium but negatively reduced aggregate stability. Conclusion:Successive Eucalyptus planting altered soil physicochemical and enzymatic profiles, and reshaped the vertical microbial community structure.

IntroductionAgainst the background of excessive application of chemical pesticides, which has caused the imbalance of soil microecosystems and the aggravation of pathogen resistance, the control of soil-borne diseases such as peanut bacterial wilt has become a major challenge in agricultural production. The traditional management mode relying on chemical pesticides is not only unsustainable, but also increasingly reveals its limitations.MethodsThis study explores the effects of Bacillus velezensis M03 on enhancing peanut stress resistance and optimizing soil microecology, systematically evaluating its ability to improve peanut resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum.ResultsIt showed that B. velezensis M03 significantly inhibited the occurrence and spread of R. solanacearum, reducing the incidence of bacterial wilt from 50.00% to 16.67% three days after inoculation, with a disease index inhibition rate of 74.99%. B. velezensis M03 significantly increased the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT enzymes in peanut leaves, reduced MDA content, enhanced reactive oxygen species scavenging capacity, and mitigated membrane lipid peroxidation damage. B. velezensis M03 promoted soil nutrient transformation, significantly increasing the contents of nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, and available sulfur, enhancing the activities of key soil enzymes such as phosphatase and urease, and optimizing nutrient availability. Microbial community analysis showed that B. velezensis M03 effectively inhibited the proliferation of R. solanacearum, promoted the enrichment of beneficial bacteria such as Streptomyces and Trichoderma, restored the bacterial network structure and modularity, and enhanced the functional stability of the microbial community.DiscussionB. velezensis M03 significantly enhanced the systemic resistance of peanuts to bacterial wilt by synergistically regulating plant physiological resistance, soil nutrient cycling, and microbial community structure, providing a theoretical basis and technical support for the microbial control of soil-borne diseases.

This study examined the impact of endophytic bacterial cultures, isolated from Phyllostachys edulis, on the bacterial communities within the P. edulis rhizome roots and rhizosphere, as well as on soil chemical properties. The mixed microbial cultures consisting of four strains was applied to experimental plots (low-yield forests). Seven rhizome roots samples were collected from P. edulis shoots at 0, 3, and 6 months: both treated and untreated samples were included at each time point. Similarly, seven rhizosphere soil samples were taken from P. edulis shoots at the same intervals, with treated and untreated samples at each time point. These samples were analyzed to assess changes in the rhizome roots endophytic and rhizosphere bacterial communities, as well as shifts in soil nutrient availability and chemical properties. The results indicated that after rarefaction to 93,259 sequences per sample, OTU-based (97

IntroductionPlant physiology response and adaptation to drought stress has become a hotspot in plant ecology and evolution. Cotoneaster multiflorus possesses high ecological, ornamental and economic benefits. It has large root system and tolerance to cold, drought and poor soil. Therefore, C. multiflorus is considered as one of the most important tree species for ecological restoration in arid and semi-arid areas. However, little is known about the physiological mechanisms, molecular mechanisms and drought strategies of how C. multiflorus responds to drought stress. Therefore, exploring the physiological response mechanisms, molecular mechanisms and adaptive strategies of C. multiflorus in response to drought is important for its growth in arid and semi-arid regions.MethodsWe investigated the response and coupling mechanisms of water status, photosynthetic properties and chloroplast fluorescence parameters in C. multiflorus in response to drought and rehydrated after drought, especially the importance of nocturnal sap flow and nocturnal water refilling to maintain its own water balance in response to drought stress. In addition, we studied the stress response of C. multiflorus transcriptome factors, and we also discussed drought adaptation strategies of C. multiflorus.ResultsC. multiflorus adapted to drought stress by a series of structural and physiological mechanisms, such as promoting closing stomata, increasing nocturnal sap flow. When rehydrated after undergoing severe drought stress, its physiological activities such as photosynthesis, water status, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and other physiological activities have rapidly resumed. This showed C. multiflorus had strong tolerance to drought. In addition, water status, photosynthetic characteristics, and chloroplast fluorescence parameters of C. multiflorus were highly coupled. Nocturnal sap flow and nocturnal water refilling were very important for C. multiflorus to maintain its own water balance in response to drought stress. Finally, C. multiflorus will strengthen the drought defense mechanism by gene regulation of various metabolisms, such as promoting stomatal closure, reducing transpiration water loss, and vigorously regulating water balance. C. multiflorus responded to drought stress by avoiding or reducing water deficit in plant organs and tissues. Therefore, the shrub C. multiflorus is a drought-tolerant plant.DiscussionWe explored the response mechanisms of water status, photosynthetic characteristics, and chloroplast fluorescence parameters of C. multiflorus in drought and rehydrated after drought stress, especially the response mechanisms of nocturnal sap flow and nocturnal water refilling in response to drought stress, and identified the physiological coupling mechanisms, molecular mechanisms and drought types of C. multiflorus in response to drought.

IntroductionArid and semi-arid regions are climate-sensitive areas, which account for about 40% of the world’s land surface area. Future environment change will impact the environment of these area, resulting in a sharp expansion of arid and semi-arid regions. Cotoneaster multiflorus is a multi-functional tree species with extreme cold, drought and barren resistance, as well as ornamental and medicinal functions. It was found to be one of the most important tree species for ecological restoration in arid and semi-arid areas. However, bioclimatic factors play an important role in the growth, development and distribution of plants. Therefore, exploring the response pattern and ecological adaptability of C. multiflorus to future climate change is important for the long-term ecological restoration of C. multiflorus in arid and semi-arid areas.MethodsIn this study, we predicted the potential distribution of C. multiflorus in China under different climate scenarios based on the MaxEnt 2.0 model, and discussed its adaptability and the major factors affecting its geographical distribution.ResultsThe major factors that explained the geographical distribution of C. multiflorus were Annual precipitation (Bio12), Min air temperature of the coldest month (Bio6), and Mean air temperature of the coldest quarter (Bio11). However, C. multiflorus could thrive in environments where Annual precipitation (Bio12) >150 mm, Min air temperature of the coldest month (Bio6) > -42.5°C, and Mean air temperature of the coldest quarter (Bio11) > -20°C, showcasing its characteristics of cold and drought tolerance. Under different future climate scenarios, the total suitable area for C. multiflorus ranged from 411.199×104 km² to 470.191×104 km², which was 0.8~6.14 percentage points higher than the current total suitable area. Additionally, it would further shift towards higher latitude.DiscussionThe MaxEnt 2.0 model predicted the potential distribution pattern of C. multiflorus in the context of future climate change, and identified its ecological adaptability and the main climatic factors affecting its distribution. This study provides an important theoretical basis for natural vegetation restoration in arid and semi-arid areas.

In the past, stakeholders paid more attention to the quality and growth of edible fungi. There have been few studies on whether other microorganisms exist in the sterilized media during the growth process. In this study, through periodic tracking, collection and isolation, sequencing, and data analysis, it was found that the jade mushroom (Hypsizygus marmoreus) does not exist independently during its life cycle. Ten different bacteria were isolated from five samples, and four of them did not interfere with the mycelial growth of H. marmoreus on the cultivation media. High-throughput sequencing revealed 30 phyla, 86 classes, 200 orders, 365 families, 760 genera, and 1,067 species of bacteria in 14 types of samples. A standard dataset that consisted of 2,790 amplicon sequence variants in the bacterial taxa was obtained. The species richness was the highest in the medium where the primordia were in the cultivation medium that they grew out (HDT_JZ), which exceeded that of the cultivation medium that had not yet been sterilized (HWM) and the cultivation medium at the harvest stage (HCS_JZ). Oxidative and degradative enzymes were the highest in the late post-ripened stage cultivation media (HHS-M) and HDT_JZ. These studies will help to understand changes in the biological environment of edible fungi cultivated in factories, which should help the scientists to plan better to regulate the production conditions of edible fungi.

Abstract In order to study the feasibility of microbial cultures on the artificial regulation of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) forest. This study used the microorganisms isolated in the previous research to prepare microbial cultures, and studied the degree of its influence on the bacterial community of Moso bamboo tissue and soil. We collected 36 samples of bamboo whip, whip root, rhizosphere soil, and non-rhizosphere soil of P. edulis before and after the application of microbial cultures. Genomic DNA was extracted and Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the composition and changes of bacterial communities before and after the application of microbial cultures. Twenty-nine phyla, 96 classes, 229 orders, 444 families, and 974 genera of bacteria were identified from all samples. The dominant phyla of the sample bacteria were Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, Myxomycetes, and Bacteroidetes. Treatment with microbial cultures did not alter the bacterial community in the rhizomes, rhizome roots, rhizosphere, and non-rhizosphere soil of P. edulis. However, the bacterial diversity indices of the rhizomes and rhizome roots of P. edulis increased with time after treatment. The relative abundance of Firmicutes was most affected by the application of microbial cultures, and the rhizosphere soil samples were least affected by the application. Venn diagram and principal coordinate analyses confirmed that the composition of the bacterial community was affected by microbial cultures, but with time, the effect became smaller. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for studies on relationships between the growth of P. edulis and the microbiome, and further provide experimental evidence for the transformation of P. edulis through microbial regulation.

良好的城市环境有助于改善城市居民的生活条件.随着城镇化、市民化进程的加速及人口的持续增长,城市生活垃圾总量逐年增加,固体废物及其臭气污染问题愈加严峻,严重影响了城市环境,以及人们的日常生活.针对城市固体废物臭气的治理,根据不同原理,主要的治理技术有物理除臭法、化学除臭法、生物除臭法、植物除臭法和复合除臭法等.文章对城市固体废物污染及其臭气污染现状进行总结,阐述了城市固体废物臭气治理除臭技术的原理及其在现实生活中的主要应用,并针对存在的不足提出了相关建议,以期为固体垃圾臭气治理提供理论支撑和借鉴.

Bacterial communities play an important role in mangrove ecosystems. In order to gain information on the bacterial communities in mangrove species and rhizospheres grown in Zhangjiangkou National Mangrove Nature Reserve, this study collected root, branch, and leaf samples from five mangrove species as well as rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere samples and analyzed the community structure of endophytic bacteria and bacteria in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere using Illumina high-throughput sequencing technique. Bacteria in 52 phyla, 64 classes, 152 orders, 295 families, and 794 genera were identified, which mainly belonged to Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, and Nitrospirota. At each taxonomic level, the community structure of the rhizosphere bacteria varied slightly with mangrove species, but endophytic bacteria differed greatly with plant species. The diversity indices of endophytic bacteria in branch and leaf samples of Acanthus ilicifolius were significantly lower, and endophytic bacteria in the plant tissues had higher abundance in the replication/repair and translation Clusters of Orthologous Genes functional categories but lower abundance in the carbohydrate metabolism category. This study helps to understand the community structure and diversity characteristics of endophytic and rhizosphere bacteria in different mangrove plants. Provide a theoretical basis for in-depth research on the functions of mangrove ecosystems.

Background A high concentration of CO 2 will stagnate the development of the newly formed primordia of Hypsizygus marmoreus , hinder the development of the mushroom cap, thereby inhibiting the normal differentiation of the fruiting body. Moreover, in the previous experiment, our research group obtained the mutant strain HY68 of H. marmoreus , which can maintain normal fruiting under the condition of high concentration of CO 2 . Our study aimed to evaluate the CO 2 tolerance ability of the mutant strain HY68, in comparison with the starting strain HY61 and the control strain HY62. We analyzed the mycelial growth of these strains under various conditions, including different temperatures, pH levels, carbon sources, and nitrogen sources, and measured the activity of the cellulose enzyme. Additionally, we identified and predicted β-glucosidase-related genes in HY68 and analyzed their gene and protein structures. Results Our results indicate that HY68 showed superior CO 2 tolerance compared to the other strains tested, with an optimal growth temperature of 25 °C and pH of 7, and maltose and beef paste as the ideal carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. Enzyme activity assays revealed a positive correlation between β-glucosidase activity and CO 2 tolerance, with Gene14147 identified as the most closely related gene to this activity. Inbred strains of HY68 showed trait segregation for CO 2 tolerance. Conclusions Both HY68 and its self-bred offspring could tolerate CO 2 stress. The fruiting period of the strains resistant to CO 2 stress was shorter than that of the strains not tolerant to CO 2 stress. The activity of β-GC and the ability to tolerate CO 2 were more closely related to the growth efficiency of fruiting bodies. This study lays the foundation for understanding how CO 2 regulates the growth of edible fungi, which is conducive to the innovation of edible fungus breeding methods. The application of the new strain HY68 is beneficial to the research of energy-saving production in factory cultivation.

[目的]研究大小年毛竹林毛竹根际细菌和内生细菌群落多样性及其结构差异.[方法]采集I度、II度和IV度的大年和小年毛竹林中毛竹的竹鞭、鞭根、根际土壤和林间土壤,提取样本基因组DNA,利用Illumina高通量测序技术分析毛竹根际细菌和内生细菌群落结构多样性.[结果]各组样本总共鉴定出 31个门、49个纲、108个目、212个科、472个属细菌.从优势菌群及丰度来看,大年竹鞭和鞭根的优势菌纲为α-变形菌纲,优势菌目为根瘤菌目;小年竹鞭和鞭根的优势菌纲为γ-变形菌纲,优势菌目为芽孢杆菌目.在门水平上,大年竹鞭样本放线菌门的丰度高于小年竹鞭样本,大年毛竹鞭根酸杆菌门和变形菌门的丰度大于小年毛竹鞭根样本,厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门的丰富度小于小年毛竹鞭根样本.在纲和目水平上,大年竹鞭和鞭根样本与小年样本相比较,主要优势菌群为弗兰克氏菌目和α-变形菌纲下属的根瘤菌目.在科水平上,大年毛竹鞭根样本在黄杆菌科的丰度都大于小年样本.在属水平上,大年毛竹鞭根样本在慢生根瘤菌属的丰度大于小年毛竹鞭根样本,而大年毛竹竹鞭和鞭根样本细菌在伯克氏菌科的丰度都低于小年毛竹竹鞭和鞭根样本.从多样性来看,大小年毛竹根际土壤在各水平的细菌群落组成上差异不大,但根际细菌的多样性和丰度高于林间土壤.[结论]毛竹的竹龄及大小年更替对根际细菌群落多样性的影响不大,根际细菌群落具有更高的多样性.大小年毛竹竹鞭和鞭根内生细菌在主要类群上有明显的不同.

林下种植具有投入产出比高,经济、生态效益高等优点,有利于经济社会可持续发展.随着我国中药材种植面积和产量日渐增加,发展中药材林下生态种植不仅可以节约耕地面积,提高中药材质量,保护生态平衡,也符合我国对中药材产业发展的规划.该文主要阐述我国中药材种植业基本现状,分析中药材林下生态种植的优缺点、可行性、必要性及存在的问题,并提出发展生态种植技术、选育优良品种,因地制宜发展道地药材生产等对策.

Background: The purpose of this study was to elucidate the community structure of rhizosphere soil bacteria and endophytic bacteria during the growth of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) shoots. Methods: This study collected the rhizospheric soil samples, tissue samples of rhizome roots, shoot buds, winter bamboo shoots, spring bamboo shoots, and samples of forest soil. Their metagenomic DNA was extracted, and the bacterial community structure and diversity characteristics were compared and analyzed using high-throughput sequencing technology. Results: These samples enabled the identification of 32 phyla, 52 classes, 121 orders, 251 families, and 593 genera of bacteria. The phyla primarily included Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Cyanobacteria among others. Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum in the samples of bamboo shoots and rhizome roots, whereas Acidobacteria was dominant in the rhizosphere and forest soil samples. The predominant genera of the rhizome root samples were Acidothermus, Bradyrhizobium and Acidobacterium, and the predominant genera of the soil samples were Acidothermus and Acidobacterium. Conclusions: This study preliminarily revealed the regularity between the growth and development of bamboo shoots and the changes in the community structure of rhizosphere soil and endophytic bacteria, which provides insights into the relationship between growth and the bacterial community structure in different stages of bamboo shoots.

Background: Bacterial communities play an important role in helping plants absorb nutrients, promoting plant development, and preventing diseases. Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis [Carriere] J. Houzeau) has a long history of cultivation and important economic value. Methods: In this study, high-throughput sequencing technology was utilized to analyze the differences in the diversity of endophytic and root zone soil bacterial communities between high-yielding (HY) and low-yielding (LY) P. edulis forests in subtropical China. Results: Notably, the soil conditions and bacterial communities in Yong’an (YA) and Jiangle (JL) differed, but the bacterial community structures in the root zone soil of both regions were similar with the dominant bacterial phyla composed of Proteobacteria, Acidobacteriota, and Actinobacteriota. The Chao1 and Shannon indices of the root zone soil and endophytic bacterial communities in the LY were higher than those in the HY. Moreover, the bacterial community structures of HY and LY were significantly different. Notably, the relative abundances of Actinobacteriota, Myxococcota, and Cyanobacteria were higher in the HY soil samples. The bacterial community differences between the tissues and root zone soil of HY and LY indicated that healthy HY P. edulis plants were enriched with specific bacterial communities, suggesting associations between yield and both endophytic and root zone soil bacterial communities. Conclusions: The findings of this study provide a basis to regulate artificial bacterial communities to benefit the future cultivation of HY P. edulis.

为探讨内生促生细菌产气肠杆菌CT-B09-2、解淀粉芽孢杆菌JL-B06、乙酸钙不动杆菌WYS-A01-1对毛竹幼苗的生长和相关酶活性的影响,针对毛竹幼苗分别接种内生促生细菌后,采用分光光度计法测定幼苗叶片POD、SO)D、CAT和MDA含量,同时测定接种后幼苗株高、根长、根鲜质量等表型性状,分析内生促生细菌对毛竹幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:接种单菌菌液中,产气肠杆菌CT-B09-2对毛竹幼苗株高提升效果显著,与对照组相比,株高提高52.17％;解淀粉芽孢杆菌JL-B06对幼苗根鲜质量提升效果显著,相对提高200.00％;对过氧化氢酶类的活性促进作用最优菌株为产气肠杆菌CT-B09-2.复合菌液处理中,比例为1∶2∶1的处理对株高提升效果最佳,提高56.52％;比例为2∶1∶1的处理对根长和根鲜质量促生效果最优,分别提高81.08％、240.00％;对叶片细胞过氧化氢酶类的活性促进作用最优比例为1∶1∶2.3株内生细菌均对毛竹幼苗的生长和叶片酶活性有促进作用,且复合菌液促生效果更优.

[目的]了解生物炭的制备技术,探究其在污染环境修复中的应用,为污染环境的修复与治理提供依据.[方法]以文献综述的形式阐述了生物炭的制备技术及其在污染环境修复中的应用.[结果]生物炭制备技术多样,对土壤有机污染、重金属污染、水体富营养化和水体有机污染等的修复作用明显.[结论]生物炭在污染环境修复中发挥了重要的作用.在拓展生物炭应用领域的同时,应重视其低成本改造及性能优化,以减少二次污染.

在福建省秀珍菇主要产区进行病害调查并采集到病害样本26份,其中真菌性病害样本24份,虫害样本1份,生理性病害样本1份.真菌性病害主要有3种,经鉴定病原物主要为链孢霉病、木霉病、青霉病.根据病害发生特点,提出了导入危害分析与关键控制点(HACCP)的管理理念,从而达到预防或降低病害的发生以保证食品安全.